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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Journal of Tropical Life Science : International Journal of Theoretical, Experimental, and Applied Life Sciences The Journal of Experimental Life Sciences (JELS) Biotropika Proceeding International Conference on Global Resource Conservation The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Majalah Obat Tradisional Science and Technology Indonesia Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences
Nashi Widodo
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Journal : Science and Technology Indonesia

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Oral Immunization with Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Retinoic Acid Boost Immune Response in Mice Nugroho, Inggil Cahyo; Amalia, Maulida Nisa; Juniardi, Muhamad Rizki; Marhendra, Eunike Berliana; Yanma, Nadifa Almira; Adianingsih, Oktavia Rahayu; Winarsih, Sri; Widodo, Nashi; Yurina, Valentina
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.55-64

Abstract

The COVID-19 vaccine is one of the most important approaches for preventing SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission and spread. Oral vaccines are a promising option for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection because it can activate both the mucosal and cellular immune systems. Previous research has shown that administering oral and intranasal vaccines can induce an immune response in mice. The effectiveness of the SARS-CoV-2 oral vaccine was evaluated in this study by combining spike protein with a carrier of food-grade recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacteria and a retinoic acid adjuvant. Mice were divided into three groups: a negative control (no treatment), a positive control (L. lactis recombinant), and a third group (L. lactis recombinant plus 300 μg retinoic acid). The vaccines were given three times, with a three-week interval between each. The serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE were determined using the ELISA method at the end of the study. CD4 and CD8 cellswere detected using immunofluorescence. While not statistically significant, the results showed that the retinoic acid groups had the highest anti-spike antibody levels of the three groups. In comparison to the control group, CD4 and CD8 cells increased in the spleens of mice given retinoic acid. There was no difference in temperature or IgE levels between vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice, indicating that the vaccine caused no allergic reaction. This study’s findings suggest that retinoic acid adjuvant can stimulate the cellular and humoral immune system.
Co-Authors Achmad Ridok Adi Hermansyah, Adi Agatha Mia Puspitasari Agatha Mia Puspitasari Amalia, Maulida Nisa Annisa, Yuslinda Aris Soewondo Azerlyn, Defiona Rensia Naomi Azzamuddin, Haidar Custer C. Deocaris Deocaris, Custer C. Dewi Mustikaningtyas Didik Priyandoko Didik Priyandoko Dinia Rizqi Dwijayanti Dodi Iskandar, Dodi Dwi Adi Nugroho Fairuz Sarah Kamila Fitria Eka Aprilia Grahadi, Rahmat Hafil Kusuma, Kavana Hermanto, Feri Eko Ichsan Ichsan Ika Christina, Yuyun Ikhtiarini, Nur Inggita Kusumastuty Johan Aloysius Juniardi, Muhamad Rizki Kamila, Fairuz Sarah Kaul, Sunil C. Kesuma, Suryanata Khansa, Shafanony Kholilah, Tsaniyah Nur Kusuma, Kavana Hafil Listijani Suhargo, Listijani Marhendra, Eunike Berliana Mariyah Ulfa, Siti Marlita Marlita, Marlita Masruri Masruri Mifetika Lukitasari Moch Sasmito Djati Mohammad Saifur Rohman Nafisah, Wirdatun Nia Kurniawan Nugroho, Inggil Cahyo Nur Ida Panca Nugrahini Oktavia Rahayu Adianingsih Puspitoputri, Alya H. raudatul jannah raudatul jannah Renu Wadhwa Rifa'i, Muhaimin Rifa’i, Muhaimin Rizqi Dwijayanti, Dinia Rohmah, Ilmiana Nurur Rollando, Rollando Rosyadah, Nuraini Roudlotul Jannah ROUDLOTUL JANNAH Salma Wahid Marseti Sapti Puspitarini Siti Fatiyatur Rahmah Siti Fatiyatur Rahmah Siti Mariyah Ulfa Siti Nurkasanah Sri Widyarti Sri Winarsih Sunil C. Kaul Sutiman B. Sumitro Ulinnuha, Maria VALENTINA YURINA Wadhwa, Renu Warsito Warsito Wayan Firdaus Mahmudy Widekdo, Dwi purno Widyananda, Muhammad Hermawan Yanma, Nadifa Almira YOGA DWI JATMIKO Yuslinda Annisa Yuyun Ika Christina