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Utilization of dried butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) as a source of natural antioxidants: determination of total flavonoid content and activity test with dpph method Evan, Yulius Evan Christian; Setiawansyah, Arif
Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): April
Publisher : Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/sjp.v6i1.469

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a herbaceous plant known for its high content of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, which serve as natural antioxidants. Commonly used in traditional medicine and functional foods, this flower's ability to neutralize free radicals makes it a valuable natural resource. This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of dried butterfly pea flowers by determining their total flavonoid content and assessing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. A key novelty of this research lies in the use of controlled oven drying at 50Â°C, which differs from previous studies employing sunlight drying. This method preserved flavonoids more effectively, resulting in a higher flavonoid content (40.60 mg/100 mg extract) compared to prior reports. Phytochemical screening also detected the presence of saponins and tannins, broadening the understanding of its bioactive profile. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method, yielding an IC50 value of 36.06 ppm, indicating very strong activity. Comparatively, vitamin C as a positive control showed an IC50 value of 2.13 ppm. These findings underscore the advantages of optimized drying and extraction methods, highlighting dried butterfly pea flowers as a promising source of natural antioxidants for applications in functional foods and health products.

Effect of Aerobic Fermentation on Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Antioxidant Activity of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Dewantara, Jeisen Pajar; Marpaung, Mauritz Pandapotan; Khairunnisa; Hidayati, Nurul; Setiawansyah, Arif
Ad-Dawaa: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 No.1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/djps.v8i1.57063

Introduction: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., commonly known as the petai cina plant, contains significant concentrations of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and demonstrates substantial antioxidant properties. These beneficial compounds, however, can be significantly influenced by various processing methods, with fermentation during simplicia preparation being a notable factor. Aims: This research investigated the impact of fermentation on three key characteristics of petai cina leaf extract: total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The study utilized experimental methodology, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative analyses to evaluate these properties. The results revealed that five days fermentation demonstrated the highest value of TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activity. Result: The extract yielded a TFC of 279.08 mg QE/g, while TPC measured 282.34 mg GAE/g. The antioxidant activity demonstrated notable potency, with an IC50 and AAI values of 69.66 µg/mL and 0.574. Conclusion: These findings conclusively demonstrate that the fermentation process significantly influences the concentration of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, yet unsignificant impact antioxidant activity in the extract. This enhanced understanding of fermentation's effects on bioactive compounds in L. leucocephala provides valuable insights for optimizing processing methods to maximize the plant's therapeutic potential.

Pengaruh Lokasi Tumbuh Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Salam (Sygium polyanthum) Rani, Maha; Setiawansyah, Arif; Marpaung, Mauritz Pandapotan
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Health Science
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Kader Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54816/jhs.v3i2.1040

Daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) diketahui mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, steroid, terpenoid, dan eugenol yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lokasi tumbuh terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun salam. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April–Agustus 2024 di Laboratorium Farmasi Universitas Kader Bangsa Palembang dan Laboratorium Kimia STIK Siti Khadijah Palembang. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Uji fitokimia dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan dianalisis menggunakan metode DPPH dengan vitamin C sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun salam dari dataran tinggi memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat dengan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 5,603 ppm, diikuti oleh dataran sedang (8,583 ppm), dan dataran rendah (9,280 ppm). Vitamin C sebagai kontrol positif menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 8,554 ppm. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (p < 0,05) antara lokasi tumbuh terhadap aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan ketinggian lokasi tumbuh memengaruhi kandungan senyawa aktif dan kekuatan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun salam

Sugar content evaluation in commercially available lidah kucing pastries: uv-vis spectrophotometric analysis of traditional indonesian confections in pontianak tenggara district Reynaldi, Muhammad Andre; Enggy Erwansani; Hakim, Aditia Rahman; Arif Setiawansyah; Valentina, Febriani; Salsabila, Salwa; Amelia, Nanda; Jaya, Farrel Septian; Agnesia, Agnesia
Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): September
Publisher : Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/sjp.v6i2.632

Glucose content in confectionery products requires careful monitoring due to its association with serious health conditions including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This study examined glucose levels in three lidah kucing cookie samples from Pontianak Tenggara district retailers to assess nutritional variability in these traditional Indonesian confections. The research employed a dual analytical approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Initial screening utilized Fehling and Benedict reagent tests to confirm glucose presence, followed by precise quantitative analysis using the Nelson-Somogyi method with UV-visible spectrophotometry. The quantitative protocol involved standard solution preparation, calibration curve development, optimal wavelength determination, and triplicate sample measurements to ensure analytical reliability. Qualitative testing confirmed glucose presence in all three samples through positive Fehling and Benedict reactions. Quantitative analysis revealed significant concentration variations among products. Sample A contained 0.227 percent glucose, Sample B demonstrated substantially higher levels at 0.993 percent, while Sample C showed minimal glucose content at 0.004 percent. These results indicate considerable variability in glucose concentrations across commercially available lidah kucing products within the study area. The investigation successfully established glucose presence in all examined samples while documenting substantial differences in glucose concentrations among similar commercial products. These findings highlight the importance of analytical monitoring in traditional confectionery items and demonstrate significant nutritional variation among comparable products in local markets. The results provide essential baseline data for consumer awareness and potential regulatory considerations regarding glucose content in traditional Indonesian baked goods, supporting informed dietary choices and public health initiatives.

Comparison of Vitamin C Content in Fresh and Canned Mandarin Oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at a Supermarket in Pontianak Erwansani, Enggy; Reynaldi, Muhammad Andre; Evifani, Dinda Silvia; Fong, Siau; Fendi, Fendi; Stevia, Tessa; Saputra, Rico; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.20450

Abstract: Vitamin C is one of the micronutrients needed and cannot be synthesized by the human body so it needs intake from the outside such as fruits. Mandarin oranges are one of the sources of vitamin C that is widely circulated in Pontianak City. This fruit can be available in both fresh and canned form. However, the heating process during the processing of canned fruit can damage the vitamin C content in it. Therefore, an analysis is needed to compare vitamin C levels in fresh and canned mandarin fruits. The methods used were in the form of tube tests using FeCl3, KMnO4, and I2, as well as quantitative tests using uv-vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the two positive samples contained vitamin C with a level of 78.56912152 mg/100 g in the fresh sample and 31.95655685 mg/100 g in the canned sample. Thus, it can be concluded that the vitamin C level in fresh mandarin oranges is higher than in canned mandarin oranges.

Comparison of Vitamin C Content in Fresh and Canned Mandarin Oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at a Supermarket in Pontianak Erwansani, Enggy; Reynaldi, Muhammad Andre; Evifani, Dinda Silvia; Fong, Siau; Fendi, Fendi; Stevia, Tessa; Saputra, Rico; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.20450

Abstract: Vitamin C is one of the micronutrients needed and cannot be synthesized by the human body so it needs intake from the outside such as fruits. Mandarin oranges are one of the sources of vitamin C that is widely circulated in Pontianak City. This fruit can be available in both fresh and canned form. However, the heating process during the processing of canned fruit can damage the vitamin C content in it. Therefore, an analysis is needed to compare vitamin C levels in fresh and canned mandarin fruits. The methods used were in the form of tube tests using FeCl3, KMnO4, and I2, as well as quantitative tests using uv-vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the two positive samples contained vitamin C with a level of 78.56912152 mg/100 g in the fresh sample and 31.95655685 mg/100 g in the canned sample. Thus, it can be concluded that the vitamin C level in fresh mandarin oranges is higher than in canned mandarin oranges.

Influence of Stearic Acid and Triethanolamine on the Physical Properties and Antibacterial Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum L. Anti-acne Cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis Nurcahya, Salsabila; Pranata, Yovi; Pratamarta, Meliasi Nora; Hidayati, Nurul; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 4 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.25043

Acne vulgaris represents a significant dermatological concern, with Staphylococcus epidermidis identified as a key pathogenic contributor. While Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) leaves contain bioactive compounds including flavonoids, eugenol, and tannins that demonstrate promising antibacterial properties, the successful translation of these natural antimicrobials into effective topical formulations remains critically dependent on appropriate excipient selection. Despite the growing interest in botanical-based acne treatments, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding how emulsifying agents, particularly stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA), influence both the physical stability and therapeutic efficacy of herbal cream formulations. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of stearic acid and TEA on the physical characteristics, stability, and antibacterial activity of basil leaf extract cream formulations against S. epidermidis ATCC-12228. Extracts obtained via maceration in 96% ethanol were incorporated into cream formulations (F0–F4), which were subsequently evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, stability using a thermal cycling test, and antibacterial activity via disc diffusion. Stability assessment revealed notable differences across formulations. Although all formulations maintained consistent pH values and exhibited uniform microscopic homogeneity after cycling, variations in spreadability and adhesion indicated differing degrees of structural stability. Formulations F3 and F4 showed minimal changes across cycles, demonstrating superior resistance to thermal stress, whereas F0 exhibited significant instability in both spreadability and adhesion. Antibacterial testing showed that the formulation containing 20% basil extract (F4) produced the largest inhibition zone (11.83 ± 0.77 mm). Beyond its higher extract content, F4’s superior antibacterial performance is attributed to its more stable structural matrix, which likely enhanced the release and bioavailability of active phytochemicals such as eugenol and flavonoids, thereby promoting more efficient diffusion into the agar medium. Overall, the findings demonstrate that stearic acid and TEA concentrations substantially influence both the physical stability and antibacterial efficacy of basil-based cream formulations. The optimal stability and enhanced antimicrobial activity observed in F3 underscore their potential as promising candidates for topical anti-acne product development.

Influence of Stearic Acid and Triethanolamine on the Physical Properties and Antibacterial Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum L. Anti-acne Cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis Nurcahya, Salsabila; Pranata, Yovi; Pratamarta, Meliasi Nora; Hidayati, Nurul; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 4 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.25043

Acne vulgaris represents a significant dermatological concern, with Staphylococcus epidermidis identified as a key pathogenic contributor. While Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) leaves contain bioactive compounds including flavonoids, eugenol, and tannins that demonstrate promising antibacterial properties, the successful translation of these natural antimicrobials into effective topical formulations remains critically dependent on appropriate excipient selection. Despite the growing interest in botanical-based acne treatments, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding how emulsifying agents, particularly stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA), influence both the physical stability and therapeutic efficacy of herbal cream formulations. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of stearic acid and TEA on the physical characteristics, stability, and antibacterial activity of basil leaf extract cream formulations against S. epidermidis ATCC-12228. Extracts obtained via maceration in 96% ethanol were incorporated into cream formulations (F0–F4), which were subsequently evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, stability using a thermal cycling test, and antibacterial activity via disc diffusion. Stability assessment revealed notable differences across formulations. Although all formulations maintained consistent pH values and exhibited uniform microscopic homogeneity after cycling, variations in spreadability and adhesion indicated differing degrees of structural stability. Formulations F3 and F4 showed minimal changes across cycles, demonstrating superior resistance to thermal stress, whereas F0 exhibited significant instability in both spreadability and adhesion. Antibacterial testing showed that the formulation containing 20% basil extract (F4) produced the largest inhibition zone (11.83 ± 0.77 mm). Beyond its higher extract content, F4’s superior antibacterial performance is attributed to its more stable structural matrix, which likely enhanced the release and bioavailability of active phytochemicals such as eugenol and flavonoids, thereby promoting more efficient diffusion into the agar medium. Overall, the findings demonstrate that stearic acid and TEA concentrations substantially influence both the physical stability and antibacterial efficacy of basil-based cream formulations. The optimal stability and enhanced antimicrobial activity observed in F3 underscore their potential as promising candidates for topical anti-acne product development.

Furosemide Increases GABAA Receptor Activity via Antagonism to Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 1 In Silico and In Vivo Siregar, Marsintauli Hasudungan; Nurdiana, Nurdiana; Bal’afif, Farhad; Djajalaksana, Susanthy; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science Articles in Press
Publisher : Pandawa Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.365

GABAA receptor dysfunction and altered chloride homeostasis significantly contribute to seizure pathophysiology, with the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) playing a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability. This study investigated furosemide's capacity to enhance GABAA receptor activity through NKCC1 antagonism and evaluated its therapeutic profile in combination with diazepam for seizure management. Comprehensive molecular docking analyses were conducted to assess binding affinities of furosemide and diazepam to NKCC1, followed by in vivo experiments using pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure models to evaluate GABAA receptor expression, seizure duration, and multiple pathophysiological biomarkers. Molecular analysis revealed that furosemide demonstrated measurable NKCC1 binding capacity (binding energy: -7.09 kcal/mol; Ki: 6.34 µM), though significantly lower affinity compared to diazepam (binding energy: -7.83 kcal/mol; Ki: 1.81 µM). The furosemide-diazepam combination exhibited complex competitive binding interactions, with furosemide substantially reducing diazepam's NKCC1 binding affinity. NKCC1 antagonism by furosemide effectively enhanced GABAA receptor expression by 29.8 ± 1.60% when used alone and 37.60 ± 2.0% in combination with diazepam. However, combination therapies resulted in significantly longer seizure durations (80 ± 3.0 s) compared to diazepam monotherapy (42.5 ± 2.10 s), suggesting antagonistic interactions on acute seizure suppression that may reflect altered chloride gradients or competitive pharmacokinetic effects. Despite reduced efficacy in seizure termination, combination therapy demonstrated selective advantages in other pathophysiological domains, including superior blood-brain barrier protection (reduced albumin level to 90.90 ± 2.70 µg/mL) and reduced excitotoxic damage. These findings indicate that furosemide-diazepam combination therapy presents a complex therapeutic profile characterized by trade-offs between acute seizure control and neuroprotective mechanisms. The data suggest potential utility in maintenance therapy or prevention of seizure-related complications rather than acute seizure termination, warranting further investigation into temporal optimization strategies and dose modifications.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking simulation uncovered the potential of hexacyclinic acid as anti-osteoarthritis by regulating IL-17 signaling pathway Arif Setiawansyah
Acta Chimica Asiana Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : The Indonesian Chemical Society, Chapter Nusa Tenggara and The University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/aca.v8i1.238

Hexacyclinic acid has shown promising pharmacological activities, yet its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to identify potential disease targets and elucidate the mechanism of action of hexacyclinic acid using an integrated computational approach. We employed network pharmacology analysis to predict potential targets and pathways of hexacyclinic acid using SuperPred and Swiss Target server, followed by protein-protein interaction network construction via STRING database. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using ShyniGO and DAVID databases. Molecular docking studies were conducted using AutoDock Vina to evaluate binding affinities between hexacyclinic acid and identified target proteins. Binding poses and interactions were visualized using Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer. Disease prediction analysis identified osteoarthritis as the most promising target, with the IL-17 signaling pathway emerging as the most significant KEGG pathway. TNF-α and IL-1β were identified as key molecular targets within this pathway. Molecular docking simulations corroborated these findings, revealing favorable binding energies between hexacyclinic acid and TNF-α (-8.62 kcal/mol) and IL-1β (-8.76 kcal/mol). These results suggest that hexacyclinic acid may exert its anti-osteoarthritis effects by modulating the IL-17 signaling pathway, particularly through interactions with TNF-α and IL-1β. The strong binding affinities observed indicate a potentially high efficacy of hexacyclinic acid in targeting these inflammatory mediators. These results have significant clinical implications, potentially leading to the development of new therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis management with reduced side effects compared to current treatments. Future research should focus on experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo models to confirm these computational predictions and establish hexacyclinic acid as a viable candidate for clinical development

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