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Utilization of dried butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) as a source of natural antioxidants: determination of total flavonoid content and activity test with dpph method Evan, Yulius Evan Christian; Setiawansyah, Arif
Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): April
Publisher : Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/sjp.v6i1.469

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a herbaceous plant known for its high content of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, which serve as natural antioxidants. Commonly used in traditional medicine and functional foods, this flower's ability to neutralize free radicals makes it a valuable natural resource. This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of dried butterfly pea flowers by determining their total flavonoid content and assessing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. A key novelty of this research lies in the use of controlled oven drying at 50Â°C, which differs from previous studies employing sunlight drying. This method preserved flavonoids more effectively, resulting in a higher flavonoid content (40.60 mg/100 mg extract) compared to prior reports. Phytochemical screening also detected the presence of saponins and tannins, broadening the understanding of its bioactive profile. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method, yielding an IC50 value of 36.06 ppm, indicating very strong activity. Comparatively, vitamin C as a positive control showed an IC50 value of 2.13 ppm. These findings underscore the advantages of optimized drying and extraction methods, highlighting dried butterfly pea flowers as a promising source of natural antioxidants for applications in functional foods and health products.

Effect of Aerobic Fermentation on Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Antioxidant Activity of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Dewantara, Jeisen Pajar; Marpaung, Mauritz Pandapotan; Khairunnisa; Hidayati, Nurul; Setiawansyah, Arif
Ad-Dawaa: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 No.1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/djps.v8i1.57063

Introduction: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., commonly known as the petai cina plant, contains significant concentrations of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and demonstrates substantial antioxidant properties. These beneficial compounds, however, can be significantly influenced by various processing methods, with fermentation during simplicia preparation being a notable factor. Aims: This research investigated the impact of fermentation on three key characteristics of petai cina leaf extract: total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The study utilized experimental methodology, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative analyses to evaluate these properties. The results revealed that five days fermentation demonstrated the highest value of TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activity. Result: The extract yielded a TFC of 279.08 mg QE/g, while TPC measured 282.34 mg GAE/g. The antioxidant activity demonstrated notable potency, with an IC50 and AAI values of 69.66 µg/mL and 0.574. Conclusion: These findings conclusively demonstrate that the fermentation process significantly influences the concentration of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, yet unsignificant impact antioxidant activity in the extract. This enhanced understanding of fermentation's effects on bioactive compounds in L. leucocephala provides valuable insights for optimizing processing methods to maximize the plant's therapeutic potential.

Pengaruh Lokasi Tumbuh Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Salam (Sygium polyanthum) Rani, Maha; Setiawansyah, Arif; Marpaung, Mauritz Pandapotan
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Health Science
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Kader Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54816/jhs.v3i2.1040

Daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) diketahui mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, steroid, terpenoid, dan eugenol yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lokasi tumbuh terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun salam. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April–Agustus 2024 di Laboratorium Farmasi Universitas Kader Bangsa Palembang dan Laboratorium Kimia STIK Siti Khadijah Palembang. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Uji fitokimia dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan dianalisis menggunakan metode DPPH dengan vitamin C sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun salam dari dataran tinggi memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat dengan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 5,603 ppm, diikuti oleh dataran sedang (8,583 ppm), dan dataran rendah (9,280 ppm). Vitamin C sebagai kontrol positif menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 8,554 ppm. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (p < 0,05) antara lokasi tumbuh terhadap aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan ketinggian lokasi tumbuh memengaruhi kandungan senyawa aktif dan kekuatan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun salam

Sugar content evaluation in commercially available lidah kucing pastries: uv-vis spectrophotometric analysis of traditional indonesian confections in pontianak tenggara district Reynaldi, Muhammad Andre; Enggy Erwansani; Hakim, Aditia Rahman; Arif Setiawansyah; Valentina, Febriani; Salsabila, Salwa; Amelia, Nanda; Jaya, Farrel Septian; Agnesia, Agnesia
Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): September
Publisher : Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/sjp.v6i2.632

Glucose content in confectionery products requires careful monitoring due to its association with serious health conditions including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This study examined glucose levels in three lidah kucing cookie samples from Pontianak Tenggara district retailers to assess nutritional variability in these traditional Indonesian confections. The research employed a dual analytical approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Initial screening utilized Fehling and Benedict reagent tests to confirm glucose presence, followed by precise quantitative analysis using the Nelson-Somogyi method with UV-visible spectrophotometry. The quantitative protocol involved standard solution preparation, calibration curve development, optimal wavelength determination, and triplicate sample measurements to ensure analytical reliability. Qualitative testing confirmed glucose presence in all three samples through positive Fehling and Benedict reactions. Quantitative analysis revealed significant concentration variations among products. Sample A contained 0.227 percent glucose, Sample B demonstrated substantially higher levels at 0.993 percent, while Sample C showed minimal glucose content at 0.004 percent. These results indicate considerable variability in glucose concentrations across commercially available lidah kucing products within the study area. The investigation successfully established glucose presence in all examined samples while documenting substantial differences in glucose concentrations among similar commercial products. These findings highlight the importance of analytical monitoring in traditional confectionery items and demonstrate significant nutritional variation among comparable products in local markets. The results provide essential baseline data for consumer awareness and potential regulatory considerations regarding glucose content in traditional Indonesian baked goods, supporting informed dietary choices and public health initiatives.

Comparison of Vitamin C Content in Fresh and Canned Mandarin Oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at a Supermarket in Pontianak Erwansani, Enggy; Reynaldi, Muhammad Andre; Evifani, Dinda Silvia; Fong, Siau; Fendi, Fendi; Stevia, Tessa; Saputra, Rico; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.20450

Abstract: Vitamin C is one of the micronutrients needed and cannot be synthesized by the human body so it needs intake from the outside such as fruits. Mandarin oranges are one of the sources of vitamin C that is widely circulated in Pontianak City. This fruit can be available in both fresh and canned form. However, the heating process during the processing of canned fruit can damage the vitamin C content in it. Therefore, an analysis is needed to compare vitamin C levels in fresh and canned mandarin fruits. The methods used were in the form of tube tests using FeCl3, KMnO4, and I2, as well as quantitative tests using uv-vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the two positive samples contained vitamin C with a level of 78.56912152 mg/100 g in the fresh sample and 31.95655685 mg/100 g in the canned sample. Thus, it can be concluded that the vitamin C level in fresh mandarin oranges is higher than in canned mandarin oranges.

Comparison of Vitamin C Content in Fresh and Canned Mandarin Oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at a Supermarket in Pontianak Erwansani, Enggy; Reynaldi, Muhammad Andre; Evifani, Dinda Silvia; Fong, Siau; Fendi, Fendi; Stevia, Tessa; Saputra, Rico; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.20450

Abstract: Vitamin C is one of the micronutrients needed and cannot be synthesized by the human body so it needs intake from the outside such as fruits. Mandarin oranges are one of the sources of vitamin C that is widely circulated in Pontianak City. This fruit can be available in both fresh and canned form. However, the heating process during the processing of canned fruit can damage the vitamin C content in it. Therefore, an analysis is needed to compare vitamin C levels in fresh and canned mandarin fruits. The methods used were in the form of tube tests using FeCl3, KMnO4, and I2, as well as quantitative tests using uv-vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the two positive samples contained vitamin C with a level of 78.56912152 mg/100 g in the fresh sample and 31.95655685 mg/100 g in the canned sample. Thus, it can be concluded that the vitamin C level in fresh mandarin oranges is higher than in canned mandarin oranges.

Telaah Potensi Antivirus Mitraginin terhadap Protease 3CLpro SARS-CoV-2 dengan Pendekatan Molecular Docking Setiawansyah, Arif; Susanti, Gita; Hidayati, Nurul; Gemantari, Baiq Maylinda; Alrayan, Reza; Hadi, Ismanurrahman; Luthfiana, Dewi; Hasanah, Nurul
Sinteza Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): August
Publisher : Universitas Hamzanwadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29408/sinteza.v4i2.25634

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus identified as a major caused of COVID-19. COVID-19 can be prevented and managed by preventing the SARS-CoV-2 infection through inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Mitragynine is one of the major compounds found in Mitragyna speciosa leaves that has the potential to be developed as an anti-COVID-19 agent. This research was implemented to evaluate that potential by observing the molecular interaction of mitragynine with the essential amino acid residues of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. The study was undertaken by in silico method via molecular docking approach using Autodock 4.2. The potential of mitragynine in inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease was justified based on its free binding energy and Ki. The result revealed that mitragynine exhibited a lower free binding energy and Ki than remdesivir with the free binding energy and Ki value of -7.80 kcal/mol dan 1.92 µM dan -7.41 kcal/mol dan 3.72 µM, respectively. This concluded that mitragynine has the potential as a SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with the affinity was better than remdesivir. However, further in vitro research must be carried out to prove this potential.

Influence of Stearic Acid and Triethanolamine on the Physical Properties and Antibacterial Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum L. Anti-acne Cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis Nurcahya, Salsabila; Pranata, Yovi; Pratamarta, Meliasi Nora; Hidayati, Nurul; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 4 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.25043

Acne vulgaris represents a significant dermatological concern, with Staphylococcus epidermidis identified as a key pathogenic contributor. While Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) leaves contain bioactive compounds including flavonoids, eugenol, and tannins that demonstrate promising antibacterial properties, the successful translation of these natural antimicrobials into effective topical formulations remains critically dependent on appropriate excipient selection. Despite the growing interest in botanical-based acne treatments, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding how emulsifying agents, particularly stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA), influence both the physical stability and therapeutic efficacy of herbal cream formulations. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of stearic acid and TEA on the physical characteristics, stability, and antibacterial activity of basil leaf extract cream formulations against S. epidermidis ATCC-12228. Extracts obtained via maceration in 96% ethanol were incorporated into cream formulations (F0–F4), which were subsequently evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, stability using a thermal cycling test, and antibacterial activity via disc diffusion. Stability assessment revealed notable differences across formulations. Although all formulations maintained consistent pH values and exhibited uniform microscopic homogeneity after cycling, variations in spreadability and adhesion indicated differing degrees of structural stability. Formulations F3 and F4 showed minimal changes across cycles, demonstrating superior resistance to thermal stress, whereas F0 exhibited significant instability in both spreadability and adhesion. Antibacterial testing showed that the formulation containing 20% basil extract (F4) produced the largest inhibition zone (11.83 ± 0.77 mm). Beyond its higher extract content, F4’s superior antibacterial performance is attributed to its more stable structural matrix, which likely enhanced the release and bioavailability of active phytochemicals such as eugenol and flavonoids, thereby promoting more efficient diffusion into the agar medium. Overall, the findings demonstrate that stearic acid and TEA concentrations substantially influence both the physical stability and antibacterial efficacy of basil-based cream formulations. The optimal stability and enhanced antimicrobial activity observed in F3 underscore their potential as promising candidates for topical anti-acne product development.

Influence of Stearic Acid and Triethanolamine on the Physical Properties and Antibacterial Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum L. Anti-acne Cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis Nurcahya, Salsabila; Pranata, Yovi; Pratamarta, Meliasi Nora; Hidayati, Nurul; Setiawansyah, Arif
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 13, No 4 (2025): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.25043

Acne vulgaris represents a significant dermatological concern, with Staphylococcus epidermidis identified as a key pathogenic contributor. While Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) leaves contain bioactive compounds including flavonoids, eugenol, and tannins that demonstrate promising antibacterial properties, the successful translation of these natural antimicrobials into effective topical formulations remains critically dependent on appropriate excipient selection. Despite the growing interest in botanical-based acne treatments, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding how emulsifying agents, particularly stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA), influence both the physical stability and therapeutic efficacy of herbal cream formulations. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of stearic acid and TEA on the physical characteristics, stability, and antibacterial activity of basil leaf extract cream formulations against S. epidermidis ATCC-12228. Extracts obtained via maceration in 96% ethanol were incorporated into cream formulations (F0–F4), which were subsequently evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, stability using a thermal cycling test, and antibacterial activity via disc diffusion. Stability assessment revealed notable differences across formulations. Although all formulations maintained consistent pH values and exhibited uniform microscopic homogeneity after cycling, variations in spreadability and adhesion indicated differing degrees of structural stability. Formulations F3 and F4 showed minimal changes across cycles, demonstrating superior resistance to thermal stress, whereas F0 exhibited significant instability in both spreadability and adhesion. Antibacterial testing showed that the formulation containing 20% basil extract (F4) produced the largest inhibition zone (11.83 ± 0.77 mm). Beyond its higher extract content, F4’s superior antibacterial performance is attributed to its more stable structural matrix, which likely enhanced the release and bioavailability of active phytochemicals such as eugenol and flavonoids, thereby promoting more efficient diffusion into the agar medium. Overall, the findings demonstrate that stearic acid and TEA concentrations substantially influence both the physical stability and antibacterial efficacy of basil-based cream formulations. The optimal stability and enhanced antimicrobial activity observed in F3 underscore their potential as promising candidates for topical anti-acne product development.

What Solvent is Actually the Best for Extracting Andrographolide? – Computational Evaluation of the Atomic Behavior in Different Solvent Models Setiawansyah, Arif; Khairunnisa, Khairunnisa; Wilsya, Mayaranti
Sinteza Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Universitas Hamzanwadi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29408/sinteza.v6i1.33127

Andrographolide, a bioactive diterpenoid lactone from Andrographis paniculata, exhibits significant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, making solvent selection critical for optimizing extraction efficiency while preserving bioactivity. This study aimed to identify the optimal solvent for andrographolide extraction through computational evaluation of solvation thermodynamics and electronic properties using density functional theory. Geometry optimization and solvation calculations were performed at the B3LYP/def2-SVP level using the Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Model (CPCM) in ORCA version 6.0.1 across twelve solvent systems including water, alcohols, aprotic solvents, and non-polar media. Molecular properties including solvation free energy, frontier molecular orbitals, global chemical reactivity descriptors, dipole moment, atomic charge distribution, molecular electrostatic potential, and infrared spectra were systematically analyzed. Results demonstrated that water exhibited the most favorable solvation free energy at -76.64 kJ/mol, superior to all other examined solvents including acetonitrile (-75.30 kJ/mol), methanol (-75.05 kJ/mol), and significantly better than hexane (-33.52 kJ/mol). Water induces optimal dipole moment enhancement to 1.253 Debye while maintaining stable HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 5.009 eV and consistent global reactivity descriptors, confirming preservation of intrinsic chemical properties and bioactivity. Infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed complete structural integrity in aqueous environment. This computational study establishes water as the superior extraction medium for andrographolide based on exceptional thermodynamic favorability, optimal electronic stabilization, maintained molecular stability, and practical advantages including non-toxicity and environmental sustainability.

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