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Merunut Makna Kata â€œRefreshingâ€ dan â€œHealingâ€: Kajian Sosiolinguistik Viktorius P. Feka; Selfiana T. M. Ndapa Lawa; Darius Y. Nama
HINEF : Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): HINEF : JURNAL RUMPUN ILMU PENDIDIKAN (EDISI AGUSTUS 2023)
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/hinef.v2i2.1016

This article aims to explain the differences in meanings between the words "refreshing" and "healing," and to elaborate on how social factors influence the interpretations of these two words. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative. Data collection techniques involve questionnaire, interview, and library study. The data is analyzed based on the sociolinguistic approach. The results of the study show that generally people use the words "refreshing" and "healing" without knowing the meanings of these two words. These words are even used interchangeably and are considered recreational words. However, both words have different meanings, either in terms of internal aspects of language (semantics) or in terms of external aspects of language (sociolinguistics). The term "refreshing" literally means "making you feel cooler or less tired"; and, something very different and interesting. The word "healing" is defined as a process of recovery, both physically and emotionally. In a social context, "refreshing" can refer to pleasant and invigorating social interactions; whereas, the word "healing" can reflect the culture of care and social support in certain societies.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MASALAH (PROBLEM BASED LEARNING) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS TEKS NARATIF (CERITA RAKYAT) BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER II PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS UNIVERSITAS CITRA BANGSA Selfiana Triyanty M. Ndapa Lawa; Roswita Lioba Nahak; Viktorius Paskalis Feka
HINEF : Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): HINEF : JURNAL RUMPUN ILMU PENDIDIKAN (EDISI AGUSTUS 2023)
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/hinef.v2i2.1019

This study aims to determine the influence of problem-based learning model/PBL towards narrative text (folklore) writing ability based on local wisdom in second semester students of English Education Study Program in Citra Bangsa University (UCB). This study applies a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The sampling technique uses saturation sampling (census) where the total population is less than 30 therefore the total sample in this study is the same as the total population, 20 students. Data collection technique uses an essay test. Before the instrument is distributed, there are validity and reliability tests to obtain the validity of the instrument. The results of the validity test shows that 20 items are valid and reliable/consistent. The hypothesis analysis requirements test consists of normality test, data homogeneity and data analysis techniques using the t-test. The results of the data normality test show that the sig. in the control class 0.333> 0.05 and the experimental class 0.366> 0.05 so that both are normally distributed. While the results of the homogeneity test show that the probability value is 0.449> 0.05, then the two classes can be said to be homogeneous. The results of the difference test on the average of writing ability of narrative text (folklore) based on local wisdom for the control class and the experimental class show that the average of writing ability of narrative text (folklore) based on local wisdom for the experimental class is higher than the average of writing ability of narrative text (folklore) based on local wisdom of the control class, which is 85.35> 77.15 and the score of sig. on the independent t-test shows a result of 0.000 <0.005. In conclusion, Problem-Based Learning model influences narrative text (folklore) writing ability based on local wisdom in second semester students of English Education Study Program in Citra Bangsa University (UCB).

KESALAHAN GOOGLE TRANSLATE DALAM MENERJEMAHKAN ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA Feka, Viktorius P.; Ndapa Lawa, Selfiana T. M.; Liunokas, Ofrisna
HINEF : Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): HINEF : JURNAL RUMPUN ILMU PENDIDIKAN (EDISI JANUARI 2024)
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/hinef.v3i1.1224

Abstract. This research aims to explore and analyze the errors that commonly occur when translating English phrasal verbs into Indonesian using Google Translate (GT). The research method employed is descriptive-qualitative, and data collection was conducted through a documentation study. The study utilizes descriptive analysis, analyzing all data to obtain results and conclusions. The technique involves several steps, including the identification of data that aligns with the research problem, grouping the data based on the type of phrasal verbs, then, discussing and drawing conclusions. The results of the research indicate the weaknesses of GT in translating English phrasal verbs into Indonesian accurately. GT faces difficulties with three types of phrasal verbs: separable, inseparable, and intransitive. In separable phrasal verbs, GT struggles to transfer the intended meaning accurately, often resulting in a literal translation that mismatches the context. For example, "bring (someone) down" is translated instead of considering the idiomatic aspect. In inseparable phrasal verbs, GT makes mistakes in selecting appropriate word equivalents based on context. For instance, "call on" should be translated as "mengunjungi" rather than "menelepon". Likewise, GT still finds idiomatic meanings difficult to interpret, such as translating "break into" as "masuk ke dalam" instead of "membobol or menerebos ke dalam". Regarding intransitive phrasal verbs, GT seems to be unable to identify idiomatic meanings and sentence context. For example, "get away" is translated as "menjauh" instead of the correct meaning "terlepas dari". GT also fails to understand the idiomatic meaning of "flip out," which should be translated as "terkejut atau marah sekali". Though GT provides convenience in translation, the quality of phrasal verb translations still requires improvement, and this research offers valuable insights for machine translation. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dan menganalisis kesalahan yang sering muncul ketika menerjemahkan English phrasal verbs ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan menggunakan Google Translate (GT). Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif-kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data ditempuh melalui penelaahan dokumen. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif, yang mana semua data dianalisis untuk mendapatkan hasil dan kesimpulan. Teknik tersebut melibatkan beberapa langkah, yaitu peneliti mengidentifikasi data yang sesuai dengan pernyataan masalah, peneliti mengelompokkan data berdasarkan jenis phrasal verbs. Selanjutnya, data yang telah diklasifikasikan akan dibahas, kemudian peneliti menarik kesimpulan untuk pernyataan masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat keterbatasan GT dalam menerjemahkan English phrasal verbs ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. GT kesulitan dalam menangani tiga jenis phrasal verbs, yaitu separable, inseparable, dan intransitive. Pada jenis separable phrasal verbs, GT kesulitan dalam mentransfer makna secara akurat, seperti dalam kasus "bring (someone) down" yang kurang memahami aspek idiomatis. GT cenderung menerjemahkan secara harfiah, mengakibatkan ketidakcocokan kontekstual. Pada jenis inseparable phrasal verbs, GT keliru dalam memilih padanan kata yang sesuai dengan konteks, seperti pada "call on" yang seharusnya diterjemahkan sebagai "mengunjungi", bukan "menelepon". GT juga menunjukkan kesulitan dalam mengartikan makna idiomatis, seperti pada "break into" yang seharusnya diterjemahkan sebagai "membobol atau menerebos ke dalam". Sementara, pada jenis intransitive phrasal verbs, GT terlihat kesulitan dalam mengidentifikasi makna idiomatis dan konteks kalimat. Contohnya, pada "get away", GT menerjemahkan secara harfiah sebagai "menjauh", padahal makna yang benar adalah "terlepas dari". GT juga belum mampu memahami makna idiomatis dari "flip out" yang seharusnya diterjemahkan sebagai "terkejut atau marah sekali". Walau GT memberikan kemudahan dalam menerjemahkan, kualitas terjemahan phrasal verbs masih perlu diperbaiki, dan penelitian ini memberikan wawasan tambahan bagi dunia penerjemahan mesin.

PENGEMBANGAN MODUL AJAR BERDIFERENSIASI PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPAS KELAS IV DI SDI MUNTING KAJANG Nahak, Roswita Lioba; Tanggur, Femberianus Sunario; Ndapa Lawa, Selfiana T.M
HINEF : Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): HINEF : JURNAL RUMPUN ILMU PENDIDIKAN (EDISI JANUARI 2024)
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/hinef.v3i1.1226

Abstract. The aim of this research is to produce differentiated teaching modules on the subject of Indonesiaku Kaya Budaya which are valid, practical and effective which can be used by teachers in the process of teaching and learning activities. The research uses Research and Development (R&D) research using the ADDIE development model which consists of several stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. The assessment instruments used by researchers are validation and practicality sheets, then the assessment instruments are validated by three validators, namely content validator, language validator and graphic validator, then the practicality sheet is determined by practitioners. The results of the validity of the Teaching Module carried out by the validator team obtained an average validity value of 91.33%, categorized as very valid, while the average value of practicality test results by educators was 95%, categorized as very practical and the average value of practicality test results by students 83% of students are in the very practical category. Furthermore, the effectiveness test results show students' completeness of effective student learning outcomes with an average score of 85.71%. Thus, the results of the product of developing differentiated teaching modules are very valid, practical and effective and can be used by teachers as teaching tools in learning in class IV on the material Indonesiaku Rich in Culture. Abstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini menghasilkan modul ajar berdiferensiasi pada pokok bahasan Indonesiaku Kaya Budaya yang valid, praktis dan efektif yang dapat digunakan guru dalam proses kegaiatan belajar mengajar. Penelitian menggunakan jenis penelitian Research dan Development (R&D) dengan menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE yang terdiri dari beberapa tahapan: Analisis, Desain, Pengembangan, Pelaksanaan dan Evaluasi. Instrumen penilaian yang digunakan oleh peneliti berupa lembar validasi dan praktikalitas, selanjutnya instrumen penilaian divaliditas oleh tiga validator yakni validator isi, validator bahasa dan validator kegrafikan, kemudian lembar praktikalitas ditentukan oleh praktisi. Hasil validitas Modul Ajar yang dilakukan oleh tim validator diperoleh hasil rata-rata nilai validitas sebesar 91,33% dikategorikan sangat valid sedangkan nilai rata-rata hasil uji praktikalitas oleh pendidik sebesar 95% dikategorikan sangat praktis dan nilai rata-rata hasil uji praktikalitas oleh siswa siswa sebesar 83% dengan kategori sangat praktis. Selanjutnya hasil uji efektivitas menunjukkan ketuntasan siswa terhadap hasil belajar siswa yang efektif dengan perolehan rata-rata skor sebesar 85,71%. Dengan demikian hasil produk pengembangan modul ajar berdiferensiasi sangat valid, praktis dan efektif serta dapat digunakan guru sebagai perangkat ajar dalam pembelajaran di kelas IV pada materi Indonesiaku Kaya Budaya.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK (PROJECT BASED LEARNING) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA SISWA SMAN 1 PANTAI BARU KELAS E1 PADA TEKS DESKRIPTIF MATERI TEMPAT WISATA DI ROTE NDAO Ndapa Lawa, Selfiana Triyanty; Ndapa Lawa, Petresia I.; Enstein, Jhon
HINEF : Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): HINEF : JURNAL RUMPUN ILMU PENDIDIKAN (EDISI JANUARI 2024)
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract. This research aims to describe the influence of Project Based Learning towards speaking ability of students at SMAN 1 Pantai Baru class E1 in descriptive text about tourism places in Rote Ndao. The type of this research uses quantitative research with quasi-experimental research method. The sampling technique in this research is nonprobability sampling with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. The population in this study were all class E1 students at SMAN 1 Pantai Baru with a population of 199 students and the sample in this study was 30 class E1 students. The research instrument used was a test. Before the instrument was distributed, there was a validity and reliability tests to obtain the validity of the instrument. The validity test result showed that 15 items test were valid and reliable. Data analysis in this study used an independent t-test, before data analysis was carried out, the researcher also tested the data analysis requirement which consisted of a normality test and data homogeneity test by the help of the SPSS version 16.00 application which showed the sig value results in the experimental class 0.353 > 0.05 and the control class 0.364 > 0.05, both values indicate that the data was normally distributed. Meanwhile, the result of the data homogeneity test showed that a significant value of 0.068 > 0.05, so both classes have the same variance (homogeneous). The test results of the difference in the average speaking ability of the control class and the experimental class also found that the average speaking ability of the experimental class was higher than the average speaking ability of the control class. It was 80.63>65.73. Thus, it can be concluded that there is the influence of the project-based learning model towards the speaking ability of students at SMAN 1 Pantai Baru class E1 in descriptive text about tourism places in Rote Ndao. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis proyek (Project Based Learning) terhadap kemampuan berbicara siswa SMAN 1 Pantai Baru kelas E1 pada teks deskriptif materi tempat wisata di Rote Ndao. Jenis penelitian menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian kuasi eksperimen. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah Nonprobability Sampling dengan teknik penarikan sampel menggunakan Purposive Sampling. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas E1 SMAN 1 Pantai Baru dengan populasi berjumlah 199 siswa dan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas E1 sebanyak 30 siswa. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah tes. Sebelum instrument disebarkan, terdapat uji validitas dan reliabilitas untuk mendapatkan keabsahan instrument. Hasil uji validitas menunjukanbahwa 15 item soal dinyatakan valid dan reliabel. Analisis data pada penelitian ini memakai uji independet t-test namun sebelum dilakukan analisis data, peneliti juga melakukan uji persyaratan analsis data yang terdiri dari uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas data berbantuan aplikasi SPSS versi 16.00 dimana menunjukkan hasil nilai sig. pada kelas eksperimen 0,353 > 0,05 dan kelas kontrol 0,364 > 0,05 sehingga keduanya yang menunjukkan bahwa data berdistribusi normal. Sedangkan hasil uji homogenitas data menunjukkan nilai signifikan 0,068 > 0,05, maka kedua kelas mempunyai varians yang sama (homogen). Hasil uji perbedaan rata-rata kemampuan berbicara kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen juga ditemukan bahwa rata-rata kemampuan berbicara kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan rata-rata kemampuan berbicara kelas kontrol yakni 80,63>65,73 Dengan demikian, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis proyek (Project Based Learning) terhadap kemampuan berbicara siswa SMAN 1 Pantai Baru kelas E1 pada teks deskriptif materi tempat wisata di Rote Ndao.

PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN DAN ANALISIS DATA MENGGUNAKAN SPSS Vera Rosalina Bulu; Roswita L Nahak; Selfiana T Ndapa Lawa
Pengabdian Masyarakat Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): JURNAL PEMIMPIN - PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT ILMU PENDIDIKAN - Edisi Agustus 2021
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/pemimpin.v1i1.268

Abstrak Penelitian merupakan bagian dari tri dharma perguruan tinggi yang wajib di lakukan oleh akademisi di perguruan tinggi termasuk mahasiswa. Sebagai salah satu syarat mahasiswa diluluskan dari perguruan tinggi yaitu menyelesaikan skripsi. Dalam penulisan skripsi mahasiswa memerlukan data untuk melakukan penelitian di lapangan, tahap selanjutnya mahasiswa perlu mengolah dan menganalisi data sampai penarikan kesimpulan. Berkaitan dengan pengolahan data, salah satu software yang dipakai adalah SPSS. Hasil survei mahasiswa FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa, menunjukkan 50% belum memahami penggunaan SPSS dalam mengolah data. Oleh sebab itu, Tim pengabdian memberikan pelatihan pengolahan dan analisis data statistik menggunakan SPSS bagi mahasiswa FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa. Abstract Research is a part of the tri dharma of higher education that must be carried out by academics in universities, including students. One of the requirements for students to graduate from a university is to complete a thesis. In writing a thesis, students need to conduct research, to process, to analyze data and to draw conclusions. In relation to data processing, one of the software used is SPSS. The results of a survey of FKIP students at Citra Bangsa University, showed that 50% did not understand the use of SPSS in processing data. Therefore, the community service team provides training on statistical data processing and analysis using SPSS for students of FKIP Citra Bangsa University. Keywords: Processing, Analysis, Training, SPSS

PELESTARIAN PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL DI TENGAH PEMBELAJARAN ONLINE Femberianus S Tanggur; Roswita L Nahak; Vera Rosalina Bulu; Selfiana T Ndapa Lawa; Jhon Enstein; Ayu Lede Dabbo; Eyen Sada
Pengabdian Masyarakat Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): JURNAL PEMIMPIN - PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT ILMU PENDIDIKAN - Edisi Agustus 2021
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/pemimpin.v1i1.277

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan melestarikan permainan tradisional di tengah pembelajaran online. melakukan sosialisasi kepada pihak sekolah dan melaksanakan praktik permainan tradisional kepada siswa dari tanggal 24 Mei 2021 – 28 Mei 2021. Pada hari terakhir dilakukan penyerahan alat permainan tradisonal kepada sekolah. Tujuan kegiatan ini dapat dicapai dengan baik dan dapat dilihat dari pemahaman dan keterampilan siswa dalam mempraktekkan permainan tradisional.

SISTEM PENILAIAN AUTENTIK BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL Selfiana Triyanty. M Ndapa Lawa; Christmas P. Ate; Vera R. Bulu
Pengabdian Masyarakat Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): JURNAL PEMIMPIN - PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT ILMU PENDIDIKAN - Edisi Januari 2022
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/pemimpin.v2i1.404

The purpose of this activity is to provide understanding and skills to teachers and candidate teachers to be able to understand an authentic assessment system based on local wisdom and develop the assessment system especially in the cognitive domain. The implementation method was done virtually using a zoom meeting. The result showed high percentage for community service implementation and participants’ perceptions toward the speakers’ quality. Community service implementation showed that 59.15% very satisfied and 40.85% satisfied because the theme and the content of the material were very relevant with the needs of participants. Participants’ perceptions toward the speakers’ quality showed 80.30% was very good and 19.7% good. In general, the results showed positive response. Key words: Training, System, Assessment, Authentic, Local Wisdom

MAINTENANCE SISTEM OPERASI WINDOWS DI LINGKUP FKIP UNIVERSITAS CITRA BANGSA Yonly Adrianus Benufinit; Jhon Enstein; Femberianus Sunario Tanggur; Roswita Lioba Nahak; Selfiana Ndapa Lawa; Viktorius Paskalis Feka
Pengabdian Masyarakat Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): JURNAL PEMIMPIN - PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT ILMU PENDIDIKAN -
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/pemimpin.v3i1.852

AbstrakTujuan dari pelatihan ini yakni, memberikan pelatihan dan layanan perbaikan gratis tentang maintenance sistem operasi windows pada laptop. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelatihan ini adalah berupa edukasi berbasis praktik melakukan maintenance kerusakan pada sistem operasi windows laptop. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah dosen dan mahasiswa di lingkup FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa mendapatkan edukasi dan layanan maintenance sistem operasi pada laptop. Dari hasil tersebut dosen dan mahasiswa lebih mudah dalam mengoperasikan laptop dalam bekerja dan belajar. AbstractThe purpose of this training is to provide training and free repair services about Windows operating system maintenance on laptops. The method used in this training is a practice-based education to perform maintenance damage to the Windows laptop operating system. The result of this community service activity is that lecturers and students in the scope of FKIP Citra Bangsa University get education and maintenance services for operating systems on laptops. From these results, lecturers and students are easier to operate laptops in work and study.

BIMBINGAN AKREDITASI SEKOLAH DASAR KRISTEN CITRA BANGSA Femberianus Sunario Tanggur; Vera R. Bulu; Roswita L. Nahak; Jhon Enstein; Yonly A. Benufinit; Selfiana T.M. Ndapa Lawa; Viktoris P. Veka; Christmas P Ate
Pengabdian Masyarakat Ilmu Pendidikan Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): JURNAL PEMIMPIN - PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT ILMU PENDIDIKAN -
Publisher : FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37792/pemimpin.v3i1.860

AbstrakJumlah tim akreditasi sekolah adalah22 orang. Dari 22 orang tim akreditasi, 9 (41%) orang yang memahami tentang akreditasi, sedangkan 13 (59%) orang tidak memahami tentang akreditasi. Dari 41 % yang memahami tentang akreditasi, rata-rata memahami akreditasi dari proses studi literasi dan sudah perna terlibat sebagai tim akreditasi sekolah pada periode sebelumnya sedangkan dari total 59% orang tim yang belum memahami tentang akreditasi karena belum pernah terlibat dalam kegiatan akreditasi, belum mendapatkan pelatihan tentang kegiatan akreditasi. Meningkatkan pemahaman sekolah tentang akreditasi dilakukan dengan cara memberikan penguatan tentang akreditasi sekolah/madrasah. Adapun materi yang diberikan kepada sekolah dalam proses pengabdian masyarakat ini yaitu Pengertian Akreditasi, Tujuan Akreditasi, Prinsip-prinsip Akreditasi, Komponen yang Dinilai dalam Akreditasi, Prosedur/mekanisme akreditasi sekolah/madrasah, Syarat minimal pengusulan akreditasi sekolah. AbstractThe number of school accreditation teams is 22 people. Of the 22 accreditation team members, 9 (41%) understood accreditation, while 13 (59%) did not understand accreditation. Of the 41% who understand accreditation, on average they understand accreditation from the literacy study process and have been involved as a school accreditation team in the previous period, while out of a total of 59% of team members who do not understand accreditation because they have never been involved in accreditation activities, they have not received training on accreditation activities. Improving schools' understanding of accreditation is done by providing reinforcement of school/madrasah accreditation. The material provided to schools in this community service process is the Definition of Accreditation, Accreditation Objectives, Accreditation Principles, Components Assessed in Accreditation, School/madrasah accreditation procedures/mechanisms, Minimum requirements for proposing school accreditation, Efforts to improve school accreditation, Compilation techniques accreditation document.

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