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Journal : Heca Journal of Applied Sciences

Top Global Concrete-Producing Countries: A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Concrete Production, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth Hilal, Iin Shabrina; Idroes, Ghalieb Mutig
Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/hjas.v3i2.314

Abstract

Concrete production plays a vital role in infrastructure and economic development, yet it remains one of the most significant sources of global CO2 emissions. This study focuses on the top 10 concrete-producing countries, using variables such as concrete production (CP), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and gross domestic product (GDP) as a proxy for economic growth. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we categorize the countries into three distinct groups based on the combined metrics. Cluster 1 includes developing and transitional economies such as India, Indonesia, Brazil, Egypt, Russia, Turkey, and Vietnam, which exhibit moderate levels of CP and GDP alongside relatively low CO2 per capita. Cluster 2, represented by China and Saudi Arabia, demonstrates high levels of CP and CO2, coupled with moderate to high GDP, reflecting intensive industrial activity and rapid development. Cluster 3, which includes only the United States, is characterized by high GDP, moderate CP, and persistently high CO2, indicating a stable developed economy that maintains its prosperity through infrastructure upkeep rather than rapid growth. The findings reveal how these three indicators interact across different stages of development and emphasize the importance of tailored sustainability strategies.
Co-Authors Afjal, Mohd Agustina, Maulidar Ali, Najabat Amalina, Faizah Apriliansyah, Feby Attari, Muhammad Umer Quddoos Ayu Puspitasari, Ayu Bani, Nor Yasmin binti Mhd Bruyn, Chané de Chairunnisa, Rizka Çoban, Mustafa Necati Dahlia, Putri Delya, Mussa Issack Devi, N. Chitra Duwal, Niroj Eddy Gunawan, Eddy Eko Suhartono Emran, Talha Bin Fadila, Sintia Fajri, Irfan Fazli, Qalbin Salim Fijay, Ade Habya Fikri, Mumtaz Kemal Fitriyani Fitriyani Furqan, Nurul Ghazi Mauer Idroes Hadiyani, Rahmilia Hafizah, Iffah Hamaguchi, Yoshihiro Hapzi Ali Hardia, Natasha Athira Keisha Hidayatullah, Ferdy Hironimus Kihwili, Erick HUMAM, RAIS AULIA Idroes, Ghifari Maulana Idroes, Rinadi Iin Shabrina Hilal Irsan Hardi Irvanizam, Irvanizam Isaack Delya, Mussa Kadri, Mirzatul Khairan Khairan Khairul, Mhd Khairun Nisa Kihwili, Erick Hironimus Kusumo, Fitranto Lala, Andi Majid, M. Shabri Abd Majumder, Shapan Chandra Mardayanti, Ulfa Marsellindo, Rio Maulana, Aga Maulana, Ar Razy Ridha Maulidar, Putri Mirza, Muhammad Alfin Falha Muhammad Subianto Muksalmina Muksalmina Mursyida, Waliam Nghiem, Xuan-Hoa Nurleila, Nurleila Pernici, Andreea Phonna, Rahmatil Adha Prasetio, Rasi Qashmal, Muhammad Ray, Samrat Razief Perucha Fauzie Afidh Rimal Mahdani Rinaldi Idroes Ringga, Edi Saputra Salim Fazli, Qalbin Salimullah, Abul Hasnat Muhammed Saputra, Fachri Eka Saputra, Jumadil Sasmita, Novi Reandy Sikdar, Asaduzzaman Sofyan Syahnur Sofyan, Rahmi Souvia Rahimah Stancu, Stelian sufriani, sufriani Sugara, Dimas Rendy Sugeng Santoso Suhendrayatna Suhendrayatna Suriani Suriani Suwal, Sunil Syahyana, Ahmad T. Zulham Teuku Rizky Noviandy Thahira, Zia Utami, Resty Tamara Wiranatakusuma, Dimas Bagus Zahriah, Zahriah Zhilalmuhana, Teuku Zikra, Naswatun