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All Journal Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Indonesian Journal of Medicine Journal of Health Policy and Management Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Effect of Locus of Control, Self-Efficacy, and Personality Type on the Quality of Life among Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patient in Godean Sub-District, Yogyakarta -, Mulyanti; Adriani, Rita Benya; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Caregivers of schizophrenia patients have an important role in fulfiling the need of patients. This task implicates on care burden and physological problems on the caregivers. The quality of life of the caregivers may have important impact on the caring process. This study aimed to examine effect of locus of control, self-efficacy and personality type on the quality of life among caregivers of schizophrenia patient.Subjects and Method: This study was analytic observational with cross-sectional design.  It was carried out at Godean Sub-District, Yogyakarta, from March to April 2017. A sample of 102 caregivers of schizophrenia patient were selected for this study by fixed diseases sampling. The dependent variable wa quality of life. The independent variables were age, gender, personality type, locus of control, self-efficacy, family concern, family income. The data was collected by questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Higher quality of life of caregivers was affected by self-efficacy (b=0.46; SE=0.15; p<0.001), extrovert personality (b=0.21; SE=0.10; p=0.01), and higher family income (b=0.18; SE=0.05; p=0.02). Self-efficacy was affected by better family concern (b=0.22, SE=0.16; p=0.02) and extrovert personality (b=0.33; SE=0.06; p<0.001).Conclusion: Higher quality of life of caregivers was directly affected by self-efficacy, extrovert personality, and higher family income. Higher quality of life of caregivers was indirectly affected by better family concern and extrovert personality.Keywords: quality of life, locus of control, self-efficacy, schizophrenia, caregiverCorrespondence: Mulyanti. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: kalilaputri2811@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285868823105.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(1): 20-31https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.01.03 
Path Analysis on the Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Hypertension Istyanto, Febry; Mudigdo, Ambar; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Hypertension is a non-communicable disease which may lead to premature death and disability. This study aimed to determine the biopsychosocial factors associated with the risk of hypertension.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. This study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, from September to November 2018. A sample of 225 patients was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was hypertension. The independent variables were anxiety, stress, quality of sleep, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, vegetables and fruit, coffee drink, and soft drink consumption. Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer. Body weight was measured by scale. Body height was measured by microtoise. The other data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Hypertension directly increased with anxiety (b= 0.26; 95%CI= 0.02to 0.51; p= 0.037), stress (b= 0.28; 95%CI= 0.04 to 0.53; p= 0.022), poor quality of sleep (b= 0.46; 95%CI= 0.06 to 0.87; p= 0.026), BMI (b= 0.68; 95%CI= 0.051 to 1.31; p= 0.034), coffee drink consumption (b= 1.31; 95%CI= 0.17 to 2.46; p= 0.024), and soft drink consumption (b= 0.38; 95%CI= 0.04 to 0.72; p= 0.029). Hypertension directly decreased with high physical activity (b= -0.04; 95%CI= -0.07 to -0.004; p= 0.027), vegetable and fruit consumption (b= -1.13; 95%CI= -2.07 to -0.19; p= 0.037). Hypertension was indirectly affected by anxiety, physical activity, quality of sleep, and coffe drink consumption through BMI and quality of sleep.Conclusion: Hypertension is directly and positively affected by anxiety, stress, poor quality of sleep, BMI, coffee drink consumption, and soft drink consumption, but negatively affected by high physical activity, vegetable and fruit consumption.Keywords: hypertension, biopsychosocial, determinantsCorrespondence: Febry Istyanto. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: febryistyanto@gmail.com.Mobile: 082133452012Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2019), 4(2): 70-80https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.02.02
Biopsychosocial Determinants of Quality of Life in the Elderly at Tresna Werdha Social Nursing Home, Yogyakarta Swastika, Sobma; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Soemanto, RB
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Aging process is a multidimensional natural process with implicating problem involving various aspects, i.e. biological, psychological, and social aspects. Efforts are needed to prolong life expectancy and to improve the quality of life of the elderly. This study aimed to analyze biopsychosocial determinants of quality of life in the elderly at Tresna Werdha Social Nursing Home, Yogyakarta.Subjects and Method: This study was analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. It was conducted at Abiyoso and Budi Luhur units, Tresna Werdha Social Nursing Home, Yogyakarta, in April 2017. A sample of 100 elderly were selected for this study by purposive sampling and simple random sampling. The independent variables were health status, level of independence, intellectual function, depression, and social activities. The dependent variable was quality of life. The data were collected by a set of pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression.Results: Biopsychosocial determinants of quality of life in the elderly included health status (OR= 11.66; 95% CI= 2.18 to 62.14; p= 0.004), level of independence (OR= 4.12; 95% CI= 1.08 to 15.60; p= 0.037), intellectual function (OR= 9.75; 95% CI = 1.09 to 87.08; p= 0.036), depression (OR= 3.38; 95% CI= 1.01 to 11.24; p= 0.047), and social activities (OR= 6.02; 95% CI = 1.12 to 32.25; p= 0.047).Conclusion: Health status, level of independence, intellectual function, depression, and social activities, are biopsychosocial determinants of quality of life in the elderlyKeywords: biopsychosocial, determinant, quality of life, elderlyCorrespondence: Sobma Swastika. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: sobmaswastika@gmail.com. Mobile: +628113239862.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(1):  82-92https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.01.08
Contextual Effect of Village on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children Under Five in Magetan, East Java Mustikarani, Yola Alqorien; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Qadridjati, Isna; Prasetya, Hanung
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Pneumonia is a major cause of illness and death in children under five worldwide. Studies into the contextual effect of village are lacking in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine contextual effect of village on the risk of pneumonia in children under five in Magetan, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was a case control study conducted in Magetan, East Java, from October 2018 to December 2018. A sample of 225 children under five from 25 villages was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was pneumonia. The independent variables were nutritional status, vitamin A intake, maternal stress, maternal education, family income, family smoking, cooking fuel, house physical environment, and the presence of children in the kitchen when cooking. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression.Results: Maternal stress (b= 1.91; 95% CI= 0.75 to 3.06; p= 0.001), family smoking habits (b = 1.39; 95% CI = 0.46 to 2.32; p = 0.003), cooking fuel (b= 1.51; 95% CI= 0.46 to 2.55; p= 0.005), and the presence of children in the kitchen when cooking (b= 1.37; 95% CI = 0.38 to 2.35; p= 0.007) increased the risk of pneumonia in children under five. The risk of pneumonia was reduced by good nutritional status (b= -1.74; 95% CI= -2.70 to -0.78; p <0.001), complete vitamin A status (b= -1.14; 95% CI= -2.04 to -0.24; p= 0.013), high maternal education (b= -1.41; 95% CI= -2.45 to -0.37; p= 0.008), high family income (b= -0.91; 95% CI= -1.80 to -0.02; p= 0.045), and healthy home physical environment (b= -1.86; 95% CI= -3.20 to -0.52; p= 0.007). Village had a strong contextual effect on pneumonia among children under five with ICC= 21.32%.Conclusions: Maternal stress, family smoking habits, cooking fuel, and the presence of children in the kitchen when cooking increase the risk of pneumonia in children under five. It is reduced by good nutritional status, complete vitamin A status, high maternal education, high family income, and healthy home physical environment. Village has a strong contextual effect on pneumonia among children under fiveKeywords: pneumonia, children under five, biopsychosocial, environmental, determinants, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Yola Alqorien Mustikarani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia. Email: yolla.mstika@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285856122288Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2019), 4(2): 117-126https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.02.07
Health Belief Model and PRECEDE PROCEED on the Risk Factors of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in Surakarta, Central Java -, Vera; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the lethal infectious diseases in the world. One of the current biggest challenges of Tuberculosis control is the widespread emergence of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). There are several potential risk factors of MDR-TB that can be explained by Health Belief Model and PRECEDE PROCEED model framework. This study aimed to analyzed factors associated with MDR-TB using Health Belief Model and PRECEDE PROCEED.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital and BBKPM, Surakarta, from September to November 2017. The study subjects were selected using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 76 MDR-TB patients and 228 TB patients. The dependent variable was MDR-TB. The independent variables were educational level, self-efficacy, drug-taking adherence, smoking, nutritional status, perceived of susceptibility, perceived barrier, perceived severity, perceived benefit, and drug-taking supervisor. The data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: The risk of MDR-TB was increased by lack of drug-taking adherence (b= -1.69; 95% CI= -2.28 to -1.09; p <0.001), poor nutritional status (b= 1.32; 95% CI= 0.72 to 1.92; p<0.001), and smoking (b= 1.32; 95% CI= 0.72 to 1.92; p <0.001). Drug-taking adherence was increased by perceived susceptibility  (b= 0.91; 95% CI= 0.18 to 1.63; p=0.015), perceived severity  (b= 1.01; 95% CI=  0.28 to 1.74; p=0.007), perceived benefit (b= 1.69; 95% CI= 0.97 to 2.41; p<0.001), drug-taking advisor (b= 2.16; 95% CI= 1.44 to 2.88; p<0.001), self efficacy (b= 1.58; 95% CI= 0.86 to 2.31; p<0.001), and low perceived barrier (b= -1.10; 95% CI= -1.82 to -0.38; p=0.003). Conclusion:  The risk of MDR-TB is increased by the lack of drug-taking adherence, poor nutritional status, and smoking.Keyword: Health belief model, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MDR-TBCorrespondence: Vera. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: vera21210@gmail.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(3): 241-254https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.03.06
Analysis of the Contextual Effect of Village Characteristics and Other Determinants of Diarrhea in Children Under Five, Banjarnegara, Central Java Cahyaningrum, Lusia Arina; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Diarrheal disease is the leading cause of child death and illness in the world. Diarrhea is one of the most potent endemic diseases in Indonesia. Children under five were the most affected group by this disease. This study aimed to determine the effect of nutritional status, information exposure, prevention behavior, income, social capital, and environmental sanitation on the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in Banjarnegara District, Central Java, using multilevel analysis.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in Banjarnegara, Central Java, from January to February 2018. A total of 25 villages was selected using stratified random sampling, based on village stratification criteria. A sample of 250 children under five was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 125 children with diarrhea and 125 healthy children. The dependent variable was diarrhea. The independent variables at level 1 were nutritional status, information exposure, prevention behavior, income, social capital, and environmental sanitation. Village stratification was used as the contextual factor at level 2. The data were collected by a set of pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by multilevel logistic regression analysis using Stata 13.Results: Poor nutritional status (b= 1.33; 95% CI= -0.14 to 2.82; p= 0.077), poor prevention behavior (b= 1.52; 95% CI= 0.81 to 2.24; p<0.001), low income (b= 1.52; 95% CI= 0.80 to 2.25; p<0.001), weak social capital (b= 1.80; 95 % CI= 1.04 to 2.56; p<0.001), and poor environmental sanitation (b= 1.12; 95% CI= 0.39 to 1.85; p= 0.003) increased the risk of diarrhea. Exposure to information (b= 0.90; 95% CI= 0.17 to 1.64; p= 0.015) decreased the risk of diarrhea. The village stratification showed a strong contextual effect on the incidence of diarrhea with intra-class correlation (ICC)= 15.78%.Conclusion: Poor nutritional status, poor personal hygiene, low income, weak social capital, and poor environmental sanitation increase the risk of diarrhea.Keywords: determinant, diarrhea, children under five, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Lusia Arina Cahyaningrum. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: lusiaarina@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282226835687.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(3): 342-352https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.03.05
Contextual Effect of the Integrated Health Post on DPT3 Immunization Uptake among Infants in Wonogiri, Central Java Inayati, Rizqi; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: DPT3 immunization coverage is considered as one indicator of the success of immunization programs in various countries. Indonesia is one of the countries that adopted Expand Program in Immunization (EPI) in 1977 which later introduced DPT as part of routine basic immunization services for infants, although there are still infants who do not get complete DPT immunization at this time. The purpose of this study was to analyze contextual effect of the integrated health post on DPT3 immunization uptake among infants in Wonogiri, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytical observational study with a cross sectional design. It was conducted in Wonogiri community health center II, East Java, from October to December 2018. A sample of 200 infants was selected from 25 integrated health posts with simple random sampling. The dependent variable was the use of DPT3 immunization. The independent variables were maternal education, family income, religion and beliefs, family support, information expo­sure, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and intention. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression.Results: The use of DPT3 immunization was influenced by maternal education (b = 2.01; 95% CI= 0.26 to 3.76; p= 0.025), family income (b= 2.56; 95% CI= 0.45 to 4.67; p= 0.017), religion and beliefs (b= 4.37; 95% CI= 1.78 to 6.96; p= 0.001), family support (b= 1.92; 95% CI= - 0.07 to 3.90; p= 0.058), exposure to information (b= 1.82; 95% CI= 0.11 to 3.54; p= 0.037), attitude (b= 1.59; 95% CI= - 0.29 to 3.47; p= 0.097), subjective norm (b= 1.66; 95% CI= - 0.17 to 3.49; p= 0.074), perceived behavior control (b= 2.50; 95 % CI= 0.57 to 4.43; p= 0.011), and intention (b= 2.93; 95% CI= 0.68 to 5.19; p= 0.011). Integrated health post had strong contextual effect on the use of DPT3 immunization with ICC= 53%.Conclusion: The use of DPT3 immunization is influenced by maternal education, family income, religion and beliefs, family support, exposure to information, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and intention. Integrated health post has strong contextual effect on the use of DPT3 immunization.Keywords: DPT3 immunization, factors, Theory of Planned Behavior, posyandu, information exposureCorrespondence: Rizqi Inayati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: inayati.rizqi12@gmail.com. Mobile: +6289681682143Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(4): 267-278https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.06
Contextual Effect of Community Health Center on Low Birtweight in East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat Rahayu, Baiq Zulvita; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Low birth weight babies (LBW) become a global health problem. Studies into the contextual effect of community health center on LBW are lacking. This study aimed to determine the contextual effect of community health center on the determinants of low birth weight in East Lombok, Indonesia using multilevel analysis.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. It was conducted in East Lombok, from September to November 2018. A total sample of 200 infants from 25 community health centers was selected by random sampling. The dependent variable was LBW. The independent variables were maternal age, maternal education, family income, prenatal stress, maternal nutritional status, exposure to cigarette smoke, maternal occupation, social support, and social capital. The data were collected from the medical record and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: Maternal age <20 or ≥35 years (b = 2.60; 95% CI = 0.96 to 4.25; p= 0.002), prenatal stress (b = 1.30; 95% CI 95%= 0.01 to 2.57; p= 0.048), and exposure to cigarette smoke (b= 1.57; CI 95% = 0.37 to 2.76; p= 0.010) increased the risk of LBW. LBW decreased with high maternal education (b = -1.38; 95% CI= -2.60 to -0.15; p= 0.027), high family income (b= -1.32 ; 95% CI = -2.61 to -0.04; p= 0.072), strong social support (b= -1.50; 95% CI= -2.92 to -0.09; p= 0.036), good maternal nutritional status (b = -2.01; 95% CI= -3.26 to -0.76; p= 0.002), strong social capital (b= -1.45; 95% CI= -2.82 to -0.08; p=0.038), and maternal occupation (b= -1.43; 95% CI= -2.98 to 0.12; p= 0.072). Community health center had contextual effect on LBW with ICC= 20%.Conclusions: Maternal age <20 or ≥35 years, prenatal stress, and exposure to cigarette smoke increase the risk of LBW. LBW decreases with high maternal education, high family income, strong social support, good maternal nutritional status, strong social capital, and maternal occupation. Community health center has contextual effect on LBW.Keywords: low birth weight, stress, social support, community health centerCorrespondence: Baiq Zulvita Rahayu. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia. Email: rahayubaiq.zulvita@yahoo.co.id. Mobile: +6281917744469Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(3): 136-145https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.03.01
Religious Belief, Social Support, and the Acceptance of Intrauterine Device Among Women of Reproductive Age in Klaten, Central Java Wijaya, Veronica Fenny; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Adriani, Rita Benya
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Indonesia is one of the developing countries with complex population problems. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the current population in Indonesia in 2016 reached 258,704,986 people. One of the government's efforts to reduce population growth is Family Planning (KB) program. This study aimed to determine the socioeconomic determinants, social norm, religion on the use of IUD contraceptive among women in Klaten, Central Java, using Theory of Planned Behavior. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 25 community health centers in Klaten, Central Java, from November to December 2018. A sample of 200 women of reproductive age was collected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was the use of IUD. The independent variables were education, husband support, health personnel support, employment, income, social norm, religion, intention, attitude, perceived behavior control. The data were measured by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression.Result: The use of IUD was positively influenced by higher education (b= 1.40; 95% CI= 0.12 to 2.78; p= 0.047), strong husband support (b= 1.57; 95% CI= 0.12 to 3.03; p= 0.034), strong health personnel support (b= 1.70; 95% CI= 0.14 to 3.26; p= 0.033), employed (b= 1.50; 95% CI= 0.17 to 2.99; p= 0.047), high income (b= 2.14; 95% CI= 0.36 to 3.92; p= 0.018), supportive social norm (b= 1.50; 95% CI= 0.49 to 2.95; p= 0.043), supportive religion (b= 1.42; 95% CI= 0.12 to 2.84; p= 0.048), intention (b= 1.75; 95% CI= 0.15 to 3.35; p= 0.032), positive attitude (b= 2.16; 95% CI= 0.45 to 3.86; p= 0.013), and perceived behavior control (b= 1.57; 95% CI= 0.29 to 3.11; p= 0.046). Community health center had a contextual effect on the use of IUD contraception with ICC= 10.6%.Conclusion: The use of IUD is positively influenced by higher education, strong husband support, strong health personnel support, employed, high income, supportive social norm, supportive religion, intention, positive attitude, and perceived behavior control. The community health center has a contextual effect on the use of IUD contraception.Keywords: IUD contraceptive, utilization, community health center, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Veronica Fenny Wijaya. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: veronicafenny04@gmail.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(3): 201-211https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.03.07
Path Analysis: The Effect of Smoking on the Risk of Periodontal Disease Robbihi, Hilmiy Ila; Sulaeman, Endang Sutisna; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Indonesian Journal of Medicine Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Periodontal diseases are prevalent both in developed and developing countries and affect about 20-50% of global population. Several risk factors such as smoking, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, medication, age, hereditary, and stress are related to periodontal diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking on the risk of periodontal disease, using path analysis.Subjects and Method: A case-control study was carried out in Tasikmalaya community health center, West Java, from October to November 2018. A sample of 200 patients was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was periodontal disease. The independent variables were age, knowledge on oral health, education, income, smoking behavior, oral and dental health behavior, plaque, and calculus. The data were obtained from medical record and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of periodontal disease directly increased by smoking behavior (b= 0.92; 95% CI= 0.09 to 1.75; p= 0.030), after controlling for the effect of calculus (b= 1.23; 95% CI= 0.40 to 2.07; p= 0.004) and age (b=1.63; 95% CI= 0.76 to 2.50; p<0.001). The risk of periodontal disease directly decreased by better knowledge on oral and dental health (b=-0.92; 95% CI= -1.72 to -0.12; p= 0.023) and high income (b= -1.47; 95% CI= -2.32 to -0.60; p<0.001). It was indirectly affected by plaque and education.Conclusion: The risk of periodontal disease directly increases by smoking behavior, after controlling for the effect of calculus and age. In addition, the risk of periodontal disease directly decreases by better knowledge on oral and dental health and high income. It is indirectly affected by plaque and education.Keywords: periodontal disease, smoking, factors, path analysisCorrespondence: Hilmiy Ila Robbihi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: hilmiyilarobbihi@gmail.com. Mobile: +628975565050.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2018), 3(2): 99-109https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2018.03.02.06
Co-Authors -, Mulyanti -, Vera Abd. Rasyid Syamsuri Alfiyani, Lina Ambar Mudigdo Ayuningtyas, Kanthi Devi Azura Arisa Bhisma Murti Cahyaningrum, Lusia Arina Cecep Kusmana Dea Linia Romadhoni Dewi, Ristamaya Danar Dono Indarto Endang Sutisna Sulaeman Erick Zicof Fadhilla, Hidayah Nur Febry Istyanto Fitriani, Tri Godha Gabriela Advitri Febriani Handoko Handoko Harsono Salimo Hermanu Joebagio Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Inayati, Rizqi Kartika, Dian Surya Kisrini Kisrini Lidia Aditama Putri Nikmah, Atika Ningsih, Nur Isniani Nurul Fatimah Nurul Ulya Luthfiyana Pamungkas, Putri Pangestu, Ninil Dwi Prasetya, Hanung Putri, Widya Kaharani Qadridjati, Isna Qadrijati, Isna Rahayu, Baiq Zulvita Rahmah, Anindita Hasniati Ramadani, Aulia Noorvita Rita Adriani Benya Adriani Robbihi, Hilmiy Ila RUBEN DHARMAWAN Sanusi, Rossi Sari, Ambar Sayidah, Diana Soemanto, RB Soemanto, RB Sudarsono, Joko Swastika, Sobma Uki Retno Budihastuti Umami, Afriza Vitri Widyaningsih Widayati, Purwika Wijaya, Veronica Fenny Yola Alqorien Mustikarani yulia lanti retno dewi Yumafita, Tiara