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All Journal Jurnal Biologi Tropis Mandala of Health : A Scientific Journal
Rofilah, Alita Khainur
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Public Health

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Cranial Nerves and Plexuses Optic Nerve (N.II) Rizqi, Amanda Suana; Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila; Febianisa, Tabitha Afifah; Zulkifli, Yasmin Sabrina; Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah; Azzahra, Anis Aura; Rofilah, Alita Khainur; Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian; Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy; Haikal, Muhammad; Rifki, Muhammad
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10124

Abstract

Cranial nerves are an integral part of the peripheral nervous system, playing a crucial role in transmitting afferent and efferent nerve impulses, particularly in the head and neck area. Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves have distinct functional nuclei in the brainstem, grouped into sensory (posterior and lateral) and motor (anterior) nuclei. The optic nerve is a purely afferent (sensory) nerve, responsible for transmitting visual information from rod and cone receptors in the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC) in the thalamus. The optic nerve's innervation pathway begins with retinal ganglion cells, which form nerve fibers, pass through the optic canal, and then cross at the optic chiasm. Disruption of this pathway can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as vision loss or visual field impairment, which will be discussed further. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the anatomy and function of the optic nerve is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of neuro-ophthalmological conditions.
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HUMAN BREAST MILK AGAINST NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS IN PRETERM INFANTS Putri, Dyah Arista; Patandianan, Firdaus Kamma; Latifa, Nindy Citra; Ramadhania, Yasmin Najla; Rofilah, Alita Khainur; Maharani, Baiq Syarifaturrayyan; Yassa, I Wayan Radityakara Wirasena; Arigi, Lalu Ahmad Gamal
Mandala Of Health Vol 18 No 2 (2025): Mandala of Health: A Scientific Journal
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.mandala.2025.18.2.17753

Abstract

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease that predominantly affects preterm infants, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Human breast milk (HBM) has long been recognized as the most effective nutritional intervention for preventing NEC due to its unique bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, glutamine, vitamins, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act through mechanisms including strengthening the intestinal barrier, modulating immune responses, and regulating the gut microbiota. This narrative review aims to synthesize recent evidence on the protective role of HBM against NEC, with particular emphasis on the function of HMOs, probiotics, and complementary nutritional interventions designed to replicate or enhance HBM’s bioactivity. The methods applied in this review followed a narrative literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2025 on the effects of breastfeeding on NEC risk in preterm infants, using predefined eligibility criteria. The findings indicate that HBM significantly reduces NEC incidence, while supplemental interventions such as prebiotics and probiotics may serve as complementary strategies, particularly when the availability of mother’s own milk is limited. Overall, HBM remains the primary protective factor against NEC, and optimizing its provision in neonatal care is critical for improving outcomes among preterm infants.
Co-Authors Arigi, Lalu Ahmad Gamal Azzahra, Anis Aura Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy Febianisa, Tabitha Afifah Latifa, Nindy Citra Maharani, Baiq Syarifaturrayyan Muhammad Haikal Muhammad Rifki Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah Patandianan, Firdaus Kamma Putri, Dyah Arista Ramadhania, Yasmin Najla Rizqi, Amanda Suana Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila Yassa, I Wayan Radityakara Wirasena Zulkifli, Yasmin Sabrina