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Menara Perkebunan
Published by Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
ISSN : 01259318     EISSN : 18583768     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Menara Perkebunan as a communication medium for research in estate crops published articles covering original research result on the pre- and post-harvest biotechnology of estate crops. The contents of the articles should be directed for solving the problems of production and/or processing of estate crops of smallholder, private plantations and state-owned estates, based on the three dedications of plantation. Analyses of innovative research methods and techniques in biotechnology, which are important for advancing agricultural research. Critical scientific reviews of research result in agricultural and estate biotechnology.
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Articles 541 Documents
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Biokonversi minyak sawit kasar menggunakan desaturase amobil sistem curah pada skala semipilot Bioconversion of crude palm oil using immobilized desaturase in batch system at semi pilot scale . TRI-PANJI; . SUHARYANTO; . GUNAWAN; Khaswar SYAMSU
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 73 No. 2: 73 (2), 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v73i2.154

Abstract

SummaryIncreasing unsaturation level of crude oilpalm (CPO) could be carried out by usingdesaturase enzyme of Absidia corymbifera. Thisbiocatalyst could also produce polyunsaturatedfatty acids (PUFA) such as gamma linolenic acidthat beneficial for healthy oil. The objective ofthis research was to determine the optimumcontact time and ratio of immobilized desaturaseenzyme-substrate in batch system at semi pilotscale (5,000-15,000 mL). Desaturase wasextracted from A. corymbifera biomass andimmobilized on activated zeolite (3-6 mm).Immobilized enzymes were then used forbioconversion process in batch system by mixingthe enzyme with CPO in a bottle placedhorizontally then rotated using a rotator machineat room temperature (25-30 o C). The resultshowed that optimum contact time with ratioimmobilized enzyme-substrate 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3were 30, 40, and 50 min resulted in increasingiodine number 2.84; 3.94; and 4.46 g I 2 /100 gCPO, respectively. An optimum enzyme-subtrateratio was achieved at 1:2, resulted in increasingof iodine number 9-11 g I 2 /100 g CPO, productrecovery of 17,000 mL (21 batches) up to 18 hours. It was detected that active desaturasesduring CPO bioconversion were  6 ,  9 , and  12 desaturases as shown by the increase of oleic(4.5%), linoleic (0,85%) and linolenic acids(60.7%).RingkasanPeningkatan ketidakjenuhan minyak sawitkasar (crude palm oil, CPO) dapat dilakukandengan enzim desaturase Absidia corymbifera.Biokatalis ini juga mampu menghasilkan asamlemak tidak jenuh majemuk (polyunsaturatedfatty acids, PUFA) yang bermanfaat untukkesehatan seperti asam gamma linolenat (GLA).Tujuan penelitian adalah menetapkan waktukontak dan nisbah enzim desaturase amobil-substrat optimum dalam sistem curah pada skalasemipilot (5.000-15.000 mL). Desaturase di-ekstraksi dari biomassa A. corymbifera dandiamobilisasi pada zeolite (3-6 mm) yang telahdiaktivasi. Enzim amobil kemudian digunakanuntuk proses biokonversi dalam sistem curahdengan cara mencampurkan dengan CPO dalambotol yang diletakkan secara horizontal kemudiandiputar dengan mesin rotator pada suhu ruang(25-30 o C). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwawaktu kontak optimum enzim desaturase-substratdengan nisbah 1:1; 1:2; dan 1:3 adalah 30, 40,dan 50 menit dan menghasilkan peningkatanbilangan iod berturut-turut sebesar 2,84; 3,94;dan 4,46 g I 2 /100 g CPO. Nisbah enzim-substratoptimum dalam proses biokonversi CPO adalah1:2 yang menghasilkan peningkatan bilangan iod9-11 g I 2 /100 g CPO dan perolehan produk17.000 mL (21 kali curah) selama 18 jampemakaian. Penelitian juga dapat mendeteksibahwa desaturase yang aktif selama prosesbiokonversi CPO adalah  6 ,  9 , dan  12desaturase yang ditunjukkan oleh peningkatanasam oleat (4,5%), linoleat (0,85%) dan linolenat(60,7%).
The development of somatic embryos of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) on solid media *) Perkembangan embrio somatik tanaman sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) pada medium padat Imron RIYADI; J.S. TAHARDI TAHARDI; . SUMARYONO
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 73 No. 2: 73 (2), 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v73i2.155

Abstract

SummarySago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) isusually propagated vegetatively by suckers.However, the limited availability of uniformsuckers is a major obstacle in the establishmentof cultivated sago plantations. Tissue culture hasthe potential for large-scale mass clonalpropagation of superior genotypes of sago palm.In vitro culture of sago palm has been establishedthrough somatic embryogenesis. Embryogeniccallus derived from shoot apical tissue of youngsuckers was cultured on a modified Murashigeand Skoog (MMS) medium containing 30 g/Lsucrose, 2 g/L Gelrite, 1 g/L activated charcoal,5.0 mg/L 2,4-D, and 0.1 mg/L kinetin to inducesomatic embryos. Callus clumps formed somaticembryos within four weeks. In the subsequentculture, approximately 0.3 g initial globularcallus grown on MMS medium containing 1.0mg/L kinetin, 0.01 mg/L ABA and 0.1 mg/L GA 3produced 140 to 200 somatic embryos at differentdevelopmental stages four weeks later. All stagesof developing embryos with different sizesand colors were present at any one time ofculture. Secondary (repetitive) somatic embryo-genesis was also found in the culture.Transferring of the mature stage of somaticembryos to solid media with half-strength macro salts and with sucrose at concentration of 20 or 30 g/L without growth regulators led to the development of normal plantlets.RingkasanTanaman sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.)biasanya diperbanyak secara vegetatif dengantunas anakan. Namun, terbatasnya ketersediaantunas anakan yang seragam merupakanhambatan utama dalam pembukaan perkebunansagu. Teknologi kultur jaringan mempunyaipotensi untuk perbanyakan klonal tanaman saguunggul dalam skala besar. Kultur in vitrotanaman sagu telah dikembangkan melaluiembriogenesis somatik. Kalus embriogenik yangberasal dari eksplan pucuk tunas anakandikulturkan pada medium modifikasi Murashigedan Skoog (MMS) dengan sukrosa 30 g/L,Gelrite 2 g/L, arang aktif 1 g/L, 2,4-D 5 mg/Ldan kinetin 0,1 mg/L untuk menginduksi embriosomatik. Kalus membentuk embrio somatikdalam waktu empat minggu. Dalam kulturberikutnya, dari kurang-lebih 0,3 g embrio faseglobuler yang dikulturkan pada medium MMSdengan kinetin 1,0 mg/L, ABA 0,01 mg/L danGA 3 0,1 mg/L menghasilkan 140 sampai 200embrio somatik dengan fase perkembangan yangberbeda-beda. Embrio somatik dalam semuafase perkembangan dengan ukuran dan warnayang berbeda-beda ditemukan setiap saat dalamkultur. Di samping itu, embriogenesis somatiksekunder (berulang) juga terjadi dalam kultursagu. Embrio somatik fase dewasa biladipindah ke medium padat dengan garam makrosetengah konsentrasi dan sukrosa padakonsentrasi 20 atau 30 g/L tanpa zat pengaturtumbuh akan menjadi planlet normal.
Konstruksi pustaka cDNA dari daun klon karet AVROS 2037 yang diinfeksi patogen Corynespora cassiicola Construction of a cDNA library from leaf of AVROS 2037 rubber clone infected by Corynespora cassiicola pathogen . NURHAIMI-HARIS; Hajrial ASWIDINNOOR; Antonius SUWANTO; Maggy T. SUHARTONO; Nurita TORUAN-MATHIUS; Agus PURWANTARA
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 73 No. 2: 73 (2), 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v73i2.156

Abstract

SummaryConstruction of cDNA library derived fromtranscripts made under certain condition is animportant first step to understand diseaseresistant mechanisms. To identify rubber genesor transcripts involved in defense responsetoward Corynespora cassiicola, cDNA librarywas constructed using rubber clone AVROS2037, one of resistant clone to this pathogen.cDNA library was constructed based on thestrategy of leaves infection using conidia, withthe assumption that transcript expression relatedto defense response would be induced bypathogen infection. RNA was isolated from leavesthree days after inoculation with conidia ofC. cassiicola. Steps involved in the cDNA libraryconstruction were RNA isolation, mRNApurification, cDNA synthesis, vector modifcation,cDNA insert ligation, plasmid transformation andclone verifications. Each gram of leaf producedapproximately 300  g RNA, and 0.25% of themwas mRNA. The mRNA was used to synthesizedcDNA. Ligation of cDNA and modified vectorwas facilitated by restriction enzyme SfiI. Theconstructs were transformed into the E. coliDH5 competent cells. A total of 8000 colonieswere produced. Random examination of 270colonies showed that approximately 93% of thesecolonies carried plasmid vector with DNA insertsize of 200 – 2000 bp, with average size of 500 –800 bp. cDNA library construction of rubberleaves from AVROS 2037 clone as well as somenecessary modification steps are presented in thispaper.RingkasanKonstruksi pustaka cDNA yang me-ngandung transkrip yang diekspresikan dalamkondisi tertentu merupakan tahap awal yangsangat penting dalam berbagai studi biologi.Untuk mengidentifikasi gen karet atau transkripyang berperan dalam respons pertahanan tanamankaret terhadap Corynespora cassiicola, pustakacDNA dibuat dengan menggunakan daun klonAVROS 2037 yang merupakan salah satu klonresisten terhadap patogen tersebut. PustakacDNA dibuat berdasarkan strategi menginfeksidaun dengan konidia C. cassiicola denganpertimbangan bahwa ekspresi transkrip yangberperan dalam respons pertahanan akandiinduksi oleh adanya infeksi patogen. Dengandemikian pustaka cDNA yang dibuat diharapkanmengandung gen atau bagian gen yang ber-hubungan dengan respons pertahanan. RNAdiisolasi dari daun setelah daun diinokulasiselama tiga hari dengan konidia C. cassiicola.Beberapa tahapan telah dilakukan, dimulaidengan isolasi RNA, pemurnian mRNA, sintesiscDNA, modifikasi vektor kloning, ligasi fragmencDNA utas ganda dengan vektor kloning sertatransformasi hasil ligasi ke bakteri Escherichiacoli DH5 kompeten. Dari setiap gram jaringandaun berhasil diisolasi RNA sekitar 300 g, dandari jumlah tersebut sekitar 0,25% mRNA dapatdiisolasi. mRNA yang diisolasi digunakan untuksintesis cDNA. cDNA dipotong dengan enzimrestriksi SfiI dan diligasi ke vektor plasmid yangdimodifikasi dengan menyisipkan situs enzimSfiI. cDNA-vektor rekombinan ditransformasi kedalam sel bakteri E. coli DH5 kompeten meng-gunakan metode standar. Transformasi konstrukini menghasilkan 8.000 koloni. Pengujian PCRterhadap 270 koloni yang dipilih secara acakmengindikasikan bahwa sekitar 93% kolonitersebut membawa cDNA sisipan dengan ukuranfragmen cDNA yang menyisip berkisar antara200 sampai 2000 bp. cDNA sisipan terbanyakterdapat pada ukuran antara 500 – 800 bp. Dalamtulisan ini dibahas tahap demi tahap proses yangdilakukan untuk membuat pustaka cDNA asaldaun karet klon AVROS 2037 serta beberapamodifikasi yang diperlukan.
Pertumbuhan biak kalus dan suspensi sel tanaman kina (Cinchona ledgeriana Moens) Growth of callus and cell suspension cultures of cinchona (Cinchona ledgeriana Moens) . SUMARYONO; Imron RIYADI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 73 No. 1: 73 (1), 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v73i1.158

Abstract

SummaryIn vitro technology of plants can be used topropagate plants and to produce secondarymetabolites with a short and continuousproduction cycle. Callus cultures of cinchona(Cinchona ledgeriana Moens) on solid media andcell cultures in liquid media have beenestablished. Callus could be easily initiated fromvarious explants of cinchona clone CB5, GA22and QRC312. The best callus initiation andproliferation were obtained on a Woody Plant(WP) solid medium supplemented with 15 µMpicloram,0.5 µM BAP and 1 µM phloroglucinol.In this medium the fresh weight of callusincreased by 12 to 14-fold within 5 to 6 weeks.Callus that constantly grew fast was selected as amaterial source for cell suspension cultures. InWP liquid medium with the same composition,the cells remained to grow fast where cell volumeafter sedimentation (CVS) increased by almost4-fold in two weeks. However, repeated sub-cultures decreased cell growth rate. The cellsuspension culture was then scaled-up in a 5-Lbioreactor. The culture medium was the same asin Erlenmeyer flasks. Cells in a bioreactor grewvery slowly, the cell biomass fresh weight andpacked cell volume (PCV) increased by 34% and50% respectively after 21 days of culture,although most of the cells remained viable.RingkasanTeknologi in vitro tanaman dapat digunakanuntuk memperbanyak tanaman dan memproduksisenyawa sekunder dengan siklus sangat singkatdan berkelanjutan. Biak kalus tanaman kina(Cinchona ledgeriana Moens) pada mediumpadat dan biak sel di medium cair telahdikembangkan. Kalus dengan mudah dapatdiinduksi dari berbagai jenis eksplan tanamankina klon CB5, GA22 dan QRC312. Inisiasi danproliferasi kalus terbaik diperoleh pada mediaWoody Plant (WP) padat dengan pikloram 15µM, BAP 0,5 µM dan floroglusinol 1 µM. Padamedium ini bobot basah kalus meningkat 12-14kali lipat dalam waktu 5-6 minggu. Kalus yangtetap tumbuh cepat dipilih sebagai sumber bahanuntuk biak suspensi sel. Dalam medium cair WPdengan komposisi yang sama, sel tetap tumbuhdengan pesat, volume sel setelah pengendapan(CVS) meningkat hampir empat kali lipat dalamwaktu dua minggu. Namun subkultur berulangmenurunkan laju pertumbuhan sel. Skala biaksuspensi sel kemudian diperbesar dalam bio-reaktor kapasitas 5 L. Medium kultur yangdigunakan sama dengan medium pada labuErlenmeyer. Pertumbuhan sel dalam bioreaktorsangat lambat, bobot basah sel dan packed cellvolume (PCV) hanya bertambah berturut-turutsebesar 34% dan 50% setelah 21 hari dalamkultur, walaupun sebagian besar sel tetap viabel.
Analisis genotip normal dan abnormal pada klon kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dengan Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Analysis normal and abnormal genotypes of oil palm clones (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Nurita TORUAN-MATHIUS; . ENDANG-YUNIASTUTI; Ridwan SETIAMIHARJA; Murdaningsih H. KARMANA
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 73 No. 1: 73 (1), 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v73i1.159

Abstract

SummaryTissue culture-derived plants of oil palmmay develop abnormal flowers in whichprimordial stamens are converted into carpel-liketissue or mantled fruits, and sterile male flowers.This abnormality can be heritable, individualpalm may show variation in mantling andreversion to the normal phenotype over time hasbeen observed. The aim of these experiments wasto analyze the differences between normal andabnormal genotypes by DNA-AFLP. DNA wasisolated from young fruits of three clones,MK152, MK209, and MK 212 each of themconsisted of normal fruits, abnormal fruits andsterile male flowers. The research consisted of (i)selection of AFLP primer which can producepolymorphic bands, (ii) genetic similaritiesanalysis, UPGMA, principal component analysisand specific DNA bands between normal orabnormal genotypes. For primers selection, 20AFLP primers with DNA from MK 152 normaland abnormal genotypes were used. The selectedprimers were then used to amplify DNA of ninegenotypes. The results show that 10 primer com-binations EcoRI/MseI produced polymorphicbands. Each primer from 10 primer producedonly one or two DNA bands indicates that thedifferences between normal and abnormalgenotypes in the same clone. However, nopolymorphism was consistently found betweennormal and abnormal clones in all the sets.Genetic similarity analysis shows that betweengenotype had high genetic similarities, around92-99%. The results of UPGMA found thedifferent clustering between normal fruit,abnormal male and abnormal fruits. The resultsshow same as clustering based on first, secondand third component. This suggest that, whilstAFLP method is an effective way of detectingvariation in tissue culture-derived plants,different approaches are required to identify thecasual basis of the mantled fruit abnormality.RingkasanTanaman kelapa sawit yang dihasilkan darikultur jaringan, umumnya dalam perkembangan-nya akan memiliki organ reproduktif yangabnormal. Abnormalitas berupa primordialstamen berkembang menjadi bentuk jaringanseperti karpel, buah mantel, atau bunga jantanmandul. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmendapatkan pembeda DNA-AFLP antaragenotip normal dan abnormal pada klon-klonkelapa sawit. DNA diisolasi dari buah muda klonMK 152, MK 209, dan MK 212 yang masing-masing terdiri atas genotip normal, berbuahabnormal, dan berbunga jantan steril. Percobaanmencakup (i) seleksi primer AFLP yang mampumenghasilkan pita yang polimorfis, (ii) analisiskemiripan genetik, UPGMA, komponen utamadan pita pembeda antar genotip normal danabnormal. Seleksi primer dilakukan terhadap 20primer AFLP menggunakan DNA dari genotipMK 152 yang normal dan abnormal. Selanjutnyaprimer terpilih digunakan untuk mengamplifikasiDNA dari kesembilan genotip yang diuji. Hasilyang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa 10 kombi-nasi primer EcoRI/MseI mampu menghasilkanpita yang polimorfis. Dari 10 primer yang diuji,masing-masing hanya menghasilkan satu ataudua pita DNA yang mampu membedakan genotipnormal dan abnormal dalam klon yang sama.Namun, tidak ada pita DNA spesifik yangmampu membedakan genotip normal denganabnormal untuk seluruh klon yang diuji. Analisiskemiripan genetik menunjukkan bahwa antargenotip memiliki kemiripan genetik yang sangattinggi, yaitu 92-99%. Dari hasil UPGMAdiperoleh pengelompokan yang terpisah antargenotip normal, abnormal jantan dan buahabnormal. Hasil tersebut didukung olehpengelompokan berdasarkan komponen utamasatu, dua dan tiga. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa,teknik AFLP tidak efektif untuk mendeteksipembeda antar genotip tanaman yang diperolehdari kultur jaringan, pendekatan lainnyadiperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi abnormalitas.
Penggunaan spora cendawan mikoriza arbuskula sebagai inokulum untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan serapan hara bibit kelapa sawit Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore as inoculant to increase growth and nutrient uptake of oil palm seedling Happy WIDIASTUTI; Nampiah SUKARNO; Latifah Kosim DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH; Edi GUHARDJA
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 73 No. 1: 73 (1), 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v73i1.160

Abstract

SummaryA green house experiment was conducted tostudy the effect of spore number and species ofAM fungi as inoculant of oil palm. Two species ofAM fungi was evaluated in this study namelyAcaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margaritaand three spore number were tested i. e 200, 350,and 500 spores. There two fungi have thepotential as AM fungi inoculant for oil palm. Thesoil used was acid soil from Cikopomayak, WestJava while the oil palm seedling was from OilPalm Research Institute, Medan. A polybag sized20 x 40 cm was used. Spores as type of inoculantaffect the oil palm growth in longer time. Thebest growth of the seedling in term of height,fresh, and dry weight was obtained byinoculation at 500 spores of A. tuberculata andG. margarita. However, at 500 spores perpolybag, growth and N, P, and K uptake ofseedlings inoculated with A. tuberculata andG. margarita were not significantly differentexcept for seedling and root fresh weight. Oilpalm seedling inoculated with A. tuberculata at500 spores per seedling resulted higher root andseedling fresh weight compared with thoseinoculated with G. margarita. The different effectof seedling on A. tuberculata and G. margaritainoculation at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere only observed in plant height, fresh and dryweight of seedlings. The plant height, fresh, anddry weight of seedlings inoculated withA. tuberculata at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere higher compared with those inoculatedwith G. margarita. In addition inoculation withA. tuberculata at 200 spores per seedling resultedhigher N and K uptake of seedling compared withthose inoculated with G. margarita.RingkasanSuatu penelitian rumah kaca telah dilakukanuntuk mempelajari pengaruh jumlah spora danspesies cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA)sebagai inokulum pada bibit kelapa sawit. Duaspesies CMA yang diuji ialah Acaulosporatuberculata dan Gigaspora margarita sedangkanjumlah spora yang diuji ada tiga tingkat yaitu200, 350, dan 500 spora. Bibit kelapa sawitberumur dua bulan ditanam di polibag berukuran20 x 40 cm yang berisi tanah yang bereaksimasam berasal dari Cikopomayak. Hasil yangdiperoleh menunjukkan bahwa spora sebaganokulum bibit kelapa sawit dapat mempengaruhipertumbuhan kelapa sawit namun diperlukanwaktu yang lebih lama untuk mendapatkanrespons inokulasi. Pertumbuhan tertinggi padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering diperoleh pada inokulasi sebanyak 500spora per polibag baik untuk A. tuberculatamaupun G. margarita. Namun, pada inokulasisebanyak 500 spora per polibag, pertumbuhandan serapan N, P, dan K bibit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata dan G. margarita tidak berbedanyata kecuali pada peubah bobot basah akar danbobot basah bibit. Bobot basah akar dan bobotbasah bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata sebanyak 500 spora, lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan bibit yang diinokulasidengan G. margarita pada jumlah spora yangsama. Pengaruh spesies hanya dapat ditunjukkanpada inokulasi 200 dan 350 spora khususnya padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering bibit. Tinggi bibit, bobot basah dan bobotkering bibit yang diinokulasi A. tuberculata padajumlah spora 200 dan 350 per polibag lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita. Tampak bahwa inokulasiA. tuberculata dengan 200 spora per polibagmenghasilkan serapan N dan K lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita pada jumlah spora yang sama.
Embriogenesis somatik langsung dan regenerasi planlet kopi arabika (Coffea arabica) dari berbagai eksplan Direct somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of arabica coffee plantlets (Coffea arabica) from different explants Fetrina OKTAVIA; . SWANTO; Asmini BUDIANI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 71 No. 2: 71 (2), 2003
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v71i2.161

Abstract

SummaryTissue culture technique for arabica coffeefaces some problems, mainly in plantletsregeneration from cultured explants. Theobjectives of this experiment were to examine theeffect 2,4-D and 2-ip combinations on somaticembryogenesis and regeneration of arabicacoffee from several different explants. Basalmedium used in this experiment was MS mediumwith ½ concentration of macro and micro salts.Experiment to induce primary somatic embryos(SE) was arranged in factorial randomizedcomplete design with 10 repeats. The first factorwas the type of explants, leaf, epicotyl, hipocotyland root explants. The second factor was plantgrowth regulator i.e. combination of 1  M 2,4-Dwith 5, 10, 15, 20  M and combination of 5  M2,4-D with 5, 10, 15 and 20  M 2-ip. To multiplySE, secondary SE was induced from primary SEon medium containing combination of 0.6  MIAA and 13.3; 17.8 and 22.2  M BAP.Cotyledonary SE were germinated on mediacontaining GA 3 (0, 5, 10 and 15  M), and thenregenerated on medium free of growth regulator.Plantlets with 4-5 leaf pairs were transfered intothe soil medium for acclimatization. The resultsshow that primary SE can be induced from allexplants with the highest frequency on mediumcontaining 1  M 2,4-D and 15  M 2-ip.Induction of primary SE, in leaf explant wasmore effective than other explants. Mediumcontaining 0.6  M IAA and 22.2  M BAP gavethe highest percentage of SE multiplication i.e.52.6% with average SE number of 6.25. Plantletsregeneration can be conducted by culturing SEon maturation medium free of growth regulatorfor one month followed by germinating onmedium containing GA 3 , and then culturing onmedium free of growth regulator again. Thehighest percentage of germinated embryos wasobtained after three weeks and six weekscultured in the medium containing 5  M GA 3 , i.e49% and 90.15 respectively. From total plantletsobtained, 75% of them were normal. Sixtypercents of the young plants grew well in thegreenhouse.RingkasanTeknik kultur jaringan tanaman kopi arabikamasih menghadapi beberapa kendala terutamapada tingkat regenerasi planlet dari eksplan yangdikulturkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui pengaruh kombinasi 2,4-D dan 2-ipterhadap embriogenesis somatik dan regenerasikopi arabika dari berbagai eksplan. Media dasaryang digunakan adalah medium MS ½konsentrasi garam makro dan mikro. Percobaaninduksi embrio somatik (ES) primer disusunmenurut rancangan acak lengkap faktorial dengan10 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah jenis eksplan,erdiri atas daun, epikotil, hipokotil dan akar invitro. Faktor kedua adalah zat pengatur tumbuh,yaitu kombinasi 1 M 2,4-D dengan 5, 10, 15dan 20M 2-ip, serta kombinasi 5 M 2,4-Ddengan 5, 10, 15 dan 20 M 2-ip. Untuk mem-perbanyak jumlah ES yang didapatkan, dilakukaninduksi ES sekunder dari ES primer pada mediumyang mengandung kombinasi 0,6 M IAA dan13,3; 17,8 dan 22,2 M BAP. ES fase kotiledonkemudian dikecambahkan pada medium yangmengandung GA 3 (0, 5, 10 dan 15 M) danselanjutnya diregenerasikan pada medium tanpazat pengatur tumbuh. Planlet yang mempunyai4-5 pasang daun dipindahkan ke medium tanahuntuk aklimatisasi. Hasil yang diperolehmenunjukkan bahwa ES primer dapat diinduksipada semua eksplan yang digunakan denganfrekuensi tertinggi pada medium yang me-ngandung 1 M 2,4-D dan 15 M 2-ip. InduksiES primer pada eksplan daun lebih efektifdibandingkan eksplan lainnya. Untuk per-banyakan ES, medium yang mengandung IAA0,6 M dan BAP 22,2 M memberikanpersentase tertinggi pembentukan ES sekunderyaitu 52,6% dengan rata-rata jumlah ES 6,25.Regenerasi planlet dapat dilakukan denganmengkulturkan ES pada medium maturasi tanpazat pengatur tumbuh selama satu bulan, kemudiandikecambahkan dalam medium yang mengan-dung GA 3 , dan selanjutnya dipindah ke mediumtanpa zat pengatur tumbuh kembali.Perkecambahan ES tertinggi diperoleh padamedium dengan penambahan GA 3 5 M yaitu40,9% setelah tiga minggu dan 90,1% setelahenam minggu. Dari total planlet diperoleh 75%planlet normal. Hasil aklimatisasi menunjukkanbahwa 60% bibit mampu bertahan di rumah kaca.
Transformasi kopi robusta (Coffea canephora) dengan gen kitinase melalui Agrobagterium tumefaciens LBA4404 Transformation of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) with chitinase gene mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 . SISWANTO; Fetrina OKTAVIA; Asmini BUDIANI; . , SUDARSONO; . PRIYONO; Surip MAWARDI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 71 No. 2: 71 (2), 2003
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v71i2.162

Abstract

SummaryGenetic engineering of robusta coffee forresistance to pathogenic fungi is considered to beone of the potential approaches to overcome theproblem at robusta coffee plantation caused bypathogenic fungi. This research was aimed tointroduce chitinase (CHI) gene into embryogeniccalli of robusta coffee and regenerate theplantlets. Embryogenic calli were co-cultivatedwith Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404harboring pCAMBIA1301 which containschitinase gene under 35S promoter. In thisresearch four concentrations (0, 50, 100 and150 mg/L) of acetosyringone (AC) were used inthe co-cultivation medium. Selection fortransformed calli was conducted by graduallyincreasing the concentration of hygromicin from5 to 25 mg/L. Somatic embryo (SE) was inducedfrom callus on the medium containing acombination of BAP 5 mg/L and IAA (0, 0.25 or0.50 mg/L). Integration CHI in plant genome wasexamined by GUS assay and PCR. The resultrevealed that among the four AC concentrationstested, 100 mg/L gave the highest percentage ofcalli growing on the selection medium (42.5%).BAP concentration of 5 mg/L alone was the mosteffective for inducing of SE from transformedcalli with the highest percentage of 43.1% andaverage number SE of 8.8 ± 3. The strongestGUS expression on the calli at 3 days aftertransformation and the calli grown on selectionmedium containing 150 mg/L AC, which were56.5% and 40% respectivelly. PCR analysisshowed that 7 out of 12 plantlets tested,contained CHI gene. From this research 28transgenic plantlets of robusta coffee wereobtainedRingkasanRekayasa genetika untuk merakit tanamankopi robusta tahan jamur pathogen dipandangmerupakan salah satu pendekatan alternatif yangpotensial untuk mengatasi masalah padaperkebunan kopi robusta akibat serangan jamurpatogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meng-introduksikan gen kitinase (CHI) ke dalam kalusembriogenik kopi robusta dan regenerasinyamenjadi planlet, sebagai upaya untuk merakittanaman kopi robusta tahan serangan jamur.Kalus embriogenik diko-kultivasi denganAgrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 pembawapCAMBIA1301 yang mengandung gen kitinasedi bawah kontrol promotor 35S. Pada percobaanini, empat konsentrasi asetosiringon (AS) (0, 50,100 dan 150 mg/L) digunakan dalam medium ko-kultivasi. Seleksi kalus hasil transformasidilakukan dengan peningkatan konsentrasi higro-misin secara bertahap dari 5 mg/L sampai25 mg/L. ES diinduksi dari kalus pada mediumyang mengandung BAP 5 mg/L dan IAA (0; 0,25dan 0,50 mg/L). Integrasi gen CHI ke dalamgenom tanaman dianalisis melalui uji GUS danPCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa darikeempat konsentrasi AS yang diuji, AS 100 mg/Lternyata menghasilkan persentase tertinggi kalusyang tumbuh pada medium seleksi (42,5%).Konsentrasi BAP 5 mg/L tanpa penambahan IAAefektif menginduksi ES dari kalus hasiltransformasi dengan persentase tertinggi 43,1%dan rata-rata jumlah ES 8,8±3. Ekspresi GUStertinggi dideteksi pada kalus tiga hari setelahtransformasi dan kalus yang tumbuh di mediumseleksi yang mengandung AS 150 mg/L,masing-masing 56,5% dan 40,0 %. Analisis PCRmenunjukkan bahwa 7 planlet dari 12 planletyang diuji, membawa gen CHI. Dari penelitianini dihasilkan 28 planlet kopi robusta transgenik.
Aktivitas fosfatase dan produksi asam organik di rhizosfer dan hifosfer bibit kelapa sawit bermikoriza *) Phosphatase activity and organic acid production in rhizosphere and hyphosphere of mycorrhizal oil palm seedling Happy WIDIASTUTI; Nampiah SUKARNO; Latifah Kosim DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH; Edi GUHARDJA
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 71 No. 2: 71 (2), 2003
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v71i2.164

Abstract

SummaryStudies on the mechanism of the higher Puptake of oil palm seedling colonized witharbuscular mycorrhizal fungi throughsolubilizing of fixed P by organic acid orhydrolysis of organic P by phosphatase activityhave not been reported yet. This experiment wasaimed to examine the phosphatase activity andproduction of organic acids in rhizosphere andhyphosphere, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizaloil palm seedling. Oil palm seedling were grownfor 26 weeks in sterilized Cikopomayak acid soilin 20.5 cm diameter pots with three compart-ments, a central one for root growth(rhizosphere) and two adjacent on both side nextto the root compartment for hyphal growth(hyphosphere). Compartmentation was accom-plished by a 0.25 mm stainless steel filter. Allcompartment received a uniform concentration ofphosphorus (300 P mg kg -1 soil) either in organic(Na-phytate) or inorganic NH 4 HPO 4 form.Acaulospora tuberculata inoculum was establish-ed in pot culture using Pueraria phaseoloides as ahost, while Gigaspora margarita was propagatedusing maize as a host. AM fungal inoculumapplied as mixed propagules in optimum dosage.The experiment was conducted to asses ninetreatments combination between AM inoculation(without, A. tuberculata, and G. margarita) andsources of P (without P, inorganic P NH 4 HPO 4 ,and organic P Na phytate). Factorial in completerandomized design with two factors and threereplications was used in this research. In thehyphal compartment acid phosphatase activitywas much higher than alkaline phosphataseactivity, while in the rhizosphere alkalinephosphatase activity was higher compared toacid phosphatase activity. Acid phosphataseactivity in rhizosphere of oil palm seedlingsinoculated with A. tuberculata was significantlyhigher compared to uninoculated seedlings.However, both acid phosphatase activity andalkaline phosphatase activity were slightlyenhanced by mycorrhizal inoculation. In contrast,organic acid production between inoculatedseedling and uninoculated seedling was notsignificantly different. It seems that AM fungalsymbiosis with oil palm enhance mineralizationof organic P in spite of solubilization ofinorganic P.RingkasanMekanisme peningkatan pertumbuhankelapa sawit bermikoriza khususnya yangdisebabkan aktivitas pelarutan P anorganik yangterfiksasi melalui pelarutan oleh asam organikatau hidrolisis P organik oleh aktivitas fosfataseelum dilaporkan. Percobaan ini bertujuanmenetapkan aktivitas fosfatase dan produksi asamorganik di rhizosfer dan hifosfer, bibit kelapasawit bermikoriza dan tidak bermikoriza. Kelapasawit ditumbuhkan selama 26 minggu pada tanahmasam Cikopomnayak steril pada pot ber-diameter 20,5 cm yang terbagi atas tiga daerah,ruang tengah untuk pertumbuhan akar (rhizosfer)dan dua daerah di sebelahnya untuk pertumbuhanhifa (hifosfer). Penyekatan pot menggunakanfilter stainless steel berukuran lubang 0,25 mm.Semua daerah dipupuk P pada konsentrasi300 P mg kg -1 tanah baik dalam bentuk organik(Na-phytate) maupun anorganik (NH 4 HPO 4 )Inokulum CMA merupakan hasil perbanyakandengan sistem kultur pot menggunakan inangPueraria phaseoloides untuk Acaulosporatuberculata sedangkan untuk Gigasporamargarita menggunakan inang jagung. InokulumCMA berupa propagul campuran pada dosisoptimum. Percobaan dilakukan untuk mengujisembilan perlakuan yang merupakan kombinasiantara inokulasi CMA (tanpa, A. tuberculata,dan G. margarita) dan sumber P (tanpa P,anorganik P NH 4 HPO 4 , dan organik P Naphytate). Rancangan percobaan ialah rancanganacak lengkap faktorial dengan tiga ulangan untukmasing-masing perlakuan. Di hifosfer aktivitasfosfatase asam lebih tinggi daripada fosfatasealkalin, sedangkan di rhizosfer aktivitas fosfatasealkalin lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan aktivitasfosfatase asam. Aktivitas fosfatase asam dirhizosfer bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi A.tuberculata nyata lebih tinggi dibandingkandengan bibit yang tidak diinokulasi. Aktivitasfosfatase asam dan fosfatase alkalin sedikit lebihtinggi dengan inokulasi CMA. Sebaliknya,produksi asam organik antara bibit yangdiinokulasi dan bibit yang tidak diinokulasi tidakberbeda nyata. Tampak bahwa simbiosis CMAdengan kelapa sawit lebih meningkatkanmineralisasi P organik dan kurang meningkatkanpelarutan P anorganik.
Respons tanaman kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) terhadap cekaman kekeringan Respons of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) to water stress Nurita TORUAN-MATHIUS; Gede WIJANA; Edi GUHARJA; Hajrial ASWIDINNOOR; Sudirman YAHYA; . SUBRONTO
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 69 No. 2: 69 (2), 2001
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v69i2.166

Abstract

SummaryWater stress affect many physiological andbiochemical processes of oil palm. A series ofexperiments were conducted to characterize thewater stress-induced changes in physiologicalrespons of oil palm to water stress, in glass housecondition. The experiment consisted of (1)permanent leaf wilting point measured based onsoil water content, leaf water content, specificleaf area and leaf water potential . Plants wereconducted by termination of watering to theplants, and control plants were maintained wellwatered during 0,3,6,9,12,15,18 and 21 days ofMK356 and MK365 clones. Experiment (2)effect of water stress on changes of leaf waterpotential, protein bands pattern, proline,glycine-betaine, osmotical sugar, and abcisicacid (ABA) of MK356 and MK365 clones.Water stress was induced by termination ofwatering to the plants and maintained wellwatered during 0, 7,14, and 18 days.Experiment (3) changes of protein bands patternby total protein and electrophoresis SDS-PAGEand SDS-PAGE 2D protein. of H2(D10DxD8D)x(L9TxL2T); H12 (D8D Self) x(L9T x L2T). H3 and H9 (BJ028D x BJ2117P)hybrids. H2 and H12, H3 and H9 potentiallytolerant and untolerant to water stress,respectively. The results showed that permanentwilting point reached in 18 days of water stress.Water stress caused the decreased soil watercontent, leaf water potential, leaf water content,relative leaf water content , and relative leafarea of two clones. Water potential, leaf watecontent dan relative leaf water content ofMK365 decrease faster compare with MK356.Soil water content sharply decrease after 6 hoursand in 18 days of water stress leaf waterpotential value < - 2.55 Mpa. Proline, glycine-betaine and glucose content were affect by waterstress. Interaction among water stress and cloneswere significantly appear in stachiose content.Leaf water potential values decrease, whereasproline, ABA and glycine-betaine contentsincrease during water stress especially inMK356. Generally showed that ABA content inMK356 higher than MK 365. The differencesresponses of MK356 with MK 365 obtained fromprolin,xylose and ABA content. Induction of newprotein pI 4.7-36 kDa, pI5.3-34 kDa, pI 4.6-32kDa and pI 5.3-36 kDa obtained from hybridspotentially tolerant to water strees, none inuntolerant hybrids.RingkasanCekaman kekeringan mempengaruhiproses fisiologis dan biokimia tanaman kelapasawit. Serangkaian percobaan bertujuan untukmengkarakterisasi perubahan fisiologis tanamankelapa sawit terhadap cekaman kekeringan,dalam kondisi rumah kaca telah dilakukan.Percobaan terdiri atas (1) penetapan titik layupermanen, berdasarkan perubahan potensial airdaun, kadar air daun, kadar air daun relatif, danluas daun relatif dengan perlakuan tanpa dandengan penyiraman selama 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18dan 21 hari. Percobaan (2) penetapan perubahankadar prolin, glisin-betain, gula-gula osmotikaldan asam absisik (ABA), terhadap cekamankekeringan. Perlakuan adalah tanpa dan denganpenyiraman selama 0, 7, 14, dan 18 hari.Percobaan (3) analisis perubahan pola pita proteindaun hibrida H2 (D10DxD8D)x(L9TxL2T); H12(D8D Self) x (L9T x L2T). H3 dan H9 (BJ028Dx BJ2117P) terhadap cekaman kekeringan dengantotal protein, dan pola pita protein dengan SDSPAGE dan SDS-PAGE 2D. H2 dan H12 serta H3dan H9 masing-masing berpotensi toleran danpeka terhadap cekaman kekeringan. Hasil yangdiperoleh menunjukkan bahwa titik layupermanen dicapai pada hari ke 18 setelah dibericekaman kekeringan. Cekaman kekeringanmenurunkan kadar air tanah media tumbuh,potensial air daun, kadar air daun, kadar air daunrelatif, dan luas daun relatif untuk kedua klon.Potensial air daun, kadar air daun dan kadar airdaun relatif klon MK365 menurun lebih cepatdibandingkan dengan klon MK356. Kadar airtanah menurun tajam setelah 6 hari dibericekaman air dan potensial air daun mencapai<-2.55 MPa pada 18 hari setelah diberi cekaman.Cekaman kekeringan nyata berpengaruh terhadapkadar prolin, glisin betain dan glukosa. Interaksiantar lama cekaman kekeringan dan perbedaanklon diperoleh pada perubahan gula stahiosa.Tampak bahwa semakin menurun nilai potensialair daun menyebabkan kadar prolin semakinmeningkat. Hal yang sebaliknya terjadi terhadapkadar glisin-betain yang mengalami penurunanterutama untuk klon MK356. Kadar ABAMK356 dan MK365 meningkat sejalan dengansemakin lama diberi cekaman. Secara umumtampak bahwa kadar ABA pada MK356 lebihtinggi dibandingkan dengan MK 365. Perbedaanrespons klon MK356 dengan MK 365 terjadipada kadar prolin, gula silosa dan ABA.Hibridaberpotensi toleran memberikan respon terhadapcekaman kekeringan dengan menginduksi proteinbaru pI 4,7-36 kDa, pI5,3-34 kDa, pI 4,6-32 kDadan pI 5,3- 36 kDa, sedangkan pada hibridayang berpotensi peka protein tersebut tidakditemukan

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