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Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan
Published by Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu
ISSN : 25024825     EISSN : 25029495     DOI : 10.30604/jika
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Veterinary
Jurnal Aisyah: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan (JIKA), with registered number ISSN 2502-4825 (Print) and ISSN 2502-9495 (Online), is an international peer-reviewed journal published two times a year (June and December) by Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu (UAP) Lampung. JIKA is intended to be the journal for publishing articles reporting the results of research on Health Science field especially Nursing and Midwifery, as well as with their development through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach. The submission process of the manuscript is open throughout the year. All submitted manuscripts will go through the blind peer review and editorial review before being granted with acceptance for publication.
Arjuna Subject : Keperawatan - Keperawatan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 1,304 Documents
 91   92   93   94   95 
Formulation and Physical Characteristics of Effervescent Granules from Sunkist Peels Ethanol Extract Maya Sari Mutia; Stephanie Raibalaki; Siti Rahma; Anita Zahra; Ali Napiah Nasution; Widya Yanti Sihotang
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2087

Abstract

Citrus fruit has a sweet taste and attractive shape, which is also enriched various health benefits. Some studies have been performed to investigate the pharmacology effects from the Sunkist peel extract. However, none of this study was look for the development of pharmaceutical products. Hence this study was performed to investigate the pharmaceutical formulation as an effervescent granule from Sunkist peel extract. This study was an experimental study to investigate the optimum formulation that was made by wet granulation methods. There were three formulation of Sunkist peel extract effervescent granule that were combination of organic acids (citric acid and tartaric acid), sodium bicarbonate as base compound, and some sweetener including aspartame, lactose, and mannitol. After that, the formulation was evaluated the physical properties including organoleptic, flow rate, dissolution time, foam height, pH, and angle of repose. The result of this study showed that these three formulations of Sunkist Peel extract effervescent granule showed significant different in almost all of physical properties including: flow rate (P-Value = 0.027), dissolution time (P-Value less than 0.05), foam height (P-Value = 0.004), and angle of repose (P-Value: 0.043), except the degree of acidity or pH (P-Value = 0.128). Third formulation (F3) reveals the best physical properties as a Sunkist peel extract effervescent granule. Overall, it can be concluded that the third and second formulation fulfils a well physical properties of effervescent granule for Sunkist peel extract.
Family Experience in Caring for Patients with Chronic Renal Failure: Literature Review Indra Prasetyantoro; Nur Chayati
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2042

Abstract

Background:Chronic kidney failure is a chronic disease that requires special attention and is one of the highest causes of death in the world. Patients with chronic renal failure are unable to cope with and meet their own physical, psychological and financial needs, thus becoming a burden on the family/caregiver. Objective: The study examines through a literature review of family experiences in caring for family members suffering from chronic renal failure. Method: Literature Search using PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and ProQuest search engine databases in November 2022 using the keywords experience, family caregiver, and chronic renal failure. Researchers took 2012-2022 articles by looking at titles, abstracts, and full text to assess the journal's feasibility. Result:A total of 5 articles and 249 respondents out of 2289 articles were found and used. Researchers discover and conclude the importance of the role of the family in helping physical needs, providing emotional and psychological support, supporting economic needs, advocacy and navigation. Conclusion:Family stress/burdens include physical exhaustion, fatigue and emotional baggage, tension and anxiety. Families also experience impaired roles of taking responsibility as well as roles of care in children and family members.Abstrak: Latar Belakang: Penyakit gagal ginjal kronis merupakan penyakit kronis yang membutuhkan perhatian khusus dan menjadi salah satu penyebab kematian tertinggi di dunia. Pasien dengan gagal ginjal kronis tidak dapat mengatasi dan memenuhi kebutuhan fisik, psikologis dan finansialnya sendiri, sehingga menjadi beban keluarga/caregiver. Tujuan: Penelitian mengkaji melalui telaah literatur tentang pengalaman keluarga dalam merawat anggota keluarga yang menderita gagal ginjal kronis. Metode: Penelusuran Literatur menggunakan database search enginer PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, dan ProQuest pada November 2022 menggunakan kata kunci experience, family caregiver, dan chronic renal failure. Peneliti mengambil artikel tahun 2012-2022 dengan melihat judul, abstraks, dan teks lengkap untuk menilai kelayakan jurnal. Sebanyak 5 artikel dan 249 responden dari 2289 artikel ditemukan dan digunakan. Hasil: Peneliti menemukan dan menyimpulkan pentingnya peran keluarga dalam membantu kebutuhan fisik, pemberi dukungan emosional dan psikologi, pendukung kebutuhan ekonomi, advokasi dan navigasi. Kesimpulan:Tekanan/beban keluarga meliputi kelelahan fisik, kelelahan dan beban emosional, ketegangan dan kecemasan. Keluarga juga mengalami gangguan peran pengambilan tanggung jawab serta peran perawatan pada anak dan anggota keluarga.
The relationship between compliance in the treatment of pulmonary TB to lung function in Humbang Hasundutan district Risma Dumiri Manurung
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2058

Abstract

Pulmonary TB is one of the ten causes of death and the main cause of infectious agents. Pulmonary TB germs that occur due to splashes of saliva when talking, sneezing, or coughing are related to behavior and closest contacts, for example a family living in the same household is twice as likely to be at risk than regular contact or not living in the same house. Prevention _it becomes very important to break the chain of transmission by knowing the factors that influence pulmonary TB disease. Pulmonary TB treatment which takes 6-8 months often causes drug withdrawal which can lead to resistance to Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (OAT). This study aims to determine the effect of compliance with pulmonary TB patients in treatment on lung function of respondents in Humbang Hasundutan District. This type of quasi-experimental research with a cross-sectional research design. The study population of pulmonary TB patients was 60 people. Sampling by purposive sampling. Univariate and bivariate data analysis with Test Chi Square CI 95% a less than 0.05. The results of the study based on the characteristics of the majority of respondents aged at intervals more than 35 years were 43 respondents (71.7%), with a gender majority 45 respondents (75%) were male, 39 respondents (65%) were in high school, the majority of respondents were engaged in farming, 44 respondents were employed (73, 3%) and for income majority at intervals of 1 million to 3 million as many as 36 respondents (60%). 54 people (90%) comply, and 45 people (75%) have adequate lung function. The chi-square test showed that compliance with respondents in pulmonary TB therapy affect lung function with a p-value of 0.003 (p 0.05).
Factors Related to Unsafe Behaviour among Construction Workers: An Update Literature Review Riky Suherman Simanjuntak; Chrismis Novalinda Ginting; Ali Napiah Nasution
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2039

Abstract

Construction become an hazardous occupation according to the unique nature of its activities commonly observed in the field. This review aims to delve into the risk factors of the unsafe actions on construction industry.The investigation involved analyzing findings from 16 relevant studies employing a qualitative content analysis procedure, variables, themes, and factors were extracted from the studies. Furthermore, all the studies underwent a review process to evaluate the result of the evidence provided. The content analysis revealed five categories: individual factors, project management, job characteristics, team dynamics, and stakeholders. The review emphasized that project management factors, such as organization, leadership, training,and procedure of working play a crucial role in minimizing the occurrence of unsafe behaviors. Additionally, individual factors emerged as the most significant risk factors of unsafe behaviour of workers including knowledge, perception, competency, psychology, and physical health. In conclusion, further research is needed to enhance the understanding of the relationship between theories of unsafe actions and empirical finding. Abstrak: Konstruksi dianggap sebagai pekerjaan berbahaya terutama karena sifat unik dari aktivitasnya yang biasa diamati di lapangan. Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk menggali faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku tidak aman pada industri konstruksi. Investigasi melibatkan analisis hasil dari 16 studi sebelumnya yang relevan menggunakan prosedur analisis konten kualitatif, variabel, tema, dan faktor diekstraksi dari studi. Selain itu, semua penelitian menjalani proses peninjauan untuk mengevaluasi kekuatan bukti yang diberikan. Analisis isi mengungkapkan lima kategori utama: faktor individu, manajemen proyek, karakteristik pekerjaan, kelompok kerja dan stakeholder. Tinjauan ini menekankan bahwa faktor managemen proyek sangat penting seperti organisasi, kepemimpinan, pelatihan dan prosedur kerja berkontribusi untuk meminimalkan terjadinya perilaku tidak aman. Selain itu, faktor individu menjadi faktor risiko terbanyak menciptakan perilaku tidak aman dalam bekerja seperti pengetahuan, persepsi, kompetensi, psikologi dan kesehatan fisik.  Kesimpulannya, penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman tentang hubungan antara teori tindakan tidak aman dan temuan empiris.
The Effect of Hand Washing Soap with Soursop Leaf and Guava Leaf Extract on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Indah Zahara; Agustina Nina
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.1969

Abstract

This study tested a handwash formulation containing a combination of soursop leaf extract and guava leaf extract as active ingredients. These two extracts are known to have antibacterial properties, and the study results show that the formulated handwash has physical and chemical properties according to SNI standards. The formulated handwash has a brown color with a distinctive aroma of extract, homogeneous, pH 10.00, foam height of 100 mm, and viscosity ranging from 700-20,000 cPs with pseudoplastic flow properties. In addition, handwashing with a combination of soursop and guava leaf extract also showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The average diameter of the inhibition zone for handwash with different formulas showed powerful results. Thus, combining soursop leaf extract and guava leaf extract can be an effective alternative in maintaining hand hygiene and preventing disease transmission through contact with microorganisms on the hands. Further research needs to be done to optimize the use of natural ingredients such as soursop leaf extract and guava leaf extract in health care products to provide more comprehensive benefits to maintain the health and cleanliness of the body. Abstrak: Penelitian ini menguji formulasi handwash yang mengandung kombinasi ekstrak daun sirsak dan ekstrak daun jambu biji sebagai bahan aktif. Kedua ekstrak ini diketahui memiliki sifat antibakteri, dan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa handwash yang diformulasikan memiliki sifat fisik dan kimia yang sesuai dengan standar SNI. Handwash yang diformulasikan memiliki sediaan berwarna cokelat dengan aroma khas ekstrak, homogen, pH 10,00, tinggi busa 100 mm, dan viskositas berkisar antara 700-20.000 cPs dengan sifat alir pseudoplastis. Selain itu, handwash dengan kombinasi ekstrak daun sirsak dan ekstrak daun jambu biji juga menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang signifikan terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Diameter rata-rata zona hambat untuk handwash dengan formula yang berbeda menunjukkan hasil yang sangat kuat. Dengan demikian, kombinasi ekstrak daun sirsak dan ekstrak daun jambu biji dapat menjadi alternatif efektif dalam menjaga kebersihan tangan dan mencegah penularan penyakit melalui kontak mikroorganisme pada tangan. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan bahan alami seperti ekstrak daun sirsak dan ekstrak daun jambu biji dalam produk perawatan kesehatan, guna memberikan manfaat yang lebih luas dalam upaya menjaga kesehatan dan kebersihan tubuh.
Factors Related to the Quality of Life among Elderly with Dementia: A Scoping Review Anggraini Dwi Kurnia; Adit Krisnanda; Nur Lailatul Masruroh; Nur Melizza
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2053

Abstract

Dementia is a degenerative neurological condition in the elderly with a syndrome of decreased brain function that affects cognitive, memory and function. One of the significant impacts of dementia is that it causes changes in the quality of life influenced by various factors. This study aims to examine the factors that affect the quality of life of the elderly with dementia based on a scoping review. The design of this research is a literature review. Journal searches were performed on the NCBI, SpringerLink, BioMed Central and EBSCOhost websites using the keywords (“Factors”) OR (“Risk Factors”) OR (“Predictors”) AND (“Influence”) OR (Affect) OR (Impact) OR ( “Associated”) AND (“Quality of Life)” OR (Health Related Quality of Life”) AND (“Elderly”) OR (“Aged” OR (“Older Adults”) AND (“Dementia”) according to inclusion criteria. The journals were then assessed for quality using JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) and analyzed using thematic analysis method. A total of 11 relevant journals were used in this study with the results of the analysis showing that physical factors are the biggest factors affecting the quality of life of elderly dementia by 46%, followed by psychological factors 34%, other factors 8%, demographic characteristics factors 8% and social factors 4 %. Based on the findings of this study, various treatment strategies or interventions should be developed and implemented to improve the quality of life of the elderly with dementia by further identifying the factors that affect the quality of life.
The influence of case manager to patient satisfaction and service quality Wangi, Puga Sharaz; Sundari, Sri
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2089

Abstract

Patient-Centered Care (PCC) in hospital service is crucial. Case management, administered by a case manager (CM), is one of PCC implementation. CM's objectives are to attain patient satisfaction and provide quality service. However, the concept of CM is still novel in Indonesia, especially among inpatients. The effect of the CM role on patient satisfaction and service quality remains to be determined. This study aims to measure and analyze the influence of CM on patient satisfaction and service quality. We used quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. Questionnaires adapted from Korean-PSCCM, Case Management Quality Questionnaire (CMQQ), and adapted SERVQUAL were used to measure inpatient satisfaction and service quality. Data were analyzed with bivariate statistical analysis using SPSS. Data collecting was done between 1-30 March 2023, with total 42 respondents. The influences of CM to patient satisfaction and service quality were not statistically significant. (p = 0,973 ; and p = 0,944). In this study, the function of CM in patient care is not optimal in increasing patient satisfaction and service quality, as CM continues to work multiple shifts in other units and has limitations in addressing patient problems. Considering the increasing complexity of hospital services, future interventions are necessary to optimize clinical management (CM) function further. Abstrak: Pelayanan berfokus-pada pasien di rumah sakit merupakan hal yang penting. Salah satu implementasi dari hal tersebut adalah manajemen pelayanan pasien oleh MPP, yang bertujuan untuk mencapai kepuasan pasien dan memberikan pelayanan yang berkualitas. Namun, konsep MPP sendiri masih tergolong baru di Indonesia khususnya pada pasien rawat inap. Pengaruh peran MPP terhadap kepuasan pasien dan kualitas pelayanan masih harus dilakukan penelitian. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengukur dan menganalisis pengaruh peran MPP terhadap kepuasan pasien dan kualitas pelayanan. Penelitian ini metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Kuesioner yang diadaptasi dari Korean-PSCCM, Case Management Quality Questionnaire (CMQQ), dan SERVQUAL yang diadaptasi untuk mengukur kepuasan rawat inap dan kualitas pelayanan. Data dianalisis dengan statistik bivariat menggunakan SPSS. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada tanggal 1-30 Maret 2023 dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 42 orang. Pengaruh MPP terhadap kepuasan pasien dan kualitas pelayanan secara statistik tidak signifikan. (p = 0,973; dan p = 0,944). MPP tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kepuasan rawat inap dan kualitas pelayanan. Namun, fungsi MPP tetap diperlukan karena kepuasan pasien dapat berfluktuasi dari waktu ke waktu; oleh karena itu, perlu untuk terus memantau aspek-aspek yang diidentifikasi saat ini tidak relevan dengan kepuasan pasien dan evaluasi kualitas layanan.
The Effect of Willingness to Pay on Customer Preferences for Health Insurance Membership: A Systematic Review Vivilia Dian Mustikasari; Ayu Nur Malasari; Thinni Nurul Rochmah; Kantrey Sugiarto
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2052

Abstract

The community's access to healthcare services is ensured by health insurance, which is a critical element in health finance. Insurance for health can shield you from expensive medical bills that can strain family's budget. This systematic review intended to examine customer preferences for health insurance membership based on their willingness to pay. Four electronic databases served as the information's sources (ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Scopus, and Proquest). The PECOS Framework approach and certain keywords and synonyms were utilized in the search strategy to find publications published between 2011 and 2023. The data extraction, data synthesis, and deductive analysis were carried out on sixteen papers that matched the eligibility requirements. The findings demonstrated that customer preferences for health insurance membership are influenced by willingness to pay, with criteria including education, income, and medical history having a favorable impact. Health insurance managers must be aware of the variables that influence willingness to pay in order to increase membership coverage.
How mindfulness-based cognitive behavior therapy and assertiveness training can reduce postpartum depression Fitri Dia Muspitha; Heni Dwi Windarwati; Fransiska Imavike Fevriasanty
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 3: September 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2084

Abstract

Postpartum depression is a maternal mental health problem that must be treated immediately because it will have a negative impact on the mental health of mothers and babies. Mindfulness-based cognitive behavior therapy (MCBT) and Assertiveness Training are effective short-term psychological interventions that can overcome psychological symptoms such as postpartum depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Mindfullness based on Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Assertiveness Tarining on reducing symptoms of postpartum depression. The research design used a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design. The study sample amounted to 76 which were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group (38 people) and the control group (38 people). The study was conducted at the Dau Health Center, East Java in September-November 2022 using a research instrument in the form of an Edinburg postpartum depression scale (EPDS) questionnaire. The statistical tests used are the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference, namely a decrease in depressive symptoms given by MCBT and AT therapy compared to the provision of deep breath relaxation techniques therapy with value of p = 0.000. Psychological therapy that combines MCBT and AT is more effective against reducing symptoms of postpartum depression. Abstrak: Depresi postpartum merupakan masalah kesehatan jiwa maternal yang harus segera ditangani karena akan berdampak negatif pada kesehatan mental ibu dan bayinya. Intervensi terapi psikoterapi Mindfullness berbasis cognitive behavior therapy (MCBT) dan Assertiveness Training merupakan intervensi psikologis jangka pendek yang efektif dapat mengatasi gejala psikologis seperti depresi postpartum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh Mindfullness berbasis Cognitive Behavior Therapy dan Assertiveness Tarining terhadap penurunan gejala depresi postpartum. Desain penelitian menggunakan metode Quasi-experimental dengan rancangan pretest-posttest non equivalent control group design. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 76 yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok intervensi (38 orang) dan kelompok kontrol (38 orang). Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Dau Jawa Timur pada bulan September-November tahun 2022 dengan menggunakan istrumen penelitian berupa kuesioner Edinburg postpartum depression scale (EPDS). Uji statistik yang digunakan yaitu uji Wilcoxon dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik yaitu terjadi penurunan gejala depresi yang diberikan terapi MCBT dan AT dibandingkan dengan pemberian terapi tehnik relaksasi nafas dalam dengan nilai p = 0.000 . Terapi psikologis yang dikombinasikan MCBT dan AT lebih efektif terhadap penurunan gejala depresi postpartum.
Community empowerment program to increase individual empowerment of cadres in stunting prevention Setyoadi Setyoadi; Annisa Wuri Kartika; Yati Sri Hayati; Cici Indah Setiowati
Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 8, No 2: June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30604/jika.v8i3.2069

Abstract

The stunting management program must be carried out by multi-sectoral collaboration and involving community engagement. Individual empowerment of cadres can improve program outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the individual empowerment of cadres in community empowerment programs to overcome stunting. This study used quasi-experimental study with 40 respondents that selected by purposive sampling method. The data collection carried out by focus group discussion interview and individual community-related empowerment (ICRE) questionnaires. Statistics analysis using Paired t-test and 95% confidence intervals. The results of the analysis showed that all component in individual empowerment indicated that there was significant influence in empowerment program on improving individual empowerment cadre with p-value 0,000 in intention, participation, and critical awareness. Meanwhile the self-efficacy component obtained a p-value 0,001 and motivation 0,003. The results proves that the involvement of cadres in the stages of community empowerment can effectively improve community engagement and individual empowerment for the community health cadres. The provision of adequate training and supervision for health cadres is important in order to improve their role in community. Abstrak: Program penanggulangan stunting harus dilakukan dengan melibatkan kerjasama multisector dan keterlibatan masyarakat. Pemberdayaan kader secara individu dapat meningkatkan luaran dan keberhasilan program. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat pemberdayaan individu kader dalam program pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk mengatasi stunting. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian quasy-experimental dengan 40 responden yang dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara focus group discussion dan kuesioner individual community-related empowerment (ICRE). Analisis statistik menggunakan Paired t-test dengan interval kepercayaan 95%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa semua setelah mengikuti program pemberdayaan masyarakat, terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan semua komponen pemberdayaan individu dengan p-value 0,000 pada intensi, partisipasi, dan kesadaran kritis. Sedangkan komponen self-efficacy diperoleh p-value 0,001 dan motivasi 0,003. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa keterlibatan kader dalam tahapan pemberdayaan masyarakat dapat secara efektif meningkatkan keterlibatan masyarakat dan pemberdayaan individu bagi kader kesehatan masyarakat. Pemberian pelatihan dan pengawasan yang memadai bagi kader kesehatan penting untuk meningkatkan peran mereka di masyarakat

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