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JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW
Published by Universitas Semarang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26214105     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/julr.v2i2.2266
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
Journal USM LAW REVIEW (JULR) is an academic journal for Legal Studies published by Master of Law, Semarang University. It aims primarily to facilitate scholarly and professional discussions over current developments on legal issues in Indonesia as well as to publish innovative legal researches concerning Indonesian laws and legal system. The focus and scope of this journal are legal problems in the fields of Criminal Law; Civil Law; Constitutional Law; International Law; Administrative Law; Islamic Law; Business Law; Medical Law; Environmental Law; Adat Law; Agrarian Law; Legal Philosophy.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 682 Documents
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Legal Classification of Non-Donation CSR Funds in Village Financial Governance Eldy Satria Noerdin; Amir Minabari; Alvin Evrialdo Noerdin
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14001

Abstract

This study examines the legal ambiguity surrounding the integration of non-donation Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds into village financial governance in Indonesia, particularly regarding the uncertain boundary between private corporate assets and public finance. The research addresses whether CSR funds transferred into village accounts automatically acquire the status of state finance, thereby exposing village officials to administrative and criminal liability risks. Using a normative legal research method with statutory, doctrinal, and conceptual approaches, this study analyses regulations concerning CSR, village finance, state finance, and anti-corruption law, supported by doctrinal legal reasoning and expert consultations involving administrative law scholars, auditors, and corporate law practitioners. The findings demonstrate that non-donation CSR funds possess a hybrid legal character because they simultaneously embody private contractual ownership and public administrative oversight. Substantively, such funds remain corporate assets governed by the principle of pacta sunt servanda until contractual obligations are fulfilled and therefore cannot automatically be classified as state finance merely because they are deposited into village accounts. The study further reveals that the absence of specific regulatory differentiation has created legal uncertainty that conflates maladministration, breach of contract, and corruption offenses within village financial governance. Accordingly, this research proposes a regulatory reconstruction through adaptive mechanisms, including off-budget accounting, escrow arrangements, and designated forwarding accounts accompanied by explicit normative distinctions between administrative, civil, and criminal liability. The novelty of this study lies in conceptualising non-donation CSR funds as a hybrid cross-regime legal category, while its contribution resides in developing a doctrinal and regulatory framework that reconciles corporate contractual rights with public accountability principles in village financial governance.
Pengawasan DPR dalam Pembentukan Undang-Undang dan Keseimbangan Kekuasaan Shelvi Rusdiana; Ampuan Situmeang; Vivian Vivian
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14040

Abstract

This study analyzes the effectiveness of the House of Representatives’ oversight function in the lawmaking process and its implications for the balance of power within Indonesia’s constitutional system. The research is driven by the weak implementation of parliamentary oversight, which has reduced the effectiveness of checks and balances between the legislative and executive branches. This study employs a normative juridical method, using statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzed through the theories of the trias politica and checks and balances. The findings reveal that parliamentary oversight in lawmaking remains predominantly formal-procedural and has not fully functioned as substantive control over legislative policies. This is reflected in the accelerated enactment of strategic regulations, limited public participation, weak evaluative mechanisms, and the dominance of political coalitions in parliament. Structural, normative, and political barriers further weaken the independence and effectiveness of parliamentary control. Therefore, strengthening institutional capacity, optimizing constitutional oversight instruments, and improving legislative transparency are necessary to establish a more accountable and balanced constitutional system. The novelty of this study lies in its integrative analysis that connects normative authority, political dynamics, and oversight practices in the legislative process into a unified framework for assessing the effectiveness of checks and balances in Indonesia. This study contributes theoretically to constitutional law discourse and practically to parliamentary oversight reform.   Penelitian ini menganalisis efektivitas fungsi pengawasan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) dalam proses pembentukan undang-undang serta implikasinya terhadap keseimbangan kekuasaan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh lemahnya pelaksanaan pengawasan parlemen yang berdampak pada menurunnya efektivitas mekanisme checks and balances antara legislatif dan eksekutif. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual yang dianalisis melalui teori trias politica dan prinsip checks and balances. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengawasan DPR dalam pembentukan undang-undang masih bersifat formal-prosedural dan belum sepenuhnya menjalankan kontrol substantif terhadap kebijakan legislasi. Kondisi tersebut terlihat dari percepatan pembentukan regulasi strategis, terbatasnya partisipasi publik, lemahnya mekanisme evaluasi, serta dominasi koalisi politik di parlemen. Hambatan struktural, normatif, dan politik juga memengaruhi independensi serta efektivitas pengawasan parlemen. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan kapasitas kelembagaan, optimalisasi instrumen pengawasan konstitusional, dan peningkatan transparansi legislasi guna mewujudkan sistem ketatanegaraan yang lebih akuntabel dan seimbang. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif yang menghubungkan kewenangan normatif DPR, dinamika politik, dan praktik pengawasan legislasi sebagai satu kesatuan analisis efektivitas checks and balances di Indonesia. Penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap pengembangan kajian hukum tata negara dan penguatan reformasi pengawasan parlemen.
Evaluating Diversion Policy as Ultimum Remedium for Juvenile Justice in Buton Vikhi Muhdam; Muh Sutri Mansyah
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14060

Abstract

This study is motivated by the limited evaluation of diversion policies as a manifestation of the ultimum remedium principle in handling children in conflict with the law at the regional level. It aims to: (1) assess the implementation of diversion policies in Buton Regency; and (2) formulate policy recommendations for law enforcement agencies, local governments, and relevant stakeholders to optimize diversion practices from legal, institutional, and social perspectives. This research employs a socio-legal approach, examining law as both law in books and law in action, with a focus on the practical implementation of diversion by investigators at the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA Unit) of the Buton Resort Police. The findings indicate that the application of the ultimum remedium principle has aligned with restorative justice principles as stipulated in Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and reinforced by Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code. Diversion has become the primary mechanism for resolving juvenile cases, involving the UPTD PPA of Buton Regency. However, its effectiveness remains limited, as evidenced by 2024 data showing that only 4 out of 28 cases were successfully resolved through diversion. This study contributes by offering a local-level evaluation model of diversion policy based on the ultimum remedium principle and proposing strategic recommendations to enhance inter-agency coordination in child protection. The findings are expected to serve as both academic and practical references for improving juvenile justice policy in Indonesia.
Legal Implications of Mixed Marriage Annulment on Nominee Agreement Land Ownership Schemes Dedy Simanungkalit; Rachmaliani Rofiqoh; Shinta Pangesti
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14115

Abstract

This study examines the normative tension between marriage law and agrarian law in determining the legal status of land acquired in mixed marriages that are subsequently annulled. The urgency of this research arises from the normative gap regarding the status of joint property after annulment and the use of nominee agreements to circumvent restrictions on foreign land ownership under Indonesian agrarian law. Previous studies have generally discussed marriage annulment, joint property, or nominee arrangements separately, without integrating marriage law, agrarian law, and contract law into a single analytical framework. This research employs normative juridical methods using statutory and case approaches through the analysis of legislation, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The novelty of this study lies in the integrated doctrinal framework that positions marriage annulment as an entry point for courts to identify legal circumvention and reassess contractual structures related to land control by foreign nationals. The findings reveal that land acquired through nominee arrangements cannot be classified as joint marital property because agrarian law restrictions prevail over private contractual arrangements. Nominee agreements are null and void due to unlawful causa, while financial contributions by foreign nationals do not create proprietary rights over land. This study concludes that marriage annulment functions not only to invalidate marital status but also to restore compliance with agrarian law and prevent disguised foreign land control.
Humor Seksis sebagai Kekerasan Non-Fisik: Pendekatan Dampak Korban dalam UU TPKS Qurratan A’yun; Emmilia Rusdiana
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14126

Abstract

This study examines the ambiguity of the phrase “degrading human dignity” in Article 5 of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS) in addressing sexist humor as a form of non-physical sexual violence. The research is motivated by the absence of objective legal parameters in interpreting verbal sexual harassment, causing law enforcement to remain heavily dependent on proving the perpetrator’s mens rea while neglecting the actual impact experienced by victims. This normative juridical research employs statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches using qualitative legal analysis through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings reveal that sexist humor may be categorized as non-physical sexual harassment when it contains sexual objectification, gender stereotypes, unequal power relations, and causes psychological or social harm to victims. The study identifies that the main weakness of Article 5 UU TPKS lies in the lack of objective standards for interpreting the element of “degrading human dignity,” resulting in inconsistent and subjective law enforcement practices. The novelty of this research lies in the formulation of a victim-impact standard consisting of five objective indicators, namely psychological harm, the reasonable person test, power relations, gender stereotypes, and social environment. This research contributes theoretically to the development of criminal law and victimology through a victim-oriented approach and practically provides interpretative guidance for law enforcement in handling non-physical sexual violence cases more consistently, adaptively, and protectively.   Penelitian ini mengkaji kekaburan frasa “merendahkan harkat dan martabat” dalam Pasal 5 Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (UU TPKS) dalam mengklasifikasikan humor seksis sebagai bentuk kekerasan seksual nonfisik. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh belum adanya parameter hukum yang objektif dalam menafsirkan pelecehan seksual verbal, sehingga penegakan hukum masih bertumpu pada pembuktian mens rea pelaku dan belum berorientasi pada dampak yang dialami korban. Penelitian hukum normatif ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan perbandingan dengan analisis kualitatif melalui interpretasi gramatikal, sistematis, dan teleologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa humor seksis dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai pelecehan seksual nonfisik apabila mengandung objektifikasi seksual, stereotip gender, relasi kuasa yang timpang, serta menimbulkan dampak psikologis maupun sosial terhadap korban. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kelemahan utama Pasal 5 UU TPKS terletak pada tidak adanya parameter objektif dalam menafsirkan unsur “merendahkan harkat dan martabat” sehingga penegakan hukum cenderung subjektif dan inkonsisten. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada perumusan model victim-impact standard melalui lima indikator utama, yaitu dampak psikologis korban, reasonable person test, relasi kuasa, stereotip gender, dan lingkungan sosial sebagai parameter objektif penilaian hukum. Penelitian ini berkontribusi secara teoritis terhadap pengembangan hukum pidana dan viktimologi berbasis perlindungan korban serta secara praktis memberikan pedoman interpretatif bagi aparat penegak hukum dalam menangani kekerasan seksual nonfisik secara lebih konsisten, adaptif, dan responsif terhadap perlindungan martabat korban.
A Socio-Legal Model of Local Wisdom-Based Child Protection in Sexual Violence Cases Muh Sutri Mansyah; La Ode Fajrul Islam Sabti; Yetty Purnamasari; Subhan Alfajar
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14157

Abstract

This study aims to analyze and formulate a local wisdom–based model for strengthening child protection in sexual violence cases within the Buton Archipelago community. Employing a socio-legal research method, this study examines customary practices in Central Buton, South Buton, and Buton Regency. The findings reveal that each region applies distinctive customary sanctions: Central Buton imposes social sanctions and ritual oaths, including partial burial or the pocong oath; South Buton enforces the payment of boka (customary fines); and Buton Regency applies exile, fines, and the Kaleoleo sea ritual as a form of moral verification. Despite these differences, all customary institutions adopt deliberative decision-making involving religious and traditional leaders. The study concludes that integrating local wisdom into the formal child protection framework can enhance legal effectiveness, social legitimacy, and victim protection. Regulatory reform at both legislative and regional levels is recommended to institutionalize this culturally responsive protection model.
Regulasi Pelaksana Pajak Karbon dalam MendukungTarget Nationally Determined Contribution Indonesia Hamonangan Sitanggang; Zaenal Arifin; Endah Pujiastuti; Amri Panahatan Sihotang
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14172

Abstract

This study examines the urgency of establishing and implementing regulations for carbon taxation in Indonesia and formulates an ideal regulatory model to support the achievement of Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets. Although carbon taxation has been legally recognized under the Harmonization of Tax Regulations Law and Presidential Regulation on Carbon Economic Value, its implementation remains ineffective due to the absence of comprehensive implementing regulations governing emission measurement and verification, tariff calculation, tax collection, supervision, and incentive mechanisms. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches by analyzing carbon tax regulations in Indonesia, Singapore, Finland, and India. The findings demonstrate that the lack of operational legal instruments has created legal uncertainty and hindered the effectiveness of carbon taxation as an environmental fiscal policy instrument. This study further argues that a Government Regulation is required to operationalize Article 13 of the Harmonization of Tax Regulations Law and provide legal certainty for stakeholders. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analysis linking the absence of implementing regulations with the obstacles to achieving Indonesia’s NDC targets, while proposing a comparative and adaptive regulatory framework suited to Indonesia’s legal and economic conditions. The study contributes theoretically to the development of environmental tax law and practically to the formulation of a more effective, equitable, and sustainable carbon tax policy in Indonesia.   Penelitian ini menganalisis urgensi pembentukan regulasi pelaksana pajak karbon di Indonesia serta merumuskan model pengaturan yang ideal guna mendukung pencapaian target Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Indonesia. Meskipun pajak karbon telah memiliki dasar hukum melalui Undang-Undang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan dan Peraturan Presiden tentang Nilai Ekonomi Karbon, implementasinya belum berjalan optimal akibat belum adanya regulasi pelaksana yang mengatur secara komprehensif mekanisme pengukuran dan verifikasi emisi, penetapan tarif, pemungutan, pengawasan, dan pemberian insentif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan melalui analisis pengaturan pajak karbon di Indonesia, Singapura, Finlandia, dan India. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekosongan instrumen hukum operasional telah menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan menghambat efektivitas pajak karbon sebagai instrumen kebijakan fiskal lingkungan. Penelitian ini berpendapat bahwa peraturan pemerintah diperlukan untuk mengoperasionalkan Pasal 13 Undang-Undang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan dan memberikan kepastian hukum bagi para pihak. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif mengenai hubungan antara kekosongan regulasi pelaksana dan hambatan pencapaian target NDC Indonesia, sekaligus menawarkan model regulasi komparatif dan adaptif yang sesuai dengan sistem hukum serta kondisi ekonomi nasional. Kontribusi penelitian ini memberikan penguatan teoretis dalam pengembangan hukum pajak lingkungan dan kontribusi praktis bagi pembentukan kebijakan pajak karbon yang lebih efektif, berkeadilan, dan berkelanjutan di Indonesia.    
Relationship Between Hospitals And Doctors Based On The Principle Of Justice Alif Fazduani Syamsuddin
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14193

Abstract

This research investigates the legal dynamics of hospital-physician partnerships, evaluating them against the principles of Commutative and Distributive Justice. While these relationships are normatively grounded in the principle of freedom of contract under the Indonesian Civil Code, a significant discrepancy exists between theory and practice. The study reveals that the "independent contractor" status often masks a subordinate employment relationship, creating structural injustice due to the unequal bargaining power between physicians and institutions. This imbalance is further complicated by a legal vacuum regarding contract standardization, which often shifts the burden of liability onto physicians through recourse rights while obscuring corporate accountability. To rectify these inequities, the study proposes the integration of legal regimes via legal analogy (analogia iuris) to ensure proportional justice and legal certainty. Moving forward, the research emphasizes the urgent need for government-issued regulations to standardize agreements and eliminate "take-it-or-leave-it" contracts. Furthermore, hospitals must refine their internal clauses to ensure fair risk distribution, while professional bodies like the Indonesian Medical Association (IDI) should provide standardized templates and advocacy. These collective measures are essential to safeguarding clinical autonomy, strengthening physician bargaining power, and ensuring a transparent, protected healthcare ecosystem for both medical professionals and patients.
Pertanggungjawaban Pelaku Usaha atas Produk Cacat dalam Hukum Konsumen M Fikri Ibnu Sasani; Pristika Handayani; Alwan Hadiyanto
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14203

Abstract

This study aims to examine and analyze the liability of business actors for defective products from the perspectives of civil law and consumer protection law. The research is motivated by the increasing circulation of defective products that cause losses to consumers, as well as the weak position of consumers in proving business actors’ fault in product liability disputes. This condition indicates that the existing legal framework has not fully provided effective legal protection and legal certainty for consumers. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, supported by descriptive-analytical specifications through library research. The novelty of this study lies in the integrative analysis between the Consumer Protection Law and the Indonesian Civil Code in constructing a more comprehensive model of business liability for defective products. The results reveal that business liability in defective product cases includes contractual liability, tort liability, and the application of strict liability principles. However, the implementation of strict liability under the Consumer Protection Law has not yet been fully effective because business actors are still allowed to avoid liability by proving that consumer negligence caused the loss. Normatively, this condition weakens consumer protection and creates an imbalance in the burden of proof between consumers and business actors. Therefore, strengthening the formulation of strict liability and harmonizing consumer protection regulations with civil law principles are necessary to achieve more effective, just, and legally certain consumer protection.     Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pelaku usaha atas produk cacat dalam perspektif hukum perdata dan hukum perlindungan konsumen. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masih maraknya peredaran produk cacat yang merugikan konsumen serta lemahnya posisi konsumen dalam membuktikan kesalahan pelaku usaha dalam sengketa product liability. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan hukum yang ada belum sepenuhnya mampu memberikan perlindungan hukum dan kepastian hukum yang efektif bagi konsumen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif, serta spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis melalui studi kepustakaan. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif antara Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dalam membangun model pertanggungjawaban pelaku usaha atas produk cacat secara lebih komprehensif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban pelaku usaha mencakup tanggung jawab kontraktual, tanggung jawab perbuatan melawan hukum, serta penerapan prinsip strict liability. Namun demikian, penerapan prinsip strict liability dalam UUPK belum berjalan secara optimal karena pelaku usaha masih diberikan ruang untuk menghindari tanggung jawab melalui pembuktian bahwa kerugian timbul akibat kesalahan konsumen. Secara normatif, kondisi tersebut menyebabkan perlindungan konsumen belum sepenuhnya efektif dan menimbulkan ketimpangan pembuktian antara konsumen dan pelaku usaha. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan formulasi strict liability dan harmonisasi pengaturan antara hukum perlindungan konsumen dan hukum perdata guna mewujudkan perlindungan konsumen yang lebih efektif, adil, dan memberikan kepastian hukum.    
Klausula Hak Cipta dalam Kontrak Baku Jasa Fotografi Panggung Eugina Evita Marito; Surahmad Surahmad
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v9i3.14218

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal consequences and liability arising from the absence of copyright clauses in standard stage photography service agreements within Indonesia’s creative industry. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the research examines the Indonesian Civil Code and Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The findings reveal that the absence of copyright clauses does not invalidate the agreement because Article 36 of the Copyright Law confirms that copyright remains vested in the photographer unless expressly transferred through a written agreement. The study further identifies that commercial use of photographs beyond the implied purpose of documentation may constitute breach of contract or tort liability. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analysis of contractual ambiguity in stage photography agreements through the harmonization of contract law and copyright law. This study contributes to strengthening preventive legal protection and recommends explicit copyright clauses to ensure legal certainty, equitable liability, and distributive justice within Indonesia’s creative industry ecosystem.   Penelitian ini menganalisis akibat hukum dan pertanggungjawaban para pihak akibat absennya klausula hak cipta dalam kontrak baku jasa fotografi panggung di industri kreatif Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui analisis Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekosongan klausula hak cipta tidak menyebabkan perjanjian batal demi hukum karena Pasal 36 UU Hak Cipta menegaskan hak cipta tetap melekat pada fotografer kecuali dialihkan melalui perjanjian tertulis. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa pemanfaatan karya secara komersial di luar tujuan dokumentasi dapat menimbulkan wanprestasi maupun perbuatan melawan hukum. Novelty penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif mengenai ambiguitas kontraktual dalam jasa fotografi panggung melalui harmonisasi hukum kontrak dan hukum hak cipta. Kontribusi penelitian ini memberikan penguatan perlindungan hukum preventif serta rekomendasi pencantuman klausula hak cipta secara eksplisit guna menjamin kepastian hukum, proporsionalitas tanggung jawab, dan keadilan distributif dalam ekosistem industri kreatif Indonesia.

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