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Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR)
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 24072354     EISSN : 24770612     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/psr
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Aims Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR), an international, peer-reviewed, open access, and official journal from Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, aims to disseminate research results and findings in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Practices. Major area of interest is natural products in drug discovery and development. We also consider other areas related to pharmaceutical sciences and practices. PSR publishes content in English language to promote the sharing of knowledge to international scholars. PSR publish 5 types of articles: 1. Original article 2. Case report 3. Case series 4. Review article 5. Mini review article Scope Researches in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Practices which are covered by PSR are within these subject areas: - Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry - Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Pharmaceutical Technology - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Clinical Pharmacy - Pharmacology-Toxicology - Social and Administrative Pharmacy, including Pharmacoeconomy
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Articles 355 Documents
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Roselle and Red Ginger: A Potential Combination of Medicinal Plants for Hypertension Therapy Yunas, Ranum Wanudya; Rahmawati, Siti Irma; Saputri, Fadlina Chany; Bayu, Asep; Chianese, Giuseppina; Putra, Masteria Yunovilsa
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that significantly increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Effective management is essential to prevent severe complications. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) are two medicinal plants known for their antihypertensive properties. Roselle contains bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins that exhibit vasodilatory and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, while red ginger is rich in gingerols and shogaols, which possess anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory properties. The complementary mechanisms of action of these two plants, including ACE inhibition, antioxidant activity, and modulation of vascular tone, result in a more pronounced antihypertensive effect when used together. By targeting multiple pathways, the combination allows for more effective blood pressure control, which could lead to improved patient outcomes. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed review of the evidence supporting the use of roselle and red ginger in combination as a potential therapeutic approach for hypertension. This review aims to identify gaps in the existing research and suggest directions for future studies. Understanding the synergistic effects of these plants can help in developing more effective herbal therapies that leverage their combined benefits. Further research is needed to confirm these findings through more in-depth preclinical and clinical studies. Investigations should focus on optimizing dosages, understanding long-term safety, and establishing standardized protocols for combination therapy. This review serves as a foundation for future research and encourages the integration of traditional herbal medicine into modern hypertensive management strategies, promoting a holistic approach to cardiovascular health.
Utilizing Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from Srandakan Bantul, Indonesia for ‘Bright Fever Patch’ as an Alternative Children’s Fever Therapy Niswara, Anggita Kamalia; Kusrinanti, Nabillah Ainun; Firdaus, Rizqi Amalia; Ikhsanudin, Azis
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

In 2022, Indonesia experienced a public health crisis involving acute kidney failure in children, traced to paracetamol syrup contaminated with ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. This underscores the urgent need for safer antipyretic alternatives. This study investigates the antipyretic potential of transdermal patches formulated with ethanol extract of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaves sourced from Srandakan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Extract concentrations of 0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.2% were tested, alongside a negative control (no extract) and a positive control (paracetamol). The patches underwent evaluations for organoleptic properties, weight uniformity (0.41±0.02 to 0.52±0.02 g), thickness (0.36±0.03 to 0.41±0.03 mm), water absorption (5.95%±0.04 to 17.45%±0.04), folding endurance (all >300 times), and pH (4.05±0.03 to 4.20±0.04). Antipyretic activity was assessed in vivo using Wistar rats. The 1.2% extract patch (F3) showed a temperature reduction of 57.45±14.31% at 180 minutes, while paracetamol achieved 74.07±11.38%. Although paracetamol showed greater efficacy, the extract patch acted faster. Both paracetamol and extract patch were statistically significant compared to placebo (p<0.001). Although paracetamol exhibited a stronger antipyretic effect than the extract patch, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.847). These findings support the further development of the water hyacinth extract patch as a promising antipyretic alternative, with potential improvements through the enhancement of the formulation and the development of a slow-release system.
Artificial Intelligence for Detecting Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Gifari, Muhammad Wildan; Ramadhani, Yogi; Kurniawan, Dhadhang Wahyu
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 12, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory disease of the liver, has recently raised concern among healthcare professionals worldwide due to its asymptomatic features, making early diagnosis challenging. If left unnoticed, NASH often progresses to lethal diseases such as liver fibrosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) might facilitate the early diagnosis of NASH in a more efficient manner, forming a promising strategy to diagnose patients. In simple terms, AI is any machine that is capable of human-level intelligence, including visual perception, speech recognition, or decision making. A subclass of AI, which particularly deals with knowledge-based systems to find a relationship between different datasets, is called machine learning (ML). ML is based on the capability of a system to define or learn a relationship between the input and output data and then apply the learned relationship to any future datasets with a similar structure. The capability to maintain and analyze large datasets and aid in the prediction of outcomes makes ML particularly interesting for the application in NASH by, for instance, analyzing image data from patients, using biomarkers to predict clinical disease progression or by determining the efficacy of applied therapeutics. In this review, we will highlight the recent developments in the AI-based diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases. First, we provide a brief introduction to AI and ML before generalizing the use of AI in the diagnosis and treatment of different liver diseases. Then, we will specifically elaborate on the use of AI in the detection of NASH and its precursor, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), focusing on the prediction and diagnosis of NASH and NAFLD as well as on the automation of imaging processes. Finally, we will highlight the clinical importance of AI in the detection of NASH before concluding with the future challenges for the application of AI in the field of NASH detection and treatment.
Potential of Legume Seeds from the Leguminosae Family as Material Source of Food and Medicine : A Literature Review Dewi, Ni Made Ayu Gangga; Oktaviyanti, Nina Dewi; Sakulpanich, Aurapa; Kartini, Kartini
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 12, No. 1
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Abstract

Leguminosae, also known as Fabaceae, is the third largest plant family after Orchidaceae and Asteraceae. This review aimed to explore the potential of several legume species indigenous to Indonesia, from the Leguminosae family, as sources of food and medicine. The data used for the analysis were collected from various online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The results showed that there were 13 species of Leguminosae family plants found easily in Indonesia including Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna pruriens, Arachis hypogaea, Vigna subterranea, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus lunatus, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, Vigna angularis, Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis, and Pisum sativum. Among these species, several plants have been underutilized as food material, including C. cajan, C. ensiformis, M. pruriens, and P. lunatus. These 13 legume plants generally contain carbohydrates, proteins, starch, fats, and minerals, making them valuable as potential food sources. They also predominantly contain secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols and flavonoids (e.g., genistein, daidzein, cajanin), which have significant potential to be developed into pharmacologically active compounds.
Optimization of Formula, Stability Testing, and Antioxidant Activity of Clay Masks as Skin Moisturizers Widyaningrum, Naniek; Anggoro Bhakti, Agung Dwi; Evan Maulana, Alghafiqy Harya; Safitri, Amalia; Ramadhani, Adinda Fajrah; Febriani, Anisa; Hanafi, Anggit Naufal; Arief, Thendi Abdul
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 12, No. 1
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Abstract

Clay masks are cosmetic formulations designed to adhere closely to the skin, effectively lifting contaminants, cleansing the face, and absorbing impurities. We made a clay mask containing active ingredients such as niacinamide, alpha arbutin, ceramide, and hyaluronic acid. A careful selection of ingredients is essential for ensuring safety and mitigating potential dermatological issues. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics, stability, primary irritation potential, and moisturizing efficacy of this clay mask formulation. Kaolin and bentonite are the primary base materials. The research included formulation optimization and physical stability testing using a cycling test, where each cycle was conducted over a 24-hour period for a total of six cycles. Evaluations were performed on organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and drying time. Subsequently, data were analyzed using paired sample T-tests. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the ABTS method to determine IC50 values. Both preclinical and clinical irritation tests were performed, and the clinical efficacy of the moisturizer was evaluated in 30 participants. The optimal formula consisted of 0.8% kaolin and 0.2% bentonite, and all the evaluation parameters met the required standards. Stability testing and percentage inhibition measurements revealed no significant differences during storage (p>0.05). The formulation demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC50<50) and showed no irritation in preclinical or clinical irritation tests. The efficacy results indicated that the developed clay mask formulation has significant potential as a safe and effective skin moisturizer.
In Vitro α-Glucosidase Enzyme Inhibition Activity Test of Water Extract From Sintok (Cinnamomum sintoc Blume) Bark Saksono, Astrella Amanda Putri; Simanjuntak, Inana Ratu Soripada; Wahjudi, Mariana; Gondokesumo, Marisca Evalina
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 12, No. 1
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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels beyond the normal limits. One therapeutic approach for managing diabetes mellitus involves inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme, which plays a role in glucose absorption in the body. However, the use of oral antidiabetic drugs from the α-glucosidase inhibitor class often causes gastrointestinal side effects. Therefore, exploring natural materials as alternative treatments is a promising option. In Indonesia, one plant with potential as an alternative treatment is sintok (Cinnamomum sintoc Blume), a member of the Cinnamomum genus, which is widely utilized in traditional medicine for chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of a water extract of sintok bark. Preliminary tests were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for measuring α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity in vitro using a UV- vis spectrophotometer. The results showed optimal enzyme activity at a wavelength of 405 nm, an incubation time of 40 minutes, and a substrate concentration of 12.5 mM. The water extract of sintok bark exhibited the highest inhibitory activity at a concentration of 5 ppm, with an inhibition value of 28.66%, while acarbose, used as a positive control, achieved the highest inhibition value of 96.36% at a concentration of 4.5 ppm. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of sintok bark demonstrates inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme, indicating its potential as a natural antidiabetic agent.
Authentication of Kaffir Lime Leaf Oil (Citrus hystrix D.C.) in Products Using FTIR Combined with Chemometrics Jeffry, Jeffry; Guntarti, Any; Salamah, Nina
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 12, No. 1
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Abstract

Indonesia is rich in aromatic plants, producing approximately 40 types of essential oils used in various industries, including health and aromatherapy. Essential oils have significant potential but face high rates of adulteration. This study aimed to identify kaffir lime leaf oil (Citrus hystrix D.C.), to determine the essential oil profile, and to detect adulteration in commercial oil products. The methods used involved steam distillation and characterization tests of kaffir lime leaf essential oil, including yield percentage and organoleptic, density, refractive index, and solubility in alcohol. An essential oil content test and adulteration detection using FTIR combined with chemometrics were also conducted. The FTIR results showed distinctive peaks for kaffir lime leaf oil, allowing the identification of the main compounds in the oil. Multivariate analysis using the PLS model could predict oil adulteration with RMSEC 1.319, RMSECV 1.913, and RMSEP 2.362, indicating the model’s accuracy. Furthermore, PCA successfully separated and grouped the tested oils. This study concludes that the analyzed oil was kaffir lime leaf oil, based on the characterization results and FTIR spectra showing distinctive peaks of the oil. PLS and PCA analysis showed that the three tested commercial oil products did not contain turpentine adulterants.
Gastroprotective Potential of Medicinal Plant From Central Kalimantan: Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)-Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction in Rats Induced with Absolute Ethanol Savitri, Dilasari; Trinovita, Elsa; Widayati, Ratna; Handayani, Septi; Nugrahini, Sintha
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 12, No. 1
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Abstract

Peptic ulcer disease is a gastrointestinal disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Enhancing the quality of life of patients with peptic ulcers often involves integrating conventional treatments with complementary alternative therapies. One such alternative therapy is herbal remedies, which local communities have long recognized. Sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) contain various bioactive components, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to assess the gastroprotective properties of sungkai leaf extract (Peronema canescens Jack) by analyzing the average size of gastric lesions in male Wistar rats exposed to absolute ethanol. The research used a true experimental design with a posttest-only control group approach involving six treatment groups, each consisting of four rats. Gastroprotective activity was macroscopically evaluated by measuring the average size of the gastric lesions. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests for post hoc comparisons. Results showed that the normal group had an average lesion size of 0 mm, the negative control group had 115.37±50.53 mm, and the positive control group had 7.40±2.57 mm. For the groups treated with sungkai leaf extract, the 100 mg/kgBW dose resulted in 6.86±3.83 mm lesions, the 200 mg/kgBW dose in 9.65±10.27 mm, and the 400 mg/kgBW dose in 29.50±19.68 mm. Statistical analysis using SPSS 26 revealed a significant difference between the groups,with a Kruskal-Wallis test result of p=0.002. These findings show that sungkai leaf extract exhibits gastroprotective activity compared with omeprazole, as seen by the smaller average size of gastric lesions in male Wistar rats treated with absolute ethanol.
Biosynthesis of AgNPs Mediated by Equisetum debile Roxb. Herb Water Extract and Its Potency as an Antioxidant Retnaningtyas, Yuni; Karmilasari, Alviani Dwi; Puspitasari, Endah
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 2
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Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are metal nanoparticles currently under development. AgNPs are recognized for their remarkable stability, low reactivity, and advantageous biological properties, including antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds derived from the Equisetum debile Roxb. (Ed-R) herb have the potential to be explored as bio-reduction and capping agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize AgNPs using a water extract from Ed-R herb and to assess their antioxidant activity. The optimal composition for the biosynthesis of AgNPs comprises 10% Ed-R water extract, 8.0 mM AgNO3, and deionized water in a ratio of 0.5:20:12 (v/v/v), with the mixture incubated for 60 minutes at 50°C. AgNPs were characterized by conducted using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, FT-IR, Scanning SEM, and PSA. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the Ed-R herb water extract at the optimal concentration (10%) was determined to be 61.503 ± 0.089 mg GAE 100 mL-1. The characterization results indicated that the AgNPs exhibited a spherical morphology, with a particle size of 67 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.424, a maximum wavelength of 423 nm, and an absorbance value of 1.397. The antioxidant activity of AgNPs was evaluated using the DPPH method, resulting in an IC50 value of 76.604 ± 0.846 μg mL-1, which signifies strong antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that the water extract from the Ed-R herb can effectively act as both bioreduction and capping agent in the synthesis of AgNPs, which demonstrates significant antioxidant properties.
Formulation and In vitro Evaluation of Kaffir Lime Fruit Peel Extract-Containing Gel for Sunscreen, Antioxidant, and Moisturizing Activity Darsono, Farida Lanawati; Soegianto, Lisa
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 12, No. 2
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Abstract

Kaffir lime peel waste (Citrus hystrix) has antioxidant effects that have the potential to protect the skin from exposure to UV-A and UV-B rays, as well as moisturize the skin. This study aims to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of condensed extract of kaffir lime fruit peel on its effectiveness as an antioxidant, sunscreen activity, and moisturizer. The condensed extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol. In this study, we tested hydrophilic gels consisting of 4 extract concentrations in their formula: F1 (7.5%), F2 (10%), F3 (15%), and F4 (20%). The research phase begins with the extract standardization process and gel formulation, followed by testing physical quality and efficacy as an antioxidant, sunscreen, and moisturizing activity. Experimental data from different batches and formulas were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA statistical method. The condensed extract (20%) provides an IC50 value of 15.51 mg/mL. The results of the experiment showed that increasing the concentration of kaffir lime fruit peel extract could reduce the pH value, viscosity and increase the spreadability of the gel preparation. The SPF value increased with increasing extract concentration. It is included in the maximum protection category, while based on the % Erythema Transmission Value ≤ 1 and % Transmission Pigmentation of 3-40, it falls under the total block category. Increasing the concentration of a condensed extract of kaffir lime fruit peel in a hydrophilic gel base can increase its effectiveness as a UV protector and a moisturizer, with F3 (15%) as the best formula.

Page 35 of 36 | Total Record : 355

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