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Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR)
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 24072354     EISSN : 24770612     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/psr
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Aims Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR), an international, peer-reviewed, open access, and official journal from Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, aims to disseminate research results and findings in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Practices. Major area of interest is natural products in drug discovery and development. We also consider other areas related to pharmaceutical sciences and practices. PSR publishes content in English language to promote the sharing of knowledge to international scholars. PSR publish 5 types of articles: 1. Original article 2. Case report 3. Case series 4. Review article 5. Mini review article Scope Researches in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Practices which are covered by PSR are within these subject areas: - Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry - Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Pharmaceutical Technology - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Clinical Pharmacy - Pharmacology-Toxicology - Social and Administrative Pharmacy, including Pharmacoeconomy
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Articles 355 Documents
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Antioxidant, Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity, and In Vitro SPF Evaluation of Pepino Fruit Extract (Solanum muricatum Aiton) in Different Solvent Types and Concentrations Sugihartini, Nining; Firsty, Girly Risma; Laila, Wahyu Kumil; Mulyaningsih, Sri; Rais, Ichwan Ridwan
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Solvent is a key factor that affects the effectiveness of active compound extraction from plant materials (simplisia). This study aimed to determine the optimal type and concentration of solvent used in the extraction of pepino fruit based on the parameter of antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activity, as well as Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. The extraction was carried out using the maceration method with ethanol or ethyl acetate as the solvent, each at concentrations of 50%, 70%, and 96%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The inhibition of tyrosinase and the determination of the SPF value were carried out using in vitro test. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract was better than that of the ethanol extract in terms of antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and SPF value. In the ethyl acetate solvent, a concentration of 96% provided the strongest antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibition activity, and the second highest in SPF test. It can be concluded that the optimal solvent for extracting pepino fruit as promising compound for sunscreen formulation is 96% ethyl acetate.
Antioxidant Activities and Protective Effects of Shorea macrophylla Leaf and Bark Extracts Ramli, Salfarina; Sukri, Nik Nor Sabrina; Zulkifli, Nur Adhwa’ Faqihah; Ariestanti, Donna Maretta; Choo, Chee Yan; Halim, Hasseri; Manshoor, Nurhuda; James, Richard Johari
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Shorea macrophylla, also known as the ‘Engkabang’ tree or Light Red Meranti, is renowned for its role in reforestation efforts. Despite lacking records of traditional use, the reported biological activities of other species within the Shorea genus spark curiosity about the potential biological activities of this plant. Therefore, this study aims to explore the antioxidant capabilities of S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, along with their protective effects against oxidative stress using a brine shrimp model. In the evaluation of antioxidant potential, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were employed. Extracts were incubated in DPPH and FRAP solutions, and absorbances were measured at 517 and 593 nm, respectively. The brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLT) involved exposing brine shrimps (Artemia salina) to various concentrations of the extract, with LC50 values determined through probit regression analysis. Oxidative stress protection assays entailed treating brine shrimps with safe doses of S. macrophylla extracts before exposure to H2O2, with subsequent observation of survival rates. The DPPH assay unveiled IC50 values of 1.025 and 0.693 mg/mL for S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, respectively, while FRAP values exhibited a concentration-dependent relationship. BSLT demonstrated concentration-dependent mortality, with LC50 values of 0.93 and 0.6455 mg/mL for S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, respectively. Pre-treatment with S. macrophylla extracts significantly increased brine shrimp survival against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, both S. macrophylla leaf and bark water extracts demonstrated noteworthy antioxidant activities and exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress in brine shrimps. These findings provide insights into the antioxidant activities and protective effects of S. macrophylla Leaf and Bark extracts.
Physico-Chemical, Organoleptic, and Antioxidant Properties of Black Soybean Flour (Glycine soja (L.) Merrit) Flakes with the Addition of Bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) Kumalasari, Ika Dyah; Nurkhasanah, Nurkhasanah; Sepitriani, Sepitriani
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Flakes are products that are generally made from cereals. In this study, we are interested to use black soybean (Glycine soja (L) Merrit) and bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) as flakes ingredients. Black soybeans have high antioxidant components, while bangle contains high antioxidant and fiber components, which enables it to capture free radicals. This study aimed to find the most favorable formula with good physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics, which also has the highest antioxidant activity. We used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method and the variation of formulation used was the ratio of black soybean flour to bangle as follows: T1 (100%:0%), T2 (95%:5%), T3 (90%:10%), T4 (85%:15%), and T5 (80%:20%). The parameters analyzed included physical properties (color, texture, and water absorption), chemical properties (moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein content, carbohydrate content, crude fiber content, and antioxidant activity, as well as total plate count), and organoleptic properties (color, texture, taste, aroma, and overall acceptance). The research data were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 5% and Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the best formula for color and texture is T5 L* 54.57, a*-4.22, color b*31.42, hardness 0.74N, and water absorption 30.01%. The best treatment for chemical properties is T5 (moisture: 4.26%, ash: 3.68%, fat: 18.16%, protein: 16.92%, carbohydrate: 56.98%). All formulations meet the total plate count of <2,500. The highest antioxidant activity was in the T5 formulation (49.59 %). The results of the organoleptic properties showed that the most favorable overall organoleptic reception was T1. Flakes based on black soybean flour with the addition of bangle in formulation T5 (80% black soybean flour: 20% bangle) have the potential to be a functional food high in fiber and antioxidants.
Challenges and Future Perspective of Gastroretentive Mucoadhesive Dosage Forms Akbar, Rayhan; Setiawan, Heri; Maggadani, Baitha Palanggatan; Iswandana, Raditya; Setio Putri, Kurnia Sari
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 2
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Abstract

Gastroretentive Mucoadhesive Dosage Form (GMDF) is one type of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS) technology designed to exploit the adhesiveness of dosage forms in the gastric mucosa. This aims to increase drug residence time, enhance drug solubility and absorption, and ultimately improve drug bioavailability and therapeutic effect. Various studies have explored the use of different polymers to develop GMDF systems and dosage forms. However, despite extensive research in this field, there are still limited GMDF products approved by the US FDA and INA FDA. Therefore, this review addresses the challenges in developing GMDF, its current state, and potential future opportunities. This literature review is performed by searching Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect and Google Patents using the terms “gastroretentive”, “mucoadhesive”, “challenge”, “strategy”, and “patent.” Additionally, searches were conducted in the US FDA and INA FDA Drug Approval Databases. Based on our study, we identified numerous challenges in developing GMDF, including patient physiological challenges, drug formulas, production processes, product analysis, and clinical trials. To address these challenges, multiple strategies should be developed to optimize the formulation, production process, and product analysis of GMDF, ultimately leading to successful clinical trials and regulatory approval of this product.
Harnessing the Potential of Several Local Indonesian Tuber-derived Starches as Pharmaceutical Excipients Horison, Ronald; Surini, Silvia
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Starch is one of the widely required excipients in pharmaceutical dosage forms manufacturing. Indonesia’s rich biodiversity, encompassing tubers like arrowroot, taro beneng, porang, ganyong and yams, harbours the potential for novel starch excipient sources. These tubers provide starch variations with distinct functional properties influenced by the natural starch granules’ properties and amylose-amylopectin ratio. Previous research utilizing natural and modified starches from these tubers has demonstrated their potential in pharmaceutical formulation. These starch tubers have been studied and provided promising results in tablet formulation and film development. Additionally, they could be involved in developing more advanced dosage forms, such as starch nanoparticles and nanocrystals. The rich versatility of these tuber starches solidified a promising future for their development, offering significant advantages for both pharmaceutical technology and economic value perspectives. Optimization of the starch yield, mainly through extraction, is crucial to fully realizing the economic prospect of tuber-derived starches.
Recent Updates on Dried Blood Spot and Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as Microsampling Technique for Antiepileptic Drug Determination: A Systematic Review Pridilla, Asmiladita; Harahap, Yahdiana; Purwanto, Denni Joko; Maggadani, Baitha Palanggatan
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 2
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Abstract

Implementation of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) can be useful for patients with uncontrolled seizures. This review article aims to collect and compare the recent development of bioanalytical methods for antiepileptic drugs using microsampling techniques, namely DBS (Dried Blood Spot) and VAMS (Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling). Studies were searched through databases, namely Science Direct, Pubmed, and the Google Scholar search engine using pre-determined keywords. Studies published between 2019 and 2024 and used micro-sampling techniques for antiepileptic drug analysis were included. Non-English studies, non-related studies, duplication, and full text unavailable were excluded. Primary sources were used to build a conclusion regarding the purpose of this review article. A total of 342 articles were identified from databases. From 8 primary studies included, analytical methods for 21 drug compounds as antiepileptic agents and 4 of their metabolites in DBS and VAMS were found. A summary of sample preparation, analytical method, and validation were presented in the narrative form of this review. Concentrations measured using DBS and VAMS demonstrate a strong correlation with conventional matrices; however, conversion factors based on the blood-to-plasma ratio are necessary for accurate comparison. Additionally, the comparison results between DBS and VAMS technique for TDM is still unsatisfactory to prove their interchangeability. Therefore, this comparison needs further evaluation with more samples and more analytes. Analysis of antiepileptic drugs using VAMS is also still limited and further optimization can be carried out to produce more stable, sensitive, fast, and suitable for TDM practice.
Application of PVP VA 64 and Poloxamer 188/407 in Solid Dispersion Technology for Improving Solubility of Valsartan Cahyani, Sulastari; Saifullah Sulaiman, Teuku Nanda; Laksitorini, Marlyn Dian
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 2
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Abstract

Valsartan, Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drug, exhibits pH-dependent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract, which increases at pH levels above 5. Its low solubility results in a bioavailability of only 23%, necessitating efforts to enhance it. This study aims to improve the solubility of valsartan using a solid dispersion system. Polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate 64 (PVP VA 64), a hydrophilic polymer, was incorporated to inhibit the recrystallization of valsartan, while poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 407, used as surfactants, aimed to enhance valsartan’s solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate. Valsartan solid dispersions were prepared using the spray drying method, and the optimal formulation was determined using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD). The composition of PVP VA 64, poloxamer 188, and poloxamer 407 were optimized factors, while saturated solubility, melting point, and intrinsic dissolution rate at pH 1.2 and 4.5 as optimized responses. The valsartan solid dispersions were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Powder X-Ray Diffractometry (PXRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optimal composition of the valsartan solid dispersion was 40 mg of valsartan, 100 mg of PVP VA 64, 10 mg of poloxamer 188, and 30 mg of poloxamer 407. The results indicated that the solubility of valsartan solid dispersion was 27 times higher than that of the pure drug. Furthermore, the intrinsic dissolution rate of the valsartan solid dispersion at pH 1.2 and 4.5 exceeded that of pure valsartan.
Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Purple Sweet Potatoes Modified Body Weight, Visceral Fat and Circulatory IL-10 in Stressed-Mice Kurnianingsih, Nia; Rahma, Oktivani Adelathifa; Prayogo, Nabila Putri; Rayhanna, Qanitha Ailsya; Fahanani, Agwin Fahmi; Suprapto, Ratih Paramita; Prakosa, Ardani Galih; Ratnawati, Retty
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 3
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Abstract

Stress-induced inflammation and oxidative stress mechanisms thus plant bioactive compounds as anti-inflammation and antioxidants are placed as novel strategies to resist the adverse effects of stress. Purple sweet potatoes (PSP) as a rich source of macronutrients and anthocyanin showed health benefits as neuroprotective and metabolic diseases. However, limited research explored the effect of PSP extract on stressed animal models. This study aimed to evaluate the bioactive compound analysis of PSP and the effect on body weight gain (BW), visceral fat (VF), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) of stressed model mice. Adult male BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks) were divided into control (CTRL), and stress (STR), stress+anthocyanin-rich extract (ANC) of PSP dose 10, 20, and 40 mg/kgBW. Stress was exposed as restraint stress for 2 hours/day for 14 days. The ANC was administered once a day orally. The IL-10 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Qualitative plant compound analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, glycosides, and tannins in PSP extract. The PSP extract also contains a high level of total anthocyanin, 2468.9 ± 159.38 mg/l, and high antioxidant activity. This study observed tendencies to decrease BW and VF following ANC dose of 10 mg/kgBW treatment. The administration of ANC significantly increased the level of circulatory IL-10 cytokine. In conclusion, an anthocyanin-rich extract of PSP modified BW, VF, and IL-10 levels of restraint-stressed model mice.
Investigating the Bioactivity Potential and Standardization of Two Stingless Bee Propolis from East Kalimantan Kustiawan, Paula Mariana; Syahbana, Muhammad Ali; Pratika, Rika; Ichsan, Muhammad Nor; Mentari, Ika Ayu; Hairunnisa, Indah; Setiawan, Irfan Muris; Syaifie, Putri Hawa; Ramadhan, Donny; Chanchao, Chanpen
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 3
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The standardization of raw materials from nature is essential before they are made into products. Until now, there is still limited information regarding the standardization of propolis from stingless bees. This research aims to determine the bioactivity with standardized specific and non-specific parameters of ethanol extracts from Homotrigona apicalis and Homotrigona fimbriata propolis. The methods include organoleptic tests, tests for water-soluble and ethanol-soluble compound content, drying shrinkage tests, specific gravity tests, water content tests, metal contamination tests, phytochemical screening, and determining total phenolic and flavonoid content. The free radical scavenging capacity was measured using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, and antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acnes, Streptococcus mutans, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that the standardization parameters tested on H. apicalis and H. fimbriata propolis met the standard criteria. Both species contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins. Generally, the propolis extracts from these two stingless bees exhibit potential antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. The total phenolic content for H. apicalis was 0.963 ± 0.041 mg GAE/g, while for H. fimbriata, it was 0.345 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content for H. apicalis was 12.066 ± 0.465 mg QE/g, and for H. fimbriata, it was 9.325 ± 0.031 mg QE/g. All these results can be used as a reference for developing products derived from stingless bees.
Optimization of External Disintegrating Materials in Wet Granulation Formulation of Ondansetron Tablets Permana, Yandi; Tuba, Syahrul; Riyadi, Taufik; Sugindro, Sugindro
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Vol. 11, No. 3
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Abstract

Inadequate management of chemotherapy-induced side effects, including nausea and vomiting, can impact the healing response of cancer patients. Ondansetron, a preferred medication for the treatment, is classified as a biopharmaceutic classification system (BCS) class II drug, which limits its bioavailability. To enhance its solubility, sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and pregelatinized starch (PG) are used as super disintegrants. This study investigates the impact of these super disintegrants on ondansetron dissolution and identifies the optimal formulation. Ondansetron tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method, with nine formulations varying in SSG and PG concentrations (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%). The tablets underwent physical and chemical quality evaluations. The results indicate that ondansetron dissolution improved with SSG and PG at concentrations of 1% and 3% but decreased at higher concentrations (5% and 7%). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in dissolution fraction parameters and efficiency across varying SSG and PG concentrations (p < 0.05). The optimal formulation for enhancing ondansetron dissolution was found to be with 3% PG, achieving a dissolution efficiency value of 79.88% + 0.11%.

Page 34 of 36 | Total Record : 355

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