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Integrasi Embedding Multiformat untuk Representasi Semantik Big Data Smart City: Analisis Etika Penelitian, AI Ethics, dan Tantangan Publikasi Ilmiah di Era Teknologi Lanjut Sumanti, Endang Sri; Prasetya, Didik Dwi; Elmunsyah, Hakkun; Sendari, Siti
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): June
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/rj.v6i2.4193

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis manfaat representasi semantik dan memetakan risiko etika pada pipeline embedding multimodal dalam pengolahan Big Data Smart City. Penelitian menggunakan desain sintesis literatur yang dipadukan dengan studi kasus konseptual, analisis hermeneutik teknologi, dan pemetaan risiko berbasis pipeline. Analisis mencakup lima komponen utama, yaitu Text Encoder, Visual Encoder, Cross-Modal Alignment, Fusion Layer, dan Semantic Output Layer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa integrasi data tekstual dan visual dapat memperkaya konteks semantik, memperkuat hubungan informasi antarmodalitas, serta mempertahankan konsistensi representasi pada dokumen kebijakan yang kompleks. Namun, manfaat tersebut disertai lima risiko utama, yaitu bias representasional, privasi dan indirect disclosure, dual-use, surveillance dan profiling otomatis, serta asimetri kekuasaan informasi. Fusion Layer teridentifikasi sebagai komponen dengan risiko paling tinggi karena menggabungkan bias dan potensi penyalahgunaan dari beberapa modalitas, sedangkan Cross-Modal Alignment menunjukkan mekanisme mitigasi yang masih terbatas. Integrasi prinsip autonomy, beneficence, justice, dan consent dengan fairness, accountability, transparency, explainability, serta manajemen risiko menghasilkan kerangka evaluasi etika yang dapat diterapkan sepanjang siklus hidup sistem. Penelitian merekomendasikan penerapan ethical checkpoints, audit bias, dokumentasi dataset dan model, logging, pembatasan tujuan penggunaan, serta human oversight. Karena berbasis studi kasus konseptual, kerangka ini masih memerlukan validasi ahli dan pengujian empiris menggunakan dataset Smart City aktual. Ethical Risk Mapping in Multimodal Embedding Pipelines for Semantic Representation of Smart City Big Data: A Literature Synthesis and Conceptual Case Study This study aims to analyze the benefits of semantic representation and map ethical risks within multimodal embedding pipelines used to process Smart City Big Data. The study employed a literature synthesis design combined with a conceptual case study, technological hermeneutic analysis, and pipeline-based risk mapping. The analysis covered five main components: the Text Encoder, Visual Encoder, Cross-Modal Alignment, Fusion Layer, and Semantic Output Layer. The findings indicate that integrating textual and visual data can enrich semantic context, strengthen cross-modal information relationships, and maintain representational consistency in complex policy documents. However, these benefits are accompanied by five major risks: representational bias, privacy and indirect disclosure, dual use, automated surveillance and profiling, and information-power asymmetry. The Fusion Layer was identified as the component with the highest risk because it combines bias and the potential misuse of information from multiple modalities, whereas Cross-Modal Alignment still has limited mitigation mechanisms. Integrating the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and consent with fairness, accountability, transparency, explainability, and risk management produced an ethical evaluation framework that can be applied throughout the system lifecycle. The study recommends implementing ethical checkpoints, bias audits, dataset and model documentation, logging, purpose limitation, and human oversight. Because the study is based on a conceptual case scenario, the proposed framework still requires expert validation and empirical testing using actual Smart City datasets.

Groundedness-Aware Retrieval untuk Reduksi Halusinasi pada Chatbot Dokumen Pemerintah di Era Big Data Rumamby, Frendy Rocky; Prasetya, Didik Dw; Elmunsyah, Hakkun; Sendari, Siti
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): June
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/e83cp606

Model Bahasa Besar (LLM) makin banyak dipakai untuk chatbot layanan publik karena mampu menyintesis informasi dari korpus dokumen yang besar. Namun, kecenderungan halusinasi pada LLM berisiko menghasilkan informasi administratif yang tampak meyakinkan tetapi tidak bersumber dari dokumen resmi. Penelitian ini mengusulkan kerangka Groundedness-Aware Retrieval (GAR) yang menggabungkan hybrid retrieval (BM25 + embedding), verifikasi groundedness multi-lapis, decoding sadar ketidakpastian, dan penelusuran bukti (evidence traceability) agar jawaban dapat diaudit. Pengujian pada 350 kueri administratif realistis menunjukkan GAR meningkatkan groundedness menjadi 0,91, menaikkan presisi faktual menjadi 94,8%, dan menurunkan tingkat halusinasi menjadi 3,5% dibanding LLM dasar dan RAG standar. Keunikan GAR dibanding RAG konvensional terletak pada lapisan verifikasi groundedness dan mekanisme penolakan/penandaan ketidakpastian yang secara eksplisit mencegah klaim tanpa bukti. Groundedness-Aware Retrieval to Reduce Hallucinations in Government Document Chatbots in the Big Data Era Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in public-service chatbots, yet they remain vulnerable to hallucinations that can surface as authoritative-looking but unsupported administrative claims. We propose a Groundedness-Aware Retrieval (GAR) framework that combines hybrid retrieval (BM25 + dense embeddings), multi-layer groundedness verification, uncertainty-aware decoding, and evidence traceability for auditability. On 350 realistic administrative queries, GAR outperforms a baseline LLM and standard RAG, achieving a groundedness score of 0.91, factual precision of 94.8%, and a hallucination rate of 3.5%. Compared with conventional RAG, GAR is distinctive in its explicit groundedness-verification layer and refusal/uncertainty tagging that prevents evidence-free generation.

Evaluasi Penggunaan Multi-Tools AI dalam Peningkatan Produktivitas Publikasi Buku Dosen di Perguruan Tinggi Syaharuddin, Syaharuddin; Urifah, Dewi; Mahsup, Mahsup; Husnan, Husnan; Sari, Nursina; Milandari, Baiq Desi
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/rt63sy32

Perkembangan pesat Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam bidang akademik menuntut pemahaman yang menyeluruh terhadap persepsi dosen agar pemanfaatannya dalam penulisan buku dapat berlangsung secara efektif dan beretika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi persepsi dosen terhadap integrasi multi-tools Artificial Intelligence dalam penulisan buku guna meningkatkan produktivitas publikasi ilmiah di perguruan tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan subjek sebanyak 22 dosen dari berbagai faklultas dan disiplin ilmu. Instrumen penelitian berupa angket skala Likert 5 sebanyak 9 butir pernyataan. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan statistik deskriptif untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat persepsi dosen terhadap pemanfaatan AI, yang diperkuat dengan wawancara sebagai data pendukung untuk memperdalam interpretasi temuan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi dosen terhadap penggunaan AI dalam penulisan buku memiliki rata-rata persentase sebesar 76,36% yang berada pada kategori positif, dengan tingkat penerimaan tinggi pada aspek kemudahan penggunaan, efisiensi waktu, dan dukungan terhadap produktivitas publikasi ilmiah. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa AI dipersepsikan sebagai teknologi yang bermanfaat dan relevan dalam mendukung aktivitas penulisan akademik. Simpulan penelitian menegaskan bahwa integrasi multi-tools AI berpotensi meningkatkan kualitas dan produktivitas penulisan buku dosen apabila didukung oleh pelatihan yang sistematis dan pemahaman etika akademik yang memadai. Implikasi penelitian ini memberikan dasar empiris bagi perguruan tinggi dalam merancang kebijakan dan program pengembangan kapasitas dosen terkait pemanfaatan AI secara bertanggung jawab dalam kegiatan akademik. Evaluation of the Use of Multi-Tool AI in Enhancing Faculty Book Publication Productivity in Higher Education The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the academic field requires a comprehensive understanding of lecturers' perceptions so that its use in book writing can be effective and ethical. This study aims to explore lecturers' perceptions of the integration of multi-tools Artificial Intelligence in book writing to increase scientific publication productivity in higher education. This study uses qualitative research with 22 lecturers from various faculties and disciplines as subjects. The research instrument is a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire consisting of 9 statements. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics to identify the level of lecturers' perceptions of AI utilization, reinforced by interviews as supporting data to deepen the interpretation of quantitative findings. The results of the study show that lecturers' perceptions of the use of AI in book writing have an average percentage of 76.36% in the positive category, with a high level of acceptance in terms of ease of use, time efficiency, and support for scientific publication productivity. These findings indicate that AI is perceived as a useful and relevant technology in supporting academic writing activities. The research conclusion confirms that the integration of multiple AI tools has the potential to improve the quality and productivity of lecturers' book writing when supported by systematic training and adequate understanding of academic ethics. The implications of this research provide an empirical basis for universities in designing policies and programs to develop lecturers' capacity related to the responsible use of AI in academic activities.

The Role of Young Coconut Water as a Rehydration Beverage on Hydration Status and Work-Related Fatigue Amiluddin, Laode Asaid Alriza; Mulasari, Surahma Astri; Suryani, Dyah
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/rrh9rb37

Dehydration is a common problem among individuals engaged in physical activity and workers exposed to heat, and it contributes to decreased work capacity and increased fatigue. Effective rehydration strategies require not only adequate fluid intake but also sufficient electrolyte replacement to maintain body fluid balance. Young coconut water is a natural beverage rich in electrolytes and has the potential to serve as an alternative rehydration drink. This study aimed to systematically synthesize empirical evidence regarding the role of young coconut water as a rehydration beverage on hydration status and work-related fatigue. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were performed using three electronic databases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and MDPI and resulted in 16 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The synthesis results indicate that young coconut water consumption consistently contributes to the maintenance of hydration status, reduces work-related and physical fatigue, and supports physiological recovery following physical activity. However, its effects on physical performance were found to be variable and context-dependent. Overall, young coconut water demonstrates potential as a natural rehydration strategy, particularly in the context of physical activity and heat-exposed working environments.

Community Health Centers as Arenas of Public Health Policy Implementation and Social Practice: A Systematic Review Afgani, Nurham Al; Sulistyawati, Sulistyawati; Rosyidah, Rosyidah
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/dzrtac71

Community Health Centers, known in Indonesia as Puskesmas, hold a strategic position in the national health system as primary health care facilities and local sites of public health policy implementation. However, most studies on Puskesmas have focused on technical, managerial, and service performance aspects, while limited attention has been given to how health policies are interpreted, negotiated, and adapted through everyday social practices. This systematic review aims to analyze the role of Puskesmas as arenas of public health policy implementation and social practice. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and searched articles published between 2015 and 2025 through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Garuda. Articles were selected based on their relevance to primary health care, policy implementation, and social practice. Six articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using thematic synthesis. The findings show that Puskesmas function as spaces where national health policies are translated into local practice, particularly in the implementation of the National Health Insurance/BPJS and the Healthy Indonesia Program with a Family Approach. Policy implementation is shaped by human resource capacity, infrastructure, intersectoral coordination, health literacy, local culture, and community participation. This review confirms that strengthening Puskesmas requires a contextual, adaptive, participatory, and socially sensitive policy approach that recognizes Indonesia’s diverse geographical and sociocultural conditions

The Effect of Financial Literacy on MSME Financial Management in the Gunungpring Religious Tourism Area Sijabat, Yacobo P; Hirawati, Heni
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/eb7mx837

MSMEs play a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, yet many business owners continue to face challenges in managing business finances, particularly in financial recording, reporting, control, and the separation of personal and business finances. This study aims to analyze the effect of financial literacy on the financial management of MSME actors in the Gunungpring religious tourism area, Magelang. Gunungpring provides an important research context because MSME activities in this area are shaped by the characteristics of religious tourism businesses, including daily cash transactions, fluctuating tourist visits, and strong social and family-based economic practices. This study employed a quantitative approach with a causal research design. Convenience sampling was applied due to limited access to respondents during the tourist season. The sample consisted of 30 MSME actors. Primary data were collected using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire. Financial literacy was measured through indicators of financial knowledge, financial behavior, financial attitude, and financial capability. Financial management was measured through indicators of financial planning, financial recording, financial reporting, financial control, and separation of personal and business finances. The data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, simple linear regression, coefficient of determination, and t-test. The results show that financial literacy has no significant effect on MSME financial management, as indicated by a significance value of 0.228 > 0.05. The Adjusted R Square value of 0.017 indicates that financial literacy explains only 1.7% of the variation in financial management. These findings suggest that MSME financial management in the Gunungpring religious tourism area may be more strongly influenced by factors outside the model, such as business experience, family habits, access to informal capital, and mutual-help practices.

Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning Berbasis Literasi Sains terhadap Keaktifan dan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Laju Reaksi Gea, Imelda Febriani; Simorangkir, Murniaty
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/fscmx958

Keaktifan dan hasil belajar siswa pada materi laju reaksi masih tergolong rendah yang diduga dipengaruhi oleh dominasi pembelajaran konvensional seperti ceramah, tanya jawab, dan penugasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh penerapan model Problem Based Learning berbasis literasi sains terhadap keaktifan serta hasil belajar siswa pada topik laju reaksi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan eksperimen semu dengan desain pretest-posttest control group design yang dilaksanakan di SMA Negeri 17 Medan. Sampel penelitian terdiri atas 36 siswa pada kelas eksperimen yang mengikuti pembelajaran PBL berbasis literasi sains serta 35 siswa pada kelas kontrol yang belajar melalui pembelajaran konvensional. Perlakuan diberikan selama empat pertemuan dengan alokasi waktu 2×45 menit setiap pertemuan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata keaktifan siswa kelas eksperimen mencapai 85,38±5,71 lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelas kontrol sebesar 75,82±4,99. Nilai rata-rata hasil belajar pada kelas eksperimen meningkat dari 45,14 menjadi 84,31±5,23, sedangkan kelas kontrol meningkat dari 41,00 menjadi 76,86±6,31. Uji t satu pihak menunjukkan nilai thitung keaktifan sebesar 7,49 dan thitung hasil belajar sebesar 5,42, keduanya lebih besar daripada ttabel 1,99. Analisis N-Gain menunjukkan kategori tinggi pada kelas eksperimen (0,7) dan kategori sedang pada kelas kontrol (0,6). Uji korelasi juga menunjukkan hubungan positif antara keaktifan dan hasil belajar dengan kontribusi sebesar 48,58%. Temuan ini menegaskan efektivitas. The Effect of Scientific Literacy-Based Problem Based Learning Model on Student Activeness and Learning Outcomes on Reaction Rate Material. Student participation and learning outcomes in the topic of reaction rates remain relatively low, which is presumed to result from the dominance of conventional teaching approaches such as lectures, question–answer sessions, and assignments. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a science literacy–based Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on students’ participation and learning outcomes in reaction rate material. The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design conducted at SMA Negeri 17 Medan. The sample consisted of 36 students in the experimental class who were taught using the science literacy–based PBL model and 35 students in the control class who received conventional instruction. The treatment was implemented over four meetings, each lasting 2 × 45 minutes. The results indicated that the average participation score of students in the experimental class was 85.38 ± 5.71, which was higher than that of the control class at 75.82 ± 4.99. The average learning outcomes in the experimental class increased from 45.14 to 84.31 ± 5.23, while those in the control class improved from 41.00 to 76.86 ± 6.31. A one-tailed t-test showed that the calculated values for student participation (7.49) and learning outcomes (5.42) were greater than the t-table value of 1.99, indicating a significant effect. The N-Gain analysis revealed a high category for the experimental class (0.7) and a moderate category for the control class (0.6). Correlation analysis also showed a positive relationship between participation and learning outcomes with a contribution of 48.58%. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the science literacy–based PBL model in improving student participation and learning outcomes in reaction rate learning.

Strategi Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Literasi Numerasi Siswa di SMAN 5 Mataram Hasdianti, Imas; Mustari, Mohamad; Setiadi, Dadi; Asrin, Asrin; Hakim, Mansur
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/zrhk4218

Literasi dan numerasi merupakan kompetensi dasar yang sangat penting bagi peserta didik dalam menghadapi tantangan abad ke-21. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi strategi kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan literasi numerasi siswa di SMAN 5 Mataram dan mengidentifikasi faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam pelaksanaannya. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, penelitian ini mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi yang melibatkan kepala sekolah, wakil kepala sekolah, guru, dan siswa. Analisis data menggunakan model interaktif Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan literasi numerasi siswa di SMAN 5 Mataram melalui kebijakan visi dan misi sekolah, penguatan budaya literasi, pojok baca, pembelajaran berbasis konseptual, pemanfaatan teknologi digital, dan integrasi numerasi di semua mata pelajaran. Faktor pendukung termasuk kolaborasi antara kepala sekolah dan guru, sarana yang memadai, serta keberadaan jurnal Gerakan Literasi Sekolah (GLS), sementara faktor penghambat utama adalah rendahnya minat baca siswa, keterbatasan buku nonfiksi, dan keterbatasan dana. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa strategi kepemimpinan kepala sekolah memainkan peran penting dalam peningkatan literasi numerasi di SMAN 5 Mataram

Analisis Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa Ditinjau dari Adversity Quotient Indasari, Wiwi; Azmi, Syahrul; Kertiyani, Ni Made Intan; Hayati, Laila
Reflection Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/evqe8715

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa ditinjau dari adversity quotient. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan kategori adversity quotient, yaitu tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui angket adversity quotient, tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis, serta wawancara untuk memperkuat hasil analisis. Data dianalisis melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Indikator kemampuan pemecahan masalah mengacu pada langkah memahami masalah, merencanakan penyelesaian, melaksanakan penyelesaian, dan memeriksa kembali hasil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa dengan adversity quotient tinggi memiliki kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis yang lebih baik karena mampu memenuhi hampir seluruh indikator secara sistematis dan tepat. Siswa dengan adversity quotient sedang mampu memenuhi sebagian besar indikator, namun masih mengalami kesulitan pada tahap pelaksanaan dan pemeriksaan kembali. Sementara itu, siswa dengan adversity quotient rendah cenderung mengalami kesulitan pada hampir seluruh tahapan pemecahan masalah. Dengan demikian, adversity quotient berperan dalam membedakan kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah matematis. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan bagi guru dalam merancang pembelajaran yang mendukung ketahanan siswa dalam menghadapi tantangan matematika. Analysis of Students’ Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability in Terms of Adversity Quotient This study aims to analyze students’ mathematical problem-solving ability in terms of adversity quotient. The study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research subjects were students classified into three categories of adversity quotient, namely high, moderate, and low. Data were collected through an adversity quotient questionnaire, a mathematical problem-solving test, and interviews to strengthen the analysis results. The data were analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The indicators of problem-solving ability referred to the steps of understanding the problem, planning the solution, carrying out the solution, and rechecking the result. The findings showed that students with a high adversity quotient had better mathematical problem-solving ability because they were able to fulfill almost all indicators systematically and accurately. Students with a moderate adversity quotient were able to meet most of the indicators, but they still experienced difficulties at the stages of carrying out the solution and rechecking the result. Meanwhile, students with a low adversity quotient tended to experience difficulties in almost all stages of problem solving. Thus, adversity quotient plays a role in differentiating students’ ability to solve mathematical problems. The results of this study are expected to serve as a consideration for teachers in designing learning that supports students’ resilience in facing mathematical challenges.

Google Classroom in EFL Writing: Students’ Perceived Improvement and Interview-Based Insights into Feedback–Revision Cycles Sudiani, Sudiani; Zuhdi, Herman
Reflection Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36312/32zsap73

This study examines students’ perceived improvement in EFL writing when using Google Classroom (GC), with particular attention to mechanisms related to asynchronous feedback and revision cycles enabled through GC–Google Docs. A mixed-methods design was employed, involving a questionnaire administered to 100 EFL students and semi-structured interviews with 10 students at Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Syariah Haji Abdul Rasyid. Descriptive survey results show that 75% of respondents perceived GC as helpful for improving writing, while 25% did not. Patterns across usage categories suggest a positive gradient between frequency of GC use and perceived improvement: students who used GC daily reported higher perceived improvement than those who used it less frequently. Interview findings indicate that perceived improvement is primarily associated with repeated engagement in feedback–revision cycles, where students check lecturer comments, interpret feedback, and revise drafts iteratively. Students also emphasized that the usefulness of GC depends on the specificity and actionability of lecturer feedback, the analytical quality of peer feedback, and contextual constraints such as internet stability and device access. Because outcomes are self-reported, findings are interpreted as evidence of perceived effectiveness and process-level mechanisms rather than objectively verified performance gains. The study recommends designing GC-based writing instruction around structured multi-draft tasks, actionable feedback practices, and scaffolded peer review, alongside institutional support for infrastructure and lecturer capacity building.

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reflection.litpam@gmail.com

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Abstract

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Hunaepi

Contact Email reflection.litpam@gmail.com

Phone -

Journal Mail Official reflection.litpam@gmail.com

Editorial Address Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Location Kota mataram, Nusa tenggara barat INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

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Abstract

Abstract

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Abstract

Contact Name
Hunaepi

Contact Email
reflection.litpam@gmail.com

Phone
-

Journal Mail Official
reflection.litpam@gmail.com

Editorial Address
Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Location
Kota mataram,

Nusa tenggara barat

INDONESIA