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Sciences of Pharmacy
Published by ETFLIN
ISSN : 28307046     EISSN : 28307259     DOI : https://doi.org/10.58920/sciphar
Core Subject : Health, Science, Engineering,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Sciences of Pharmacy (SciPhar) is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal of pharmacy. We offer a platform and place for researchers and intellectuals, especially the youth, to share their insights and works. Every year, we hold seminars/webinars under the ETFLIN Scientific Society to facilitate the exchange of information concerning pharmacist research progress. Publication on SciPhar is free of charge at any stage. Scope We are accepting articles related to drug development (preclinical and clinical drug development, drug delivery, and pharmaceutical formulation). Fundamental and clinical pharmacology (drug mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug metabolism, and pharmacogenetics). Pharmaceuticals (gene-based, cell-based, protein-based therapy, other drug modalities, routes of administration, drug classes, drug nomenclature). Drug toxicity and safety (drug-drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, mechanisms of drug toxicity, pharmacovigilance). Pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacoeconomics, and pharmacy.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 112 Documents
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Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Mentha viridis in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats Juthy, Nusrat Jahan; Islam, Gazi Jahirul; Zehad, Abdullah; Zannah, Shaheda
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 3
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0303258

Abstract

This research was designed to examine the phytochemicals of Mentha viridis (M. viridis) ethanolic extract and the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in alloxan-induced animal models. Diabetes was induced chemically by administering a unit dose of alloxan at 120 mg/kg BW. After alloxan induction, hyperglycemic rats were dealt with ethanolic extract of leaf and whole plant, metformin, and a mixture of leaf extract with metformin and whole plant extract with metformin for two weeks. Ethanolic extract of leaf and whole plant, metformin, and a combination of both leaf and whole plant extract with metformin therapies reduced glucose levels in the blood compared with the diabetic negative control group after two weeks of treatment. However, among the therapies, the ethanolic leaf extract and the combination of whole plant extracts with metformin were found to be the most effective (p<0.05), with reductions of 62.82% and 72.89%, respectively. After diabetes induction, the serum level of TG (triglycerides), TC (total cholesterol), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) escalated notably (p<0.05), and HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) level decreased remarkably (p<0.05) in hyperglycemic rats as opposed to healthy normal rats. Ethanolic leaf extract and a combination of whole plant extract with metformin significantly minimized the elevated extent of TG and LDL-C. They surged HDL-C, but the TC level was reduced by whole plant extract only after two weeks of treatment. The standard procedures were used to identify the phytochemical compounds of the medicinal plant M. viridis. The phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, resins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids appeared in the ethanolic leaf extract of M. viridis. The findings suggest that M. viridis might provide better glycemic control and hypolipidemic effect in diabetic rats when administered alone or combined with oral antidiabetic agents. Incorporating M. viridis extract with metformin in improving hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions in diabetic rats proves that M. viridis has a synergistic effect, which could enhance the antidiabetic activity of oral hypoglycemic agents.
Toxicity and Safety Analysis of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine: A Comprehensive Systematic Review Ivanov, Ivan; Kirillova, Daria; Erimbetov, Kenes; Shatalov, Denis
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 3
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0303263

Abstract

Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is a commonly used disinfectant, but safety concerns have arisen due to poisoning cases. This systematic review assesses the toxicity and safety of PHMG by inhalation, oral administration, skin contact, and ocular contact to determine its potential medical applications and acceptable concentration limits. Searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, and CyberLeninka up to January 2024 identified 11 in vitro studies with human cell lines, 28 animal studies, and 10 articles involving patients and healthy volunteers. The review found that inhalation of PHMG leads to pulmonary fibrosis and malignant neoplasms, making aerosol forms unacceptable. PHMG can also affect liver function and have adverse effects on the heart, kidneys, and hematopoietic system. For dermal use, PHMG appears to be safe at concentrations up to 3%, although practical use may limit this to 1% due to potential discomfort. Still, it is important to consider possible sensitization, especially in patients with pre-existing skin conditions. In oral hygiene, 1% PHMG-P has been used safely in periodontal treatment, suggesting its potential in dentistry. For ophthalmic use, concentrations should be carefully monitored. PHMG-P solutions below 0.13% appear to be safe for human corneal epithelium, however lower concentrations still pose a risk of corneal fibrosis, as shown in animal studies. Physicians should prefer lower concentrations and consider alternatives or formulations with reduced toxicity for sensitive applications such as eye drops. Overall, although PHMG and its derivatives show promise in a variety of medical applications, their use should be reasonable, with careful consideration of the associated risks.
Evaluation of Total Flavonoid Content, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition, and Uric Acid Inhibitory Activity In Vitro and In Vivo of Ethanol Extract of Sida rhombifolia Aulena, Desi Nadya; Kumala, Shirly; Abdillah, Syamsudin; Rahmat, Deni; Sugiastuti, Fenty; Indarwati, Indarwati; Fitriyani, Dwi
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 3
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0303255

Abstract

Secondary metabolites content in Sida rhombifolia L. (SR) are believed to inhibit the xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, which is responsible for converting hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid. This study aimed to compare flavonoid levels, XO inhibitory activity, and the reduction of uric acid levels of sidaguri herb, stem, leaves, and root extract both in vitro and in vivo. The research results showed that the highest total flavonoid content in SR was found in the leaves, at 21.29±0.08 mg/QE/g extract. The IC50 values were as follows: roots (EESRR 1096.07±1.07 ppm), stems (EESRS 561.62±7.01 ppm), leaves (EESRL 101.84±0.63 ppm), and herbs (EESRH 104.70±3.50 ppm). EESR can inhibit the XO enzyme and has potential as an anti-hyperuricemia agent. The best total flavonoid content and IC50 values were observed in EESRL, which are 21.29±0.08 mg/QE/g and 101.84±0.63 ppm, respectively. EESRL at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW has the equivalent ability to reduce blood uric acid levels in mice when compared to the positive control group. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that EESRL has significant potential as a natural XO inhibitor and can be considered a promising candidate for the development of anti-hyperuricemia treatments.
Praecitrullus fistulosus Fruit Extract Ameliorates Type II Diabetic Complications in Rats: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation Mishra, Shanti Bhushan; Verma, Juhi; Sahu, Garima; Gupta, Nishi
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 4 Issue 1
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0401291

Abstract

This study explored the safety and antidiabetic potential of a hydroalcoholic extract of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruits, along with qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. The antidiabetic effect was evaluated using in vitro methods, including α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, as well as an in vivo high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. Molecular docking studies were conducted to identify phytochemicals responsible for the antidiabetic effects. The fruit extract exhibited maximum inhibition of 52.06% and 58.10% for α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, respectively, at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The extract also demonstrated a significant (p < 0.001) and dose-dependent antidiabetic effect at oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in the tested animals. In silico analysis revealed that α-tocopherol exhibited the best docking pose, with a docking energy of -8.2 kcal/mol. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Praecitrullus fistulosus contains phytochemicals effective in controlling glucose levels. This study also validates the traditional use of Praecitrullus fistulosus fruits in managing diabetes.
Development of Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Hydrogel Incorporating Polyvinylpyrrolidone and PHMG Ivanov, Ivan; Shatalov, Denis
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0304289

Abstract

This study focuses on the development of a chitosan-based hydrogel incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride for the rehabilitation of damaged and contaminated skin. The thermal properties of chitosan-containing films were characterized by measuring the glass transition temperature (Tg) using differential scanning calorimetry. Due to challenges in accurately determining the Tg of chitosan from experimental and literature data, an additional method, dynamic mechanical analysis, was employed. Using the literature value for the Tg of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride, the transitions of the components were determined. The estimated sorption capacity of the developed hydrogel showed that the inclusion of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride reduced the moisture content, as expected. However, the overall behavior of the hydrogels remained similar. Vapor permeability, an important factor in wound healing, was also evaluated. Antimicrobial testing revealed no activity for the chitosan control sample despite some reports in the literature, while the samples containing polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy. These findings suggest that the incorporation of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and polyvinylpyrrolidone significantly enhances both the mechanical strength and antimicrobial potential of chitosan-based hydrogels, positioning them as promising candidates for the treatment of contaminated wounds.
Optimization of Cream Formulation with Borneo Tallow Nut, Almond Oil, and Olive Oil Using the Simplex Lattice Design Method Butar-Butar, Maria Elvina Tresia; Taufiqurrahman, Muh; Agus, Adhe Septa Ryant; Sari, Dwi Retno; Selvina, Selvina; Tokan, Santa Eufrasia Carolin
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0304260

Abstract

Dry skin, a common dermatological issue affecting individuals across all age groups, often disrupts the skin's protective barrier, leading to discomfort and increased sensitivity. Addressing this condition involves the use of moisturizers, which play a vital role in restoring skin hydration. In this study, a cream preparation was successfully developed using vegetable oils, including Borneo Tallow Nut, Almond Oil, and Olive Oil. The cream formula was optimized using the Design-Expert software with the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method to evaluate the impact of different concentrations of these oils on the cream's pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion. The results demonstrated that the cream exhibited excellent thermo-physical stability, with optimum values of Borneo Tallow Nut at 1.349% w/w, Almond Oil at 3.598% w/w, and Olive Oil at 4.051% w/w. The cream achieved a pH value of 5.702, viscosity of 16.851 Cp, spreadability of 8.147 cm, and adhesion of 63.682 s, with a desirability score of 0.718. This research confirms that Borneo Tallow Nut, Olive Oil, and Almond Oil have significant potential as excipients in cream formulations.
Formulation and Characterization of Resveratrol-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) with Mesua ferrea Seed Oil as Liquid Lipid Lahan, Madhuchandra
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0304271

Abstract

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) are colloidal drug delivery systems composed of both solid and liquid lipids. They enhance drug loading capacity, regulate the release of poorly water-soluble drugs, and are suitable for targeted delivery. Resveratrol, a polyphenol with promising anticancer properties, faces challenges due to its low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and chemical instability, resulting in rapid metabolism and excretion. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a delivery system that safeguards resveratrol during its transit through the body. This study aimed to develop and characterize resveratrol-loaded NLCs using the nano-precipitation method followed by ultrasonication, incorporating Mesua ferrea seed oil as the liquid lipid. The NLCs were evaluated for particle size, morphology (TEM), zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and in vitro drug release. The resulting NLCs demonstrated stability and homogeneity, with a particle size of 181.6 ± 12.4 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.135 ± 0.09, drug entrapment efficiency of 82.76 ± 12.2%, and drug loading capacity of 42.94 ± 7.5%. They exhibited sustained drug release, achieving 84.56% release within 24 h. These findings suggest that the developed NLCs can effectively enhance the incorporation and controlled release of poorly water-soluble drugs like resveratrol, offering potential advantages over conventional delivery systems.
Druggability of Pharmaceutical Compounds Using Lipinski Rules with Machine Learning Nhlapho, Samukelisiwe; Nyathi, Musawenkosi Hope Lotriet; Ngwenya, Brendeline Linah; Dube, Thabile; Telukdarie, Arnesh; Munien, Inderasan; Vermeulen, Andre; Chude-Okonkwo, Uche A. K
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0304264

Abstract

In the field of pharmaceutical research, identifying promising pharmaceutical compounds is a critical challenge. The observance of Lipinski's Rule of Five (RO5) is a fundamental criterion, but evaluating many compounds manually requires significant resources and time. However, the integration of computational techniques in drug discovery in its early stages has significantly transformed the pharmaceutical industry, enabling further efficient screening and selection of possible drug candidates. Therefore, this study explores RO5 using algorithms of Machine Learning (ML), offering a comprehensive method to predict the druggability of pharmaceutical compounds. The study developed, evaluated, and validated the performance metrics of multiple supervised machine learning models. The best model was used to build an application that can predict and classify potential drug candidates. The findings revealed promising capabilities across all models for drug classification. Among all the explored models, Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost), and Decision Tree (DT) classifiers demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving near-perfect accuracy of 99.94%, 99.81% and 99.87% respectively. This highlights the robustness of ensemble learning methods in classifying compounds based on RO5 adherence. The comparative analysis of these models underscores the importance of considering balanced accuracy, precision, F1-score, recall, and Receiver Operating Characteristics-Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) score, interpretability, and computational efficiency when choosing between ML algorithms in drug discovery. The DrugCheckMaster application was subsequently developed using the most predictive model and is now available on Render (https://capstone-project-dc7w.onrender.com/).
Phytoconstituents and In Vitro Free Radical Scavenging Potential of n-Hexane and Aqueous Fractions of Cucurbita maxima and Leptadenia hastata Dahiru, Mubarak Muhammad; Danga, James; Oni, Abdulhasib Oluwatobi; Zoaka, Hesper Alex; Peter, Rejoice Daniel; Zira, Usanye; Christopher, Patience; Alkasim, Hauwa Yahaya; Zainab, Muhammad
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0304265

Abstract

The present study explored the phytoconstituents and radical scavenging activity of the respective n-hexane and aqueous fractions of Cucurbita maxima (CMHF and CMAF) and Leptadenia hastata (LHHF and LHAF) for potential application in oxidative stress-related ailments. The phytoconstituents were qualitatively determined and characterized using Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR), while the antioxidant activity was determined in vitro. Alkaloids were present in only the aqueous fractions of C. maxima and L. hastata, while saponins, steroids, and flavonoids were detected in all the fractions. The FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups, including alcohols, sulfonates, alkenes, alkanes, amines, and aromatics in both plant fractions. The LHHF (35.53 ±2.11 ascorbic acid (AA) equivalent µg/mL) exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) higher total reducing power (TRP) than all the other fractions. The CMHF (69.11 ±2.56 AAE µg/mL) demonstrated a significantly (p<0.05) higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) than all the other fractions. For the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) assay, the highest inhibition was exhibited by LHHF (79.78 ± 3.24%), significantly (p<0.05) higher than AA (26.46 ± 2.12%), CMHF (69.77 ± 3.16%), and CMAF (43.80 ± 2.12%). In the thiobarbituric acid assay, the lowest MDA concentration was exhibited by the CMHF (0.07 ±0.01 nmol/mL), significantly (p<0.05) lower than all the other fractions and ascorbic acid. Conclusively, the n-hexane fraction of both plants presents potential sources of novel antioxidant compounds with significant free radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation activities, applicable in ailments linked to oxidative stress.
Exploring the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Libyan Community Pharmacists in Relation to Vitamin Supplements in Tripoli/Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study Rghebi, Nabila Ali; Elmzughi, Rima Farag; Alrgaei, Reham Abubaker; Belal, Malak Amar
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 4 Issue 1
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0401303

Abstract

Vitamins are essential for many bodily functions and must be obtained through food or supplements. Community pharmacists play an active role in educating patients about vitamins and supplements, guiding their safe use, and helping avoid potential drug-vitamin interactions. This study employed a cross-sectional design, targeting Libyan community pharmacists in Tripoli between August and November 2024, to assess their knowledge, attitudes, practices, and opinions regarding vitamin supplements. The selected participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, and the collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Pearson’s correlation was used to assess the relationship between knowledge, attitude, practice, and opinion. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 200 pharmacists who participated, more than half were female (118, 59%), and over two-thirds (139, 69.5%) held a Bachelor's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences as their highest qualification. Nearly two-thirds (130, 65%) had less than five years of work experience. Based on their self-assessment, 95 (47.5%) of the pharmacists felt moderately confident in their knowledge of vitamin supplements. Notably, the majority of community pharmacists scored above average in all four domains: knowledge (122, 61%), attitude (142, 71%), practice (126, 63%), and opinion (150, 75%). A significant negative correlation was found between knowledge and attitude (p < 0.05). Regarding the dispensing of vitamins without a prescription, 71 (35.5%) of community pharmacists usually dispensed them to 50% of their patients, with adult patients (136, 68%) being the largest age category. Additionally, 78 (39%) of pharmacists relied on laboratory test results before dispensing. Focused educational initiatives aimed at enhancing pharmacists' understanding and improving their dispensing practices are necessary.

Page 7 of 12 | Total Record : 112

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