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Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences.
Published by Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26563088     DOI : https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture, Engineering,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences (JPS) with e-ISSN: 2656-3088 is a scholarly peer-reviewed open access journal related to Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, biotechnology, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmacy practice, Pharmacogenomics, Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Pharmacology, Novel drug delivery system, Nanotechnology, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Natural Chemistry, Polymer Sciences, Clinical Pharmacy, pharmaceutical management, pharmacoeconomics, pharmacoepidemiology, clinical pharmacy, community pharmacy, social pharmacy, pharmaceutical marketing, government policies related to pharmacy, pharmaceutical care, Medical Biotechnology, Biochemistry, food chemistry, health and applied sciences relevant to the field of pharmacy. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences (JPS) accepts manuscripts in Indonesian Language (Bahasa Indonesia) with titles and abstracts in bilingual, both Indonesian and English. We accept article manuscripts in the form of original research, literature reviews, and systematic reviews. We do not accept articles in the form of case reports
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 885 Documents
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Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Jamu Serbuk Instan Tinospora crispa dan Citrus aurantifolia dengan Eksipien Taste Masking Rosyfiana Syafi'i Salma; Nawafila Februyani; Abdul Basith
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1673

Abstract

Tinospora crispa has a strong bitter taste that can limit palatability. Bitter sensation is detected by taste receptors distributed across the tongue and may be prominent in the posterior tongue, where circumvallate papillae contain numerous taste buds. Citrus aurantifolia may modify this sensory profile. This study aimed to formulate an instant herbal powder containing Tinospora crispa and Citrus aurantifolia with graded maltodextrin-sucrose ratios and to evaluate its initial physical and sensory characteristics. Three formulas containing 20-40% maltodextrin and 45-65% sucrose were prepared in triplicate. Organoleptic properties, visual homogeneity, flow properties, moisture content, dissolution time, pH, and exploratory hedonic responses from seven untrained panelists were evaluated. Physical data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD, while sensory data were analyzed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction. All formulas were fine, visually homogeneous powders with a pH of 5 and moisture content of 2.50-3.67%. The excipient ratio significantly affected angle of repose and moisture content. Global differences were found for taste and overall acceptance, but no pairwise comparison remained significant after correction. F1 had the lowest moisture content, F2 the lowest angle of repose and fastest descriptive dissolution time, and F3 the fastest flow time and highest descriptive taste and overall-acceptance scores. Overall, no single formulation was superior across all physical parameters. However, F3 demonstrated the most favorable overall performance, particularly in the sensory evaluation, indicating its potential for further development.
Potensi Antidiabetes Teh Celup Ekstrak Tinospora crispa (L.) dan Stevia rebaudiana Menggunakan Teknik Co-Processing Granulasi Basah Alfiatul Khasanah; Nawafila Februyani; Atika Nirmala
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1679

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder requiring practical herbal therapies with controlled physical quality. Tinospora crispa (L.) is known to possess antidiabetic potential through its alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid constituents, while Stevia rebaudiana serves as a natural low-calorie sweetener and may offer additional metabolic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics and antidiabetic potential of tea bags containing a combination of Tinospora crispa (L.) extract and Stevia rebaudiana powder prepared using wet-granulation co-processing technique. Methods: Three formulations were developed with varying concentrations of Tinospora crispa (L.) extract at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Extraction was performed using an ultrasonic-assisted method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Physical quality evaluation included moisture content, weight uniformity, brewing time, infusion pH, and homogeneity. An exploratory in vivo test was conducted on 15 alloxan-induced Swiss Webster mice (n=3 per group) over 7 days. Statistical analysis employed One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test at α=0.05 significance level. Results: The extract yield was 39.07%. All formulations demonstrated homogeneity with uniform fill weight of 2 g per bag. Significant differences among formulations were observed in moisture content (*p*=0.001; η²=0.895), brewing time (*p*=0.006; η²=0.822), and infusion pH (*p*=0.031; η²=0.687). In the in vivo study, the positive control and all formulation groups showed a tendency toward decreasing blood glucose levels, whereas the negative control group exceeded the glucometer detection limit (>500 mg/dL) from day 5 to day 7. The formulation containing 10% extract (F2) demonstrated the largest descriptive reduction from 210.67 to 88.00 mg/dL (58.23%). Conclusion: Variations in Tinospora crispa (L.) extract concentration affected several physical quality parameters; however, no single formulation was superior across all tested parameters. The in vivo findings suggest a tendency toward antidiabetic activity, yet further studies with larger sample sizes, placebo controls, active compound standardization, and safety evaluations are required to confirm efficacy and elucidate the mechanism of action.
Hubungan Status Gizi Berdasarkan Indeks Massa Tubuh Dengan Kadar Hemoglobin Sebagai Determinan Kesehatan Remaja Putri Putri Permata Sari; Buntar Handayani; Elfira Awalia Rahmawati; Sri Atun Wahyuningsih
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 2 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i2.1694

Abstract

Introduction: Anemia among adolescent girls remains a significant public health challenge with multifaceted consequences, including impaired growth, reduced academic performance, and compromised future reproductive health. Nutritional status, commonly assessed using Body Mass Index (BMI), is hypothesized to influence hemoglobin levels through various physiological mechanisms, yet the nature and strength of this relationship in specific populations require further investigation. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and hemoglobin levels as a determinant of reproductive health among adolescent girls in an urban vocational high school setting. Methods: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 135 adolescent girls selected through total sampling technique. Nutritional status was assessed through anthropometric measurements (body weight and height) to calculate BMI, categorized using Asian-specific cutoffs. Hemoglobin levels were measured using a digital hemoglobinometer. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics for univariate analysis, Spearman correlation test to examine the association between BMI and hemoglobin levels, and Chi-square test to determine the relationship between BMI categories and anemia prevalence, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 17.04±0.76 years, with mean BMI of 23.60±5.90 kg/m² and mean hemoglobin level of 13.11±2.11 g/dL. The majority of participants had normal nutritional status (45.2%), while the prevalence of anemia was 28.9%. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between BMI and hemoglobin levels (r=0.285; p=0.001). Chi-square analysis demonstrated a significant association between BMI categories and anemia (χ²=31.65; p<0.001), with the highest anemia prevalence observed among underweight participants (67.9%). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed underweight nutritional status as an independent determinant of anemia (adjusted OR=8.42; 95% CI: 3.12–22.71; p<0.001) after controlling for age, grade, and iron supplementation adherence. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant association between BMI and hemoglobin levels among adolescent girls, with better nutritional status correlated with higher hemoglobin levels and lower anemia risk. The findings underscore the importance of integrating routine nutritional assessment and hemoglobin screening into school-based adolescent reproductive health programs. Targeted interventions addressing both underweight and overweight nutritional status, alongside iron supplementation and nutritional education, are essential for comprehensive anemia prevention and improved reproductive health outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Hilirisasi Limbah Kelapa Sawit: Potensi Fraksi Tak Tersabunkan sebagai Bahan Aktif Anti-Aging dan Pelembap Alami dalam Industri Kosmetik Modern Chantiara Farida Makussy Muini; Munir Alinu Mulki
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 2 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i2.1700

Abstract

Background: The Indonesian palm oil industry generates substantial waste, one of which is Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), which has been predominantly utilized as a low-value industrial raw material or discarded as waste. However, PFAD contains an unsaponifiable fraction rich in high-value bioactive compounds such as vitamin E (tocotrienols and tocopherols), squalene, phytosterols, and carotenoids, which possess significant potential as natural cosmetic active ingredients. Objective: This study aims to examine the potential of palm oil waste downstreaming, particularly the unsaponifiable fraction of PFAD, as a source of bioactive compounds for anti-aging and moisturizing applications in the modern cosmetics industry. Methods: This research is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) employing a qualitative descriptive approach. Literature searches were conducted through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases using keywords related to palm oil waste, PFAD, and unsaponifiable fraction, with publication restrictions set for the last five years (2021–2026). From 210 initially identified articles, 9 articles were selected after screening processes based on titles, abstracts, and full-text eligibility. Data were analyzed using a descriptive meta-synthesis approach. Results: The findings indicate that PFAD contains significant bioactive compounds, with total tocotrienol reaching 2,136 ppm and vitamin E levels up to 12,282 ppm after purification processes. The most effective extraction methods were achieved through supercritical CO₂ with ethanol as a co-solvent (30.03 ± 0.03 mg/g) and ionic liquid [C₄MIM]Ac (75.41% efficiency). The bioactive compounds of the unsaponifiable fraction demonstrated potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ up to 23.3 ppm), which plays a role in inhibiting oxidative stress—a primary factor in premature aging—while also maintaining skin moisture through emollient mechanisms. Formulation studies revealed that nanoemulsion applications increased skin moisture from 51% to 62.5% and elasticity from 85% to 98.5%, while palm lipid-based body butter, cream, and lotion preparations exhibited good physical stability with skin-safe pH (5–6) and no irritation. Conclusion: The unsaponifiable fraction of palm oil waste has strategic potential to be developed as a modern cosmetic active ingredient, supporting the concept of a circular economy and national cosmetic raw material self-sufficiency. However, further research is still required for clinical validation of anti-aging and moisturizing effects on human skin, as well as optimization of sustainable processing technologies.
Prevalensi, Profil, dan Outcome Koinfeksi Tuberkulosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit Rujukan Surakarta Aliya Ully Nihaya; Zakky Cholisoh
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 2 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i2.1704

Abstract

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain significant global health problems. Indonesia has one of the highest tuberculosis case burdens in the world and continues to experience an increasing number of HIV cases each year. TB-HIV coinfection has a significant negative impact on the immune system and patient treatment outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical profiles, and treatment outcomes of patients with TB-HIV coinfection at a referral hospital in Surakarta. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study with a descriptive approach conducted at a referral hospital in Surakarta from January to December 2024. Data were obtained from medical records of outpatients with TB-HIV coinfection who met the inclusion criteria (TB patients aged >18 years who were confirmed HIV-positive). Variables analyzed included sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, area of residence, occupation), CD4 cell count, body weight, and treatment outcomes. Data analysis was performed descriptively using frequency distributions and percentages. Results: From 325 HIV patient medical records, 61 patients with TB-HIV coinfection were identified, yielding a prevalence of 18.77%. The highest proportion was found in the 41–50 years age group (26.20%), males (68.90%), and patients who were employed (82.00%). Most patients resided in rural areas (57.20%). Among 22 patients with complete CD4 data, 15 patients (24.60%) had CD4 counts ≥300 cells/mm³ and 7 patients (11.50%) had CD4 counts <300 cells/mm³. The mean body weight of patients was 53.84 kg. Treatment outcomes showed a cure rate of 37.70%, while suboptimal outcomes consisted of loss to follow up (29.50%), death (8.20%), treatment failure (8.20%), relapse (8.20%), and patients referred out (3.30%). Conclusion: The prevalence of TB-HIV coinfection at the referral hospital in Surakarta was 18.77%, with patient characteristics predominantly consisting of working-age males. The treatment success rate remains low (37.70%), falling below the WHO target (>85%). TB-HIV coinfection requires serious attention, and HIV screening among TB patients should be prioritized to facilitate early diagnosis and improve treatment outcomes for both diseases.
The Hubungan Parameter Farmakokinetik Klinis dengan Variabilitas Respons Antibiotik pada Pasien Gangguan Fungsi Ginjal: Suatu Tinjauan Sistematis Ariska Deffy Anggarany; Wafa Wafa; Rifaldi Saputra
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1714

Abstract

Introduction: Renal impairment affects the pharmacokinetics of various antibiotics eliminated through the renal route, potentially leading to drug accumulation, toxicity, or therapeutic failure if doses are not appropriately adjusted. The variability in antibiotic response in this population remains a clinical challenge due to the complexity of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, degree of renal dysfunction, comorbidities, and dosing strategies. Objective: This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between clinical pharmacokinetic parameters and antibiotic response variability in adult patients with renal impairment, as well as to identify implementable PK/PD-based individualized therapy strategies. Methods: A literature search was conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library (2016–2026) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies involving adult patients (≥18 years) with renal impairment that reported PK/PD parameters and clinical outcomes were included. A narrative synthesis was performed on 18 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: Renal function is a major determinant of antibiotic exposure, particularly for renally eliminated drugs. PK/PD parameters such as AUC/MIC, trough concentration, and %fT>MIC play important roles in assessing therapeutic adequacy, although their association with clinical outcomes is not always consistent due to population heterogeneity, infection severity, and differences in dosing strategies. Higher vancomycin exposure is consistently associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity. PK/PD-based individualized approaches through therapeutic drug monitoring, Bayesian forecasting, and model-informed precision dosing have been shown to improve target concentration attainment and reduce toxicity risk. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are associated with antibiotic response variability in patients with renal impairment, with more consistent relationships observed for toxicity than for efficacy. Integration of PK/PD-based individualized dosing strategies into routine clinical practice is necessary to optimize antibiotic therapy effectiveness and safety, supported by the development of comprehensive predictive models in this population.
Pengaruh suhu dan waktu infusa terhadap kandungan total flavonoid dan total fenolik pada infusa daun benalu (Scurrula feruginea) (Jack) Danser Puji Puji; Fatridha Yansen; Azuxetullatif Azuxetullatif; Boy Andre
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1718

Abstract

Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser has long been utilized in Indonesian traditional herbal medicine owing to its diverse bioactive constituents; however, the influence of preparation conditions on its phytochemical profile remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the effects of infusion temperature (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C) and steeping duration (15, 20, and 30 minutes) on the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of S. ferruginea leaf infusions, employing a 3×3 Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two replicates. Spectrophotometry UV-Vis was performed to quantify TFC and TPC. Two-Way ANOVA depicted that infusion temperature exerted a highly significant effect on TFC (p< 0.001), whereas infusion duration did not significantly influence either variable. A statistically significant temperature and duration interaction was detected for TFC (p<0.001), indicating that the temperature-dependent flavonoid extraction is contingent upon the duration applied. Post hoc Tukey HSD analysis demonstrated that infusion at 70°C yielded significantly lower TFC (1.371 mg QE/g) relative to both 60°C (1.741 mg QE/g) and 80°C (1.687 mg QE/g), with no significant difference observed between the latter two temperatures. TPC remained comparatively stable across all treatment combinations, with temperature, duration, and their interaction all failing to exert a statistically significant effect. These findings establish infusion temperature as the dominant determinant of flavonoid extractability from S. ferruginea leaves, and indicate that a minimum steeping duration of 15 minutes at 60°C or 80°C is sufficient to maximize TFC without compromising TPC. This study provides an evidence-based foundation for optimizing the aqueous preparation of S. ferruginea leaf infusion as a candidate functional herbal beverage.
Pengaruh Penggantian Sikat Gigi Segera Setelah Scaling and Root Planing terhadap Kadar Streptococcus sanguinis Saliva pada Pasien Gingivitis Muhammad Dzaky Sayyid Effendi; Lino Sefa; Nila Kasuma
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1732

Abstract

Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition associated with microbial biofilm accumulation. Scaling and root planing (SRP) is an effective therapy for reducing microbial load; however, bacterial recolonization may occur after treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toothbrush replacement as an adjunctive home-care intervention after SRP on salivary Streptococcus sanguinis levels in patients with gingivitis. This experimental study used a pretest–posttest intervention design involving 36 gingivitis patients divided into control and intervention groups (18 subjects each). All participants received SRP, while the intervention group received a new toothbrush after SRP. Clinical parameters, including Gingival Index (GI) and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), and salivary S. sanguinis levels were evaluated before and after intervention. Saliva samples were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Both groups showed significant improvements in GI and OHI-S after SRP (p < 0.001). The mean salivary S. sanguinis level in the control group decreased from 4.94 ± 0.13 to 4.93 ± 0.12 (Δ -0.01; p = 0.863), while the intervention group decreased from 4.83 ± 0.23 to 4.76 ± 0.14 (Δ -0.07; p = 0.367). Post-intervention analysis demonstrated a significantly lower S. sanguinis level in the toothbrush replacement group compared with the control group (4.76 ± 0.14 vs. 4.93 ± 0.12; mean difference = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.07–0.26; p = 0.001). Toothbrush replacement following SRP may provide additional benefits in controlling microbial colonization and supporting periodontal health maintenance in patients with gingivitis.
Uji efektivitas salep kombinasis Nothopnax sculleturium (daun mangkokan) dan Colocasia esculenta L. (daun talas) terhadap penyembuhan luka sayat kelinci jantan Ekawaty Suryani Mastari; Hanafis Sastra Winata; Ruth Mayana Rumanti; Sari Bulan Novita
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1739

Abstract

Background: Nothopanax scutellarium (mangkokan leaves) and Colocasia esculenta L. (taro petioles) contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids, which play essential roles in wound healing. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a topical ointment containing a combination of ethanolic extracts of mangkokan leaves and taro petioles on incised wound healing in male rabbits. Methods: A laboratory experimental study with a post-test-only control group design was conducted using three ointment formulas (10%:5%, 7.5%:7.5%, and 5%:10%), alongside positive (povidone-iodine) and negative controls. Wound length was measured daily for 10 days. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test at a significance level of α = 0.05. Results: All formulations significantly accelerated wound healing compared with the negative control (p < 0.05). The 5%:10% formulation achieved complete wound closure on day 7, showing a statistically significant difference from the positive control (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of mangkokan leaf and taro petiole extracts effectively promotes incised wound healing, with the 5%:10% formula demonstrating the most optimal effect. These findings support the potential of developing this herbal ointment as a safe and efficient antiseptic alternative.
Aplikasi Topikal Red Palm Oil (Elaeis Guineensis) Sebagai Adjuvan Scaling Root-Planing pada Gingivitis: Pengaruh terhadap Parameter Klinis dan Kadar Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Saliva : Sebuah Uji Klinis Acak Terkontrol Tersamar Ganda Dinda Ratna Juwita; Hirowati Ali; Cimi Ilmiawati
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences JPS Volume 9 Nomor 3 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v9i3.1744

Abstract

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gingiva caused by dental plaque accumulation. Scaling root-planing (SRP) is the gold standard therapy for gingivitis; however, its long-term effectiveness may be limited due to bacterial recolonization and plaque re-accumulation after treatment. Red Palm Oil (RPO) (Elaeis guineensis) contains bioactive compounds with potential as an adjunctive therapy following SRP. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of topical RPO application as an adjunctive therapy after SRP on changes in clinical parameters and salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels in gingivitis patients. Methods: This study utilized a randomized controlled trial design. A total of 40 gingivitis patients were randomly assigned into two groups: the control group (n=20), receiving SRP with placebo application, and the RPO group (n=20), receiving SRP followed by topical RPO application. The evaluated parameters included Gingival Index (GI), Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), and salivary MMP-8 levels. Statistical analyses were performed using parametric and nonparametric tests according to data distribution. Results: Significant differences in GI and OHI-S changes were observed between the control and RPO groups (p<0.05), with a greater reduction in clinical parameter scores in the RPO group. Analysis of salivary MMP-8 levels showed a decrease after intervention in both groups; however, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Topical application of Red Palm Oil as an adjunctive therapy after SRP has the potential to improve clinical periodontal parameters in gingivitis patients. However, the additional effect of RPO on changes in salivary MMP-8 levels has not demonstrated a statistically significant difference compared with SRP alone.

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