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Folia Medica Indonesiana The Unit of Journal Consortium and Folia Medica Indonesiana Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Pacar Kembang, Kec. Tambaksari, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60132, Indonesia
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Folia Medica Indonesiana
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : 23558398     EISSN : 2599056X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.65346/2958-4515.2401
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience
Folia Medica Indonesiana, as indicated by its name, focuses on publishing good quality articles about research and education on health science and medicine in Indonesia. However, due to the fast growth of science and knowledge in these fields, we also welcome submitted articles from around the world, especially the ones that contain related matters from lower-middle income countries. Folia Medica Indonesiana is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that is published online at least four times a year. The scope covers various aspects of basic medical sciences includes anatomy, physiology, pathology, microbiology, pharmacology, and molecular medicine) and clinical medicine (covers specialties like internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, oncology, psychiatry, etc). We highlight the pathology and potential treatment of metabolic syndromes and infectious diseases. Folia Medica Indonesiana also encourages the publication of articles about health education. The scope includes, but is not limited to, articles that emphasize on preventive education on certain diseases in a community, also research report of various materials and/or methods to develop medical education. We recognize the importance of this type of articles to be published alongside the assigned topic in each of our yearly issues, to provide our readers with updated information in medical sciences’ research and education simultaneously.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)
Articles 571 Documents
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Physical Activity Levels and Total Food Intake among Preclinical Students at a School of Medicine and Health Sciences Halim, Lydia Esterlita; Tjhay, Francisca; Prastowo, Nawanto Agung; , Vetinly; Widjaja, Nelly Tina
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 59, No. 3
Publisher : Folia Medica Indonesiana

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Highlights: 1. This is the first cross-sectional study in Indonesia that was conducted specifically to find a correlation between physical activity levels and food intake. 2. As lower physical activity was found to be associated with higher food intake, this study suggests that physical activity might be taken into consideration to manipulate one's food consumption Abstract One of the most crucial things a person can do to enhance the well-being of their body is to engage in regular physical activity. However, currently, there are still many people who have low physical activity levels. It is stated that habitual physical activity can affect the sensitivity of food intake regulation. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the total food intake and physical activity of preclinical students. This study was conducted using the cross-sectional method among preclinical students (n=238) in the classes of 2017, 2018, and 2019 at the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. Subjects with appetite-manipulating supplements, a diet program, a history of metabolic disease, a history of eating disorders, stress, or trauma were excluded from this study. The physical activity level was evaluated using the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ), while the total food intake was evaluated using the three-day food record method. The statistical test applied in this study was the Spearman test, with a significance of p<0.05. There were 22.3% of respondents with a low physical activity level, and there were 9.7% of respondents with a total food intake higher than recommended. The statistical analysis showed a significant negative correlation between physical activity levels and total food intake (p=0.008). In conclusion, there is an association between students' physical activity levels and their total food intake.
Larvicidal Effect of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Flower Extract Against Aedes aegypti Winianti, Ni Wayan; Budi Apsari, Putu Indah; Jayanti, Ni Kadek Meta
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 3
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Highlights: 1. This study attempted an experiment on the novel invention of a naturally sourced larvacide, specifically breadfruit (Artocarpus atilis) flower extract, against Aedes aegepti. 2. The findings of this study suggest that breadfruit flower extract can serve as an effective larvacide, as evident by an increased mortality rate of Aedes aegepti larvae. Abstract Dengue hemorrhagic fever remains a major problem in Indonesia. The mosquito that spreads this disease is the Aedes aegypti species. The use of larvicides is a viable method to inhibit the growth of larvae into adult mosquitoes. The flowers of breadfruits (Artocarpus atilis) have long been used as a natural mosquito killer. The objectives of this study were to determine the lethal dose 50 (LC50) of breadfruit flower extract and to analyze its potential as a larvicide against stage 2–3 instar Aedes aegypti larvae. In this true experimental research, each of four treatment groups was administered with breadfruit flower extracts at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 90 ppm, respectively. The positive control group was treated with temephos (Abate), while the negative control group received no treatment. Larval mortality was recorded at 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours post-intervention. The observed larval deaths were compared among the groups. Quantitative data encompassing the larval mortality in each group were analyzed using the repetitive analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the probit test with minimum p value <0.05. The results indicated that the LC50 value of breadfruit flower extract was 52.67–54.12 ppm. The doses of 50 ppm, 75 ppm and 90 ppm were effective in killing Aedes aegypti larvae. In conclusion, breadfruit flower extract of 50 ppm and higher can effectively kill Aedes aegypti larvae.
Antibiotic-Producing Streptomyces sp. Isolated from the Soil of a Mangrove Ecosystem Retnowati, Wiwin; Mertaniasih, Ni Made; Purwanta, Marijam; Wiqoyah, Nurul; , Atika; Maharani, Sekar; Mahdani, Wilda
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 59, No. 3
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Highlights: 1. The unexplored soil of mangrove ecosystems in Surabaya, Indonesia, has the potential to be home to biodiversity, including Streptomyces sp. that can produce antibiotics. 2. Streptomyces sp. has antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the duration of incubation plays a critical role in regulating the antibacterial activity. Abstract A mangrove ecosystem in Surabaya, Indonesia, has a high salinity, pH, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrate contents. This ecosystem comprises a mixture of sand, dust, mud, and clay, which has the potential to be a conducive environment for the isolation of Streptomyces. The importance of Streptomyces in biotechnology lies in its ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which represent a valuable reservoir of antibiotics. This research aimed to assess the antibiotic activity exhibited by Streptomyces sp. isolated from the soil of a mangrove ecosystem in Wonorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia. The analysis focused on the potential of Streptomyces sp. to produce antibiotics that work against Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Salmonella Typhimurium). The antibacterial activity test was conducted using the modified agar diffusion method. Observations were performed to identify any clear zone formation around the Streptomyces sp. agar colonies with a diameter of 0.8 cm and a height of 3 mm. The clear zone diameter was measured every 24 hours during the 10-day incubation period to assess the diversity of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial profile of Streptomyces sp. exhibited varying levels of activity against different bacterial strains in the tests conducted. The inhibition zone diameters demonstrated the highest levels of activity in Bacillus subtilis (15.9 mm) on day 7, Staphylococcus aureus (27.6 mm) on day 2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.3 mm) on day 7, Escherichia coli (29.2 mm) on day 5, and Salmonella Typhimurium (27.5 mm) on day 7. The results indicated that Streptomyces sp. had inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria as well as Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, Streptomyces sp. is a source of biodiversity found in the soil of mangrove ecosystems and has the ability to produce antibiotics.
Sexual Abuse and Neglect during Childhood are Associated with an Increased Prevalence of Mental Health Problems among University Students in Surakarta, Indonesia Putu Dian Apriandary, Ni; Muthmainah,; Setyaningrum, Rohmaningtyas Hidayah; Septiawan, Debree
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 3
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Highlights:1. This study reiterates the long-term negative impact of childhood trauma on young adults' mental health.2. This study contributes to the prevention of mental disorders through the identification of risk factors associated with mental health problems. AbstractThe prevalence of mental health problems is a global public health concern. Young adults, such as university students, are highly vulnerable to the onset of mental health problems due to biological, psychological, and social factors. In particular, abusive and traumatic experiences during childhood may increase the risk of developing mental health problems during adulthood. The prevalence of child abuse cases in Indonesia is concerning. This abuse includes physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, in addition to neglect. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the occurrence of mental disorder symptoms during young adulthood and the preceding child abuse. A total of 191 undergraduate students in Surakarta, Indonesia, participated in this study. The participants completed the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale (CATS) for the evaluation of maltreatment experienced during childhood and adolescence as well as the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) for the measurement of mental health problem symptoms. The association of the degree of child abuse and trauma with mental health problems was analyzed using a logistic regression test, which was selected because the dependent variable (mental health problems) had binary outcomes. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. We found that 33% of the participants reported mental health problems. In addition, sexual abuse and neglect were found to be associated with mental health problems. The analysis of the sexual abuse variable revealed a statistically significant value of p=0.03, an odds ratio (OR) of 1.39, and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.03-1.88. Additionally, the analysis of the neglect variable yielded comparable results with values of p=0.03, OR=1.26, and 95% CI=1.02-1.55. Our findings suggest that child abuse, particularly sexual abuse and neglect, may have a long-term deleterious impact on an individual’s mental health.
Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum Î’-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli in Inpatients at a Tertiary Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia Wuwuti, Ishak Samuel; , Kuntaman; Wasito, Eddy Bagus
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 58, No. 3
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Highlights: • ESBL frequency in women was higher than in men. • Catheter use in patients with urinary tract infections and recurrent urinary tract infections has four times the risk of ESBL caused by Escherichia coli bacteria • ESBL-producing E.coli bacteria are resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and ceftriaxone. Abstract: The incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria has become a global problem and has increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors for the incidence of UTI in inpatients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya. This research was an analytic descriptive study. Specimens were sent to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory using sterile containers and processed according to standard laboratory procedures. It resulted in ESBL-producing E. coli that were used as a case group and non ESBL-producing E. coli as a control group. The identification and testing of antibiotic susceptibility were carried out using the BD Phoenixâ„¢ Automated Microbiology System. Ninety-four bacterial isolates were collected, consisting of 54 (57.4%) ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria and 40 (42.6%) non ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria. Recurrent UTIs (OR = 4.31; ρ =0.002; 95% CI = 1.68-11.04) and catheter use (ρ = 0.049; OR = 4.250; 95% CI = 1.050-17.210) were used as independent risk factors caused by ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria. Recurrent UTIs and catheter use were dependent risk factors caused by ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria.
Efficacy and Safety of Ozoralizumab versus Moxibustion for Rheumatoid Arthritis Susanti, Luthfiana Rofhani; Mustika, Arifa; Rahmawati, Lita Diah; Kencono Wungu, Citrawati Dyah
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 4
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that symmetrically damages the synovial membrane, affecting approximately 13% of the global population. Systemic complications and substantial declines in quality of life may result from untreated rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of moxibustion and ozoralizumab in reducing disease activity scores in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Between July 2023 and February 2025, we conducted a thorough search on four online databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and ProQuest) using keywords, reference searches, and other methods following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The obtained randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (ROB2) tool. MetaInsight version 5.2.1 was utilized to perform the indirect network meta-analysis, using mean difference (MD) as the summary statistics. The measurement of the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) indicated that ozoralizumab had a more significant effect on rheumatoid arthritis compared to placebo (MD=-1.88, 95% CI=-2.24-(-1.52)) and moxibustion (MD=-0.69, 95% CI=-1.07-0.31). Ozoralizumab demonstrated mild, moderate, and severe side effects, whereas moxibustion displayed modest side effects in comparison to placebo. In summary, both ozoralizumab and moxibustion reduced DAS28 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with ozoralizumab proving to be the more effective treatment. However, the adverse effects of ozoralizumab were more varied than those of moxibustion.
The Tubarial Glands: Key Anatomical Features and Clinical Significance Nur Aditya, Dwi Martha; Santosa, Winnie Nirmala; Marzuki, Jefman Efendi; Sukarno, Devitya Angielevi; Baharuddin, Baharuddin; Prawitasari, Dita Sukmaya; Sajuni, Sajuni; Setyo Wicaksono, Adhimas; Djuanda, Stephanie Natasha
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 4
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Medical technological advancements have revealed previously unknown anatomical features in the nasal cavity known as tubarial glands. However, many questions remain unanswered concerning these glands. Through this systematic review, we sought to analyze the tubarial glands, including their major discovery, anatomical and histological features, and clinical significance. Articles were identified according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, with data collected from Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and PubMed until September 2024. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were utilized with various terminology: "tubarial gland*", "tubarial salivary gland*", and "radiotherapy”. The inclusion criteria were: (1) resources categorized as original research reports, case reports, case studies, letters to the editor, brief communications, commentaries, editorials, and news; (2) publications with accessible full text; and (3) articles providing information on the tubarial glands. The exclusion criteria were: (1) papers categorized as systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or bibliometric analyses; and (2) articles not published in English. The identification yielded 37 resources from around the world, including 19 original research reports (51.3%), 3 case reports (8.1%), 6 letters to the editor (16.2%), 2 brief communications (5.4%), 7 commentaries (18.9%), 1 editorial (2.7%), and 1 news article (2.7%). The research subjects comprised 1 healthy patient (2.7%) out of 26 subjects, 12 prostate cancer patients (32.4%) out of 612 subjects, 3 head and neck cancer patients (8.1%) out of 38 subjects, 1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient (2.7%) out of 240 subjects, 1 Sjögren's syndrome patient (2.7%) out of 29 subjects, 1 patient with oncocytic papillary cystadenoma (2.7%), and 20 patients with other conditions (54.0%). This systematic review suggests that the newly discovered glands exhibit similar morphological, histological, and physiological properties to salivary glands and may have a function in the lubrication and maintenance of the upper airway.
Toxicity Test on the Combination of Caesalpinia sappan and Zingiber officinale in Rattus norvegicus Induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant Salma, Nadiah Armadanti; , Tukiran; Sutoyo, Suyatno; Sabila, Fauzia Indah
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 59, No. 3
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Highlights: 1. This study determined the toxic effects of combining Caesalpinia sappan and Zingiber officinale extracts, as people need to be aware of the potential side effects of these common herbal remedies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 2. The combination of Caesalpinia sappan and Zingiber officinale extracts is efficacious and non-toxic as an antiarthritis treatment, hence, the ingredients can be upgraded to standardized herbal medicines and phytopharmaceuticals. Abstract Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan) and red ginger (Zingiber officinale) are plant species that have been studied for their efficacy in treating inflammation related to rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to examine the effects of combining sappanwood and red ginger in order to determine the potential toxicity of the herbal extracts in medicine. The toxicity testing was carried out in vivo using 32 Wistar strain male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) grouped into eight groups of four. The rats were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant to induce a chronic inflammatory effect. The eight groups consisted of the negative control group, the positive control group, the normal group, and five treatment groups. This study was conducted by observing the animals for toxic symptoms and death to determine the safety of the extracts and drugs. The observation results were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (p<0.05). The analysis results showed that weight gain and relative organ weight among the groups had no significant differences (p>0.05). Microscopic examination of the organ preparations observed under a light microscope revealed no significant changes or adverse effects in rats treated with the extracts or drugs. In conclusion, a combination of sappanwood and red ginger ethanol extracts administered orally has no toxic effect in rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant.
Stress Levels and Seborrheic Dermatitis in the Class of 2020 Medical Students at a University in Indonesia , Eldy; Darmawan, Hari
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 59, No. 2
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Highlights: 1. This research investigated a previously unexplored relationship between stress levels and seborrheic dermatitis in Indonesia. 2. It has been shown that a significant proportion of medical students are susceptible to sleep problems, which can negatively impact their academic performance and mental health. 3. This recent study found that seborrheic dermatitis affects men on average more frequently than women. Abstract : Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin disease in the form of superficial inflammation with a papulosquamous morphology that often occurs in sebaceous gland-rich areas. Emotional stress is one of the contributing factors to the susceptibility of individuals to seborrheic dermatitis, while lack of sleep is associated with its exacerbation. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stress levels and seborrheic dermatitis cases among the class of 2020 students at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta, Indonesia. This study used an analytical-observational approach with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The samples were from 114 medical students from the class of 2020 at Universitas Tarumanagara. The data were collected using an online Google Forms questionnaire and a dermatological assessment. The data were analyzed through statistical software, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA), using the Chi-square hypothesis test. The results showed a significant relationship between sex and seborrheic dermatitis cases (p=0.000). However, there was no significant relationship between stress levels and seborrheic dermatitis cases among the respondents (p=0.591). In conclusion, factors other than stress levels might contribute to the development or exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis among the participants. Further research is needed to explore the potential underlying mechanisms and additional factors influencing the development and progression of seborrheic dermatitis.
IL-17 and Disease Activity in Spondyloarthitis , Yuliasih; Lanasakti, Yusdeny
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 57, No. 4
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Highlight: • The correlation of IL-17 to disease activity by The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score C-Reactive Protein (ASDAS-CRP) was identified. • IL-17 level is strongly correlated to disease activity in SpA patients. Abstract: IL-17 is a new cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of Spondyloarthritis (SpA). Recent studies show that IL-17 level correlates to disease activity, and it is used as a basis in treating SpA patients who do not respond to anti-TNF-α. This study identified the correlation of IL-17 to disease activity measured by The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score C-Reactive Protein (ASDAS-CRP). This study was a cross-sectional study involving SpA patients according to the 2009 ASAS criteria in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya. Disease activity and IL-17 level were analyzed using Spearman correlation test to see the strength of correlation. Forty SpA patients showed mean age of 53.58 ± 9.28 years with a body mass index of 24.36 ± 3.23 kg/m2, ESR of 39.50 ± 18.76 mm/hour, clinically obtained Schober Test of 13.11 ± 1.22 cm, chest extension test of 1.45 ± 0.77 cm, and tragus-to-wall test 13.53 ± 1.99 cm. The median CRP and IL-17 were 0.3 (0.10-5.70) mg/dL and 9.30 (7.70-13.60) pg/dL, respectively. Based on the ASDAS-CRP system, the patients showed disease activities that fall into the category was high (62.5%), moderate (35%), and inactivity (2.5%). IL-17 level is strongly correlated to disease activity in SpA patients (p=0.000, r = 0.711).

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