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Folia Medica Indonesiana The Unit of Journal Consortium and Folia Medica Indonesiana Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Pacar Kembang, Kec. Tambaksari, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60132, Indonesia
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Folia Medica Indonesiana
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : 23558398     EISSN : 2599056X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.65346/2958-4515.2401
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience
Folia Medica Indonesiana, as indicated by its name, focuses on publishing good quality articles about research and education on health science and medicine in Indonesia. However, due to the fast growth of science and knowledge in these fields, we also welcome submitted articles from around the world, especially the ones that contain related matters from lower-middle income countries. Folia Medica Indonesiana is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that is published online at least four times a year. The scope covers various aspects of basic medical sciences includes anatomy, physiology, pathology, microbiology, pharmacology, and molecular medicine) and clinical medicine (covers specialties like internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, oncology, psychiatry, etc). We highlight the pathology and potential treatment of metabolic syndromes and infectious diseases. Folia Medica Indonesiana also encourages the publication of articles about health education. The scope includes, but is not limited to, articles that emphasize on preventive education on certain diseases in a community, also research report of various materials and/or methods to develop medical education. We recognize the importance of this type of articles to be published alongside the assigned topic in each of our yearly issues, to provide our readers with updated information in medical sciences’ research and education simultaneously.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)
Articles 571 Documents
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Castor Plant (Ricinus communis L.) Leaf Extract as Potential Antibacterial Against The Growth of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Istaufa, Fikriaddin Syafiq; Subagio, Yoyok; Suswati, Irma; , Isbandiyah
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 58, No. 4
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Highlight : • Patients experiencing failure of first-line drug and developing multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has increased throughout 2011-2015. • Castor plant leaf extract (Ricinus communis L.) has an antibacterial potential against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of pulmonary tuberculosis that can reduce human health. In the therapy of the disease, patients can develop resistance to tuberculosis drugs. Based on the 2015 health profiles of Indonesia, 15,380 people were suspected to have multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), while 1,860 people were confirmed patients with MDR-TB. There is a need for innovation to develop the latest treatments using natural ingredients, one of which is castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) that contains antibacterial compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study aimed to understand the antimicrobial potential of castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) leaf extract against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This scientific paper was a quantitative systematic review study. Literature in the form of journal articles and books were obtained through search engines, i.e. ebook database, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Wiley, and PubMed. The results of the literature source search were 19 journal articles and 4 ebooks, as well as 4 journal articles that were in accordance with the title of this literature review and discussed the effects of castor plants on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results of the analysis showed that castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) leaf extract has the potential in the antibacterial activity against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis because it contains phytochemicals in the form of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and fatty acid amides derived from ricinoleic acid as the main constituent of castor plants (Ricinus communis L.). There is antimicrobial potential for castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) leaf extract against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The Carrier Rate of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria in Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in Hospital and Community Puspita, Ardhiya; Arizandy, Radita Yuniar; Wasito, Eddy Bagus; , Kuntaman
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 57, No. 4
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Highlight:• Bacteriologically for colonization of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were analyzed. • The prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria among cockroaches in hospitals is bigger than in households. Abstract: Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is one of the vectors in the environment that can transmit disease. Cockroaches can act as potential mechanical vectors of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae is a gram-negative bacteria that has natural habitats in the digestive tract of humans and animals. Enterobacteriaceae that produce Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) have emerged as major pathogens in hospitals. The study analyzed the prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria in cockroaches that lived in hospitals and residential homes. In this study, a total of 200 cockroaches consisting of 100 cockroaches from the hospital environment and 100 cockroaches from the residential environment were analyzed bacteriologically for colonization of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae. The specimen of the alimentary tract was taken and sub-cultured in MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime 2 ug/ml. Growth colonies were suggested as an ESBL-producing bacteria, then were confirmed as ESBL producers by the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). The ESBL gene was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Among 100 household cockroach samples, 14 (14%) were identified as ESBL producers, while 100 hospital cockroaches were 26 (26%) positive ESBL. The ESBL gene, in hospital cockroach were identified of CTXM 19 (19%), SHV 7 (7%), and not any TEM gene, while among household cockroaches were identified CTXM 2 (2%), SHV 11 (11%), and also not detected TEM ESBL gene. Among ESBL genes, only the CTXM gene was significantly different between household and hospital cockroaches.
An in Vitro Assay Reveals the Anti-Aging Properties of Temulawak Extract (Curcuma xanthorrhiza L.) Wargasetia, Teresa Liliana; Widowati, Wahyu; Muthmainnah, Anis Syabani; , Rizal
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 59, No. 4
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Highlights: 1. This study investigated the potential of temulawak extract as a cost-effective option for cosmeceutical applications in the treatment of aging. 2. Temulawak extract was found to have the ability to inhibit elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase activities, thus making it a suitable option for cosmeceutical applications. Abstract Aging is the gradual loss of a tissue's capacity to heal and maintain normal or physiological form and function. Elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase are the enzymes that contribute to the process of skin aging. The anti-aging effect is connected to the inhibition of these enzymes' activities. Numerous medicinal plants with active metabolites have been extensively utilized to treat aging. The active compounds of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza L.), such as phenolics, curcuminoids, and xanthorrhizol, have promising properties that may be used as anti-aging agents. This study aimed to determine whether temulawak extract, a potential option for cosmeceuticals, has anti-aging properties that can inhibit the enzymes elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase. A stock solution was made by dissolving 20 mg of temulawak extract in 1 mL of 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The stock solution was then diluted to produce working solutions with concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 1000"‰Î¼g/mL. An in vitro assay was carried out in three replications to examine the anti-aging activity of the temulawak extract. The in vitro assay investigated the inhibition of the enzyme elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase at seven different concentrations, with the following ranges: 2.08–66.67 μg/mL for the anti-elastase, 5.21–166.67 μg/mL for the anti-hyaluronidase, and 3.125–100 μg/mL for the anti-tyrosinase. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA) was used to perform the statistical analysis, with a significance level of"¯p<0.05. Temulawak extract exhibited the highest inhibition rates, reaching 82.72%, 89.41%, and 94.17% for the anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities, respectively. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 10.66, 70.39, and 55.87 μg/mL for the elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase activities, respectively. This study revealed that temulawak extract has strong anti-aging properties as it effectively inhibits the activities of elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase. In conclusion, temulawak extract can be considered a promising candidate for cosmeceutical applications.
DELAYED MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL MASSIVE EPIDURAL HEMATOMA INVOLVING PARASAGITTAL SINUS: A COMPREHENSIVE SCOPING REVIEW FROM INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVES Suryaningtyas, Wihasto; Armando, Alivery Raihanada; Ramadhan, Candra Dwantara; Kamaruddin, Muhammad Fadhil; Zamzam, Ramadhani Rizki; Nathania, Nathania
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 61, No. 2
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Introduction: Vertex epidural hematomas (VEDH) involving the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) are rare, critical injuries often complicated by massive venous hemorrhage. This study evaluates the clinical outcomes of VEDH and identifies systemic barriers contributing to treatment delays in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Methods: We present a case series of three patients managed at an Indonesian tertiary center alongside a scoping review of 33 studies. Delayed management was defined as prolonged injury-to-surgery intervals resulting from referral inefficiencies and transport logistics. Results: The series highlights a unique case of a 66-year-old male with bilateral VEDH and SSS laceration who underwent surgery 32 hours post-injury. Despite massive intraoperative blood loss (6000cc) requiring aggressive transfusion and sinus repair, the patient achieved a good functional recovery. The scoping review identified primary barriers to timely care, including geographical constraints, lack of organized emergency transport, and a scarcity of neurosurgical specialists and CT scanners in rural regions. Conclusion: While delayed presentation exacerbates surgical risks, aggressive management via bicoronal craniotomy remains effective. Improving prehospital infrastructure and referral networks is essential to reducing preventable delays in neurotrauma management.
EQUIVALENT SURVIVAL OUTCOMES ACROSS DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN PARTIAL SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION AT DR. KARIADI HOSPITAL, SEMARANG IN JANUARY - DECEMBER 2024 Gunadi, Ezra Endria; Mughni, Abdul
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 61, No. 2
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Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is[30pc]AU: Please provide the publication history dates. a common clinical condition in general surgery, contributing to approximately 12% of surgical admissions globally. With over 300,000 operations performed annually, timely and appropriate management is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality. Although operative management remains standard in many cases, non-operative strategies are increasingly utilized. However, comparative evidence on survival outcomes, particularly from developing countries, remains limited. To improve health outcomes, this study aimed to evaluate the survival outcomes of operative and non-operative management strategies for partial SBO at a tertiary referral hospital. A retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2025, using total sampling of medical records from patients with SBO treated at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, between January and December 2024. Inclusion criteria were adults (≥18 years) with mechanical SBO. Patients with non-mechanical obstruction, incomplete records, or prior treatment elsewhere were excluded. Data were analyzed using SPSS v26.0 with univariate and bivariate analyses. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. A total of 167 patients were included (mean age 50.60 ± 14.94 years; 52.1% female). Operative management was performed in 67.1% of cases, with a 9.6% conversion rate from non-operative methods. The average hospital stay was 11.46 ± 8.36 days. Overall survival was 65.9%, with 67.9% in the operative group and 61.8% in the non-operative group (p = 0.489). Both management strategies resulted in clinical improvement, with no significant difference in survival outcomes.
TRANSFORMING VISION: LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP OF RIGID GAS PERMEABLE CONTACT LENS THERAPY IN ANISOMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA Aritonang, Christina; Fauzia, Sarah; Mutiani, Zafirah; Yaacob, Hafiza Izyani; Kamaruddin, Muhammad Irfan
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 61, No. 2
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Amblyopia is defined as a unilateral or bilateral reduction in visual acuity resulting from abnormal binocular interaction during the critical period of visual development. Amblyopia is classified into three etiologies: strabismus, refractive amblyopia, and other vision obstructions. Amblyopia refractive is the most common form resulting from the integration of the retina. Amblyopia is most prevalent in childhood, with a global prevalence of 1.44% mainly in Asia, the United States, and Europe. Early detection and treatment are crucial to ensure proper visual development and prevent long-term vision problems. RGP contact lenses are an alternative treatment method that creates a more effective treatment compared to wearing glasses in amblyopia caused by anisometropia. The case series rivet around young adolescents with amblyopia anisometropia, focusing on the use of RGP contact lenses and the great outcome of visual acuity which improve quality of life.
CORRELATION OF F2-ISOPROSTANE WITH INTERLEUKIN-6 AND INTERLEUKIN-10 IN TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT THALASSEMIA PATIENTS : A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Muhlisa, Nurul; Hernaningsih, Yetti; Wardhani, Puspa; Andarsini, Mia Ratwita; Ali Hasan, Zulfikar
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 61, No. 2
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Transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT)[-7pc]AU: Please Provide authors affiliations. is a condition in which patients require lifelong regular blood transfusions. However, regular blood transfusions carry a major risk of iron overload, which accumulates in the body and can trigger oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress is characterized by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be assessed through the measurement of F2-Isoprostanes (8-iso-PGF2α). Excessive ROS affects cytokine production by inducing an inflammatory response, such as IL-6 and IL-10. This study aims to analyze the correlation between F2-isoprostane with Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 levels in TDT patients. This research was an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design that involved 33 patient samples at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, from July to August 2025. The variables studied included F2-Isoprostane, IL-6, and IL-10 levels. F2-Isoprostane and IL-10 levels were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method (Isoprostane assay kit ELISA No. E-EL 47 0041 Elabscience and Human IL-10 kit ELISA No. E-EL-H6154 Elabscience). IL-6 levels were measured using the Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) method (CLIA MAGLUMI IL-6 kit, Snibe). Data were analyzed by the Spearman correlation test. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (r) and significance values between F2-Isoprostane and IL-6 (p = 0.887; r = 0.026) indicated a very weak positive correlation, while IL-10 (p = 0.904; r = –0.022), showed a very weak negative correlation that was not statistically significant. This study demonstrates that there is no correlation between F2-Isoprostane levels, as a marker of oxidative stress, and IL-6 or IL-10, as markers of inflammation.
ANALYSIS OF PENIS SIZE DIFFERENCES IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION NON-RESPONSIVE PDE5i WITH MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL SECRETOME FROM UMBILICAL CORD Wibowo, Kristophorus Jonathan; I’tishom, Reny; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Atmaja, Muhammad Hidayat Surya; Supardi, Supardi; Margiana, Ria; Amalia, Fatkhurrohmah Leo
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 61, No. 2
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The ineffectiveness of PDE5i[-10pc]AU: Please provide the affiliation of all authors. therapy is indicated by the patient’s unresponsiveness to oral medication, evidenced by insufficient erection after four attempts with the dosage recommended by the manufacturer. Consequently, the application of regenerative therapy may be seen as an effort to stimulate a response or improvement in erectile function, especially in individuals with erectile dysfunction who exhibit no significant progress after utilizing PDE5 inhibitors. Regenerative therapy seeks to repair damaged erectile tissue, with the objective of enhancing erectile function and rehabilitating tissue impacted by existing comorbidities. The secretome denotes the aggregate of chemical compounds and biological factors secreted by cells into the extracellular environment. These secretory factors are essential for various biological processes, including maintaining homeostasis, promoting tissue growth and repair, regulating immune responses, controlling inflammation, stimulating angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis, degrading proteins, facilitating cell adhesion, and organizing the extracellular matrix (ECM). We calculated the sample size using a normal significance level with α = 0.05 and a standard power corresponding to β= 0.20. Metode for this research used a pre–post test design and was conducted from April to May 2024 at the Andrology Clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, involving a sample of 7 patients with severe ED who were non-responders to PDE5i and had type 2 diabetes mellitus. SPL, FPL, and penile circumference were evaluated before and one month after intracavernosal injection of UC-MSC secretome. This study revealed substantial variations in SPL, FPL, and penile circumference among erectile dysfunction patients who were non-responders to PDE5i, both prior to and following the infusion of mesenchymal stem cell-derived secretome from the umbilical cord. SPL rose by 0.715 cm (p-value: 0.047), FPL was increased by 0.643 cm (p-value: 0.022), and penile circumference was enlarged by 0.50 cm (p-value: 0.014). These enhancements were noted on day 30 post-data collection, It is concluded that intracavernosal secretome UC-MSC therapy for severe PDE5i-nonresponsive ED demonstrates improvement in penile blood flow; however, further studies with longer evaluation periods are still needed to obtain more robust results.
PATTERNS OF RIFAMPICIN AND ISONIAZID RESISTANCE IN PULMONARY RR/MDR-TB WITH OR WITHOUT T2DM Sopha, May Ira; Wulandari, Laksmi; Rusli, Musofa; Husada, Dominicus; Prodjosoewojo, Susantina
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 61, No. 2
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Tuberculosis (TB) causes approximately[-12pc]AU: Please provide ORCID ID for all authors. 1.6 million deaths each year. The incidence of drug-resistant TB has continued to rise, primarily due to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Drug-resistant TB remains a primary concern in various parts of the world, especially in Eastern Europe, Russia, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between first-line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance and the presence or absence of T2DM comorbidity in patients with pulmonary RR/MDR TB. This research employed a cross-sectional design, which used secondary data from 2023, obtained from medical records, the Tuberculosis Information System (SITB), and the results of first-line DST tests. The subjects included the RR-TB or MDR-TB patients with or without T2DM, treated at the MDR-TB outpatient clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. Of 131 patients, a portion had T2DM comorbidity. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between T2DM status and individual resistance to rifampicin (p = 0.247) or isoniazid (p = 0.312). However, clinically, patients with T2DM tended to exhibit more severe and complex resistance patterns. Although there was no statistically significant relationship between T2DM and first-line drug resistance, the presence of T2DM clinically indicated a tendency toward more severe resistance profiles.
PRELIMINARY LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST PROTOTYPE TO DETECT HBsAg IN WHOLE BLOOD AND SERUM Qurnianingsih, Ema; Wungu, Citrawati Dyah Kencono; Amin, Mochammad; Setyawati, Dewi; Yasan, Yanna Debby Restifanny; Lukitasari, Lina; Lusida, Maria Inge; Soetjipto, Soetjipto
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 61, No. 2
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Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health issue,[-10pc]AU: Please provide ORCID ID for all authors.[-7pc]AU: Please provide affiliation’s for all authors. with over 250 million people affected worldwide. In Indonesia, HBV prevalence has declined from high to moderate endemicity, but challenges persist due to regional disparities, risk of mother-to-child transmission, and the predominance of B3 and C1 sub-genotype. Despite available preventive measures and diagnostic tools, approximately 90% of cases remain undiagnosed, particularly in low-resource settings, indicating the need for improved screening and control strategies. Therefore, this study aims to conduct preliminary performance tests of KODC hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (rapid diagnostic test (RDT) prototype) produced by Konimex on serum and whole blood samples. Performance was assessed through sensitivity, precision, specificity, and comparative testing against commercial RDT. The results obtained were visually interpreted by 2 independent readers. KODC HBsAg RDT demonstrated a detection limit of 50 IU/ml in serum and 400 IU/ml in whole blood. Precision testing showed high reproducibility (RSD <3.02%), with no cross-reactivity against other pathogens. Compared with a commercial RDT, it showed equivalent performance in serum and superior specificity in whole blood. In addition, predictive value analysis confirmed excellent accuracy, with Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) >99% in both sample types. Therefore, KODC HBsAg RDT prototype showed comparable performance to commercial tests with good sensitivity, precision, and specificity, indicating its potential as a practical tool for HBV screening in resource-limited settings.

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