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Nexus Biomedika
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Articles 292 Documents
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Deteksi Gen P16 pada Sampel Blok Parafin Lidah Penderita Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa Rongga Mulut di RSUD Dr. Moewardi. Ernestine, Coraega Gena; Subiyantoro, Pradipto; Nirmala, Vita
Nexus Biomedika Vol 2, No 3 (2013): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a part of the cancer in the head and neck which ranks 10th most cancers in the world with a wide geographical distribution. It is usually found in the late stage. P16 gene (CDKN2a/INK4a) is an important tumor suppressor gene  in carcinogenesis. This study aimed to detect the expression of p16 gene on paraffin block samples of the tongue of the oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in RSUD Dr. Moewardi. Methods: DNA product used in this study was isolated from 14 samples on Paraffin Blocks of the tongue of the oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in RSUD Dr. Moewardi. The DNA products, then, were used as a template for PCR amplification of the p16 gene. Primers were designed with the base sequences deposited in Gene Bank. PCR amplification products were run in agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized to detect the presence of the p16 gene. Later, the results were analyzed and presented in descriptive data. Results: Only 6 of 14 samples were diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinoma. From 6 samples only one was detected positive expression of p16 gene. DNA bands were detected in 3% agarose gel. The intensity of DNA bands was visualized lowly and there was a smear. On the 5 other samples, DNA bands were detected under the marker, thus they showed a negative result or the expression of p16 gene was not detectable. Conclusions: Among 6 samples of the tongue of the oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, only one showed positive expression of p16 gene. Errors in the molecular and tumor differentiation level analysis was able to cause the negative results in this study. Therefore further research that detected expression of p16 gene on the tongue of the oral squamous cell carcinoma patients was needed. Keywords:P16 gene, Paraffin Block, oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Deteksi Gen E-Cadherin Pada Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa Rongga Mulut dari Sampel Blok Paraffin ., Nabiel; Subiyantoro, Pradipto; A, Vita Nirmala
Nexus Biomedika Vol 2, No 3 (2013): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background : Oral cavity cancer is the most cancer type often found across the globe. The treatment and the progonosis of this cancer have a very good chance to succeed but otherwise the spread of the cancer cell (metastasis) has a very high extent on them. There are numerous cases to be found in metastasis process. This research aimed to detect E-Cadherin gene in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma from paraffin block samples. Methods : This research used a DNA product which resulted from DNA isolation of 14 parafin block samples. First, the products was amplified using PCR. Second, the PCR products were run in a gel electrophoresis to find out E-Cadherin gene on each sample. Results : Twelve samples that were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma and amplified by PCR as well as run in gel electrophoresis using 2% of agarose showed positive bands of E-Cadherin gene. Otherwise, the same samples run in gel electrophoresis using 3% of agarose showed no positive band of E-Cadherin gene. Summary : Twelve samples that were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity showed positive bands of E-Cadherin gene in 2% of agarose and no one positive band of E-Cadherin gene in 3% of agarose. Keywords : E-Cadherin gene, paraffin blocks, squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity 
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Naga Putih (Hylocereus undatus)Terhadap Struktur Histologis Paru Mencit (Mus musculus) Yang Dipapar Asap Rokok Aulia, Nurul Wahda; s, endang listyaningsih; ., yulia sari
Nexus Biomedika Vol 2, No 3 (2013): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: White Dragon fruit contains substances like vitamin A, E, C and polyphenolic compound that can counteract free radical. Cigarette smoke is a type of oxidant compound that causes oxidative stress and lung damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of White Dragon fruit extract on histological of the alveolar lung of mice exposed by cigarette smoke, and to find out whether the increase in dose enhanced the protective effect against histological of the alveolar lung exposed by cigarette smoke. Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental research with the post-test only control group design. The subjects used in this experiment was male Swiss Webster mice (Mus musculus), 2-3 months old and ± 20g of body weight. Sampling technique was incidental sampling. Twenty eight mice were divided into 4 groups, each group consisted of 7 mice. Negative control group / KK(-) was administered distilled water. Positive Control Group/ KK(+) was administered distilled water, then, 2 hours later was treated with cigarette smoke. Treatment group 1 (KP1) and 2 (KP2) were administered white dragon fruit extract with dose 70 mg/20 g and 140 mg/20 g, successively, then, 2 hours later were treated with cigarette smoke. These treatments were performed  for 14 days. On the day 15, all lungs of subjects were prepared for histological study. Lung damage was assessed by looking at the destruction of the alveolar septum, pulmonary edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Observation result  were classified  into normal category, moderate and serious. Then, the data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann Whitney test with α = 0.05. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that at least one group had significantly greater effect than other groups with p = 0.004 (p <0.050). The Mann Whitney  test showed significant difference between KK(-) – KK(+), KK(-) - KK2, KK(+) - KK1 groups and no significant difference between KK(-) – KK, KK(+) - KK2, KK1 – KK2 groups.   Conclusions: White Dragon fruit extract provided protective effect against mice’s lung histological damage from cigarette smoke. The increasing dose of White Dragon fruit extract did not enhance the protective effect of histological lung structure of the mice against cigarette smoke. Keywords:White Dragon fruit, cigarette smoke, histological damage of lung.  
Pengaruh Ekstrak Bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) terhadap Kadar LDL Darah Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang Diberi Diet Tinggi Lemak Wijayanto, Rukmana; ., Suhanantyo; Setyawan, Novan Adi
Nexus Biomedika Vol 2, No 3 (2013): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of disability and early death in the world. Increasing of blood LDL level is one risk factor for atherosclerosis that can develop into cardiovascular disease.Yam Bean contains isoflavones, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins which have hipolipidemic effect. This study  aimed to determine the effect of Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) extract on blood LDL level of rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a high fat diet. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory using post-test only with control group design. The subjects were 30 male Sprague Dawley (Rattus norvegicus) rats, two-months old with 130-240 grams of body weight (BW) that were divided into 6 groups randomly. Group KN was administered a normal diet, while K(+) was administered a high fat diet and simvastatin 0.18 mg/200 g BW/day. The group K(-) was administered aquadest and a high fat diet, while group P1, P2 and P3 were not only administered Yam Bean extract 70 mg, 140 mg and  210 mg/200 g BW/day, in a row, but also a high fat diet.  High fat diet was cow’s brains which was administered 2 ml/200 g BW/day. Administration of Yam Bean extract, simvastatin, and high fat diet were performed for 21 days. Blood samples were taken on 22nd day at plexus preorbitalis. The LDL level was measured by CHOD-PAP method. Data were analyzed by One way ANOVA test and the Least Significance Difference (LSD) test (α=0.05). Results: The highest LDL level was on group K(-), followed by P1, P2, K(+), P3, while the lowest was KN. One way ANOVA test showed p=0.001. Whereas LSD test showed significant differences among each other groups (p<0.05) except between the group K(+) and P3 (p=0.174). Conclusion: Yam Bean extract showed a significant effect on blood LDL level of rats with a high fat diet. Increasing the dose of Yam Bean extract had positive correlation on decreasing blood LDL level of rats with a high fat diet. Keywords: Yam Bean extract, LDL, high fat diet 
Hubungan antara Infeksi Protozoa Cryptosporidium Sp dengan Kejadian Diare Kronis pada Pasien HIV/AIDS di RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Primawati, Surya Dewi; Dirgahayu, Paramasari; Haryoputro, Dani Redhono
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Cryptosporidium sp. is apicomplexan parasite that causes chronic diarrhea. This parasite’s infection can cause high mortality in immunocompromais individuals especially who are infected with HIV/AIDS. Although the HIV/AIDS infection is a concern in Indonesia, but there has been no study on the infection of chronic diarrhea in patients with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to know the correlation between the Protozoan Cryptosporidium sp. infection and chronic diarrhea incident in patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. Methods: This was an observational analytic study using cross sectional approach conducted on May – September 2013. Thirty six patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. Moewardi Hospital that were appropriate with the criteria of restriction were taken for samples. The data about chronic diarrhea, age, gender, level of education were obtained from the questionnaire. Identification of Cryptosporidium sp. in stool was examined using modified acid fast stain techniques, while their consistency were obtained through macroscopic examination. Data about the status of patients CD4 were obtained from the medical record. The correlation between chronic diarrhea, sex, level of education, consistency of the stool, CD4 status and Cryptosporidium sp. infection was analyzed by using Fisher Test (a=0.05). Results: Fisher test analysis showed there was no significant correlation between infection of Cryptosporidium sp. and incidence of chronic diarrhea (p = 1). Analysis of correlation between gender, level of education, consistency of the stool, CD4 status and Cryptosporidium sp. infection, the value of p > 0.05 was obtained. Conclusions: There was no significant correlation between Cryptosporidium sp.  infection and chronic diarrhea incident in patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. Keyword : Cryptosporidium sp, chronic diarrhea, HIV/AIDS  
Pengaruh Elektroakupunktur Titik Zusanli (ST 36) dan Zhongwan (CV 12) terhadap Perbaikan Gambaran Histologis Duodenum Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang Terpapar Bising Intermitten Fajarini, Nur Dwi; Balgis, .; Handayani, Selfi
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Intermittent noise can induce stress that stimulates HPA axis to cause damage of duodenum. Acupuncture has already indicated to treat duodenal ulcer. This research studied the effect of electroacupuncture of Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12) acupoints to repair histological structure of white rat (Rattus norvegicus) duodenum exposed by intermittent noise. Methods: This was laboratory experimental research with the post test only controlled group design. Subjects were 28 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), wistar strain, divided into 4 groups randomly. They were control group (K) which was not treated, experimental group 1 (P1) exposed by noise, experimental group 2 (P2) exposed by noise and allowed to have physiologic recovery for 30 days, and experimental group 3 (P3) exposed by noise and treated with electroacupuncture for 30 days. Noise exposure was conducted for 2 weeks with intensity of 95 dB intermittently, 1 hour on, 1 hour off, for 12 hours daily. Electroacupuncture was done by pricking acupuncture needle perpendicularly at Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12) acupoints, then, connected to 2 mA electrostimulation at 10 Hz continuous wave for 15 minutes, 10 times for therapy. At the end of experiment their duodenums were taken and prepared for histological  study by paraffin block method and stained with Hematoxillin Eosin (HE). The histological structure of duodenal mucosa was observed and assessed for the damage with Barthel Manja mucosal integrity score. The data were analized by One-Way ANOVA test (α=0.05) and continued by Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons using Least Significant Differences (LSD) test (α=0.05). Results: One Way Anova test showed significant differences of duodenal mucosa damage among the four groups p=0.000. LSD test showed significant differences between K-P1 (p=0.000), K-P2 (p=0.000), K-P3 (p=0.000), P1-P2 (p=0.007), P2-P3 (p=0.000), but not between P1-P3 (p=0.235). Conclusions: Electroacupuncture of Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12) acupoints repaired histological structure of white rat (Rattus norvegicus) duodenum exposed by intermittent noise. Keywords: Intermittent noise, Electroacupuncture,  Zusanli and Zhongwan acupoints, Duodenum 
Pengaruh Ekstrak Bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Darah Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang Diberi Diet Tinggi Lemak Tunikasari, Atma Sanggani; Suhanantyo, .; Dharmawan, Ruben
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background : Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of disability and death in the world. High levels of blood cholesterol becoming a risk factor in atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Yam Bean contains flavonoids, isoflavones, phenols, and saponins which have an effect of antihyperlipidemia. This study aimed to determine the effect of Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) extract on blood total cholesterol level of rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a high fat diet. Methods : This research was an experimental laboratoric research using the post test only with control group design. The research subject were 30 male white rats, Sprague Dawley strain, 2 months old, and their weights were about 130-240 gram. The subjects were arranged into 6 groups. The whole groups were adapted for 7 days. All groups except normal control, were administered high fat diet 2 ml/200 gram BW/day for 21 days. The positive control group was administered 0.18 mg/200 g BW/day of simvastatin and the negative control group was administered 2.00 ml/200 g BW/day of distilled water. While the first, second and third treatment groups were consecutively administered 70 mg, 140mg and 210 mg/200 g BW/day of Yam Bean extracts. On the 22nd day, the blood samples of the subjects were taken from pre-orbital plexus for measurement of cholesterol levels. Then, the data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA test and Least Significance Difference test (LSD). Results : The One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference in blood total cholesterol level among six groups (p = 0.001). Post Hoc Test showed a significant difference among two groups, except the third treatment group which had the same result and the normal control groups (p = 0.335). Conclusion : Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) extract had effect to decrease the blood total cholesterol levels of rats. Keywords : Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) extract, total  cholesterol levels, white rats. 
Pengaruh Elektroakupunktur Titik Zusanli (ST 36) dan Sanyinjiao (SP6) terhadap Ketebalan Korteks Adrenal Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) yang Dipapar Bising Intermiten Luthfiyanto, Muhammad; Muthmainah, .; Handayani, Selfi
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Noise exposure triggers stress and thickens adrenal cortex. Electroacupuncture on Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) acupoints is known to reduce stress and improve the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study aimed to know the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) acupoints towards adrenal cortex thickness of rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed by intermittent noise. Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental study with the post-test only control group design. The subject of this study was male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), 1-2 months old, and 200-250 grams of body weight. Twenty seven rats were taken by consecutive sampling. The rats were divided into 3 groups randomly, each group consisted of 9 rats. The Control Group (KK) was untreated, the treatment group 1 (KP1) was exposed by the noise, the treatment group 2 (KP2) was exposed by the noise and treated with electroacupuncture. Noise exposure was conducted for about 8 hours/day intermittently during 21 days respectively, while electroacupuncture treatment was done every 3 days, so there were 7 times of electroacupuncture treatment. Electroacupuncture was conducted at Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) acupoints at 2 Hz of frequency in a continuous wave for 15 minutes that its intensity was adjusted until local muscle contractions were seen.  On the 22nd day, rats were sacrificed by neck dislocation and rat’s adrenal glands were taken and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin for histological study. The thickness of rat’s adrenal cortex was observed under light microscope with 400x magnification. The data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA test and LSD test (α = 0.05). Results: The average of cortex adrenal thickness in KK,  KP1 and KP2 were 454.93 ± 2.03 µm, 565.59 ± 0.97 µm and 479.65 ± 1.34 µm, consecutively. One Way ANOVA test showed significant differences among the three groups with p=0.000 (p<0.05). LSD test also showed significant differences between KK-KP1, KK-KP2, KP1-KP2 with each of p=0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) acupoints affected to prevent the thickening of adrenal cortex of rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed by intermittent noise. Keywords: electroacupuncture, Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), noise, adrenal cortex’s thickness. 
Pengaruh Elektroakupuntur Titik Weishu (BL 21) dan Zusanli (ST 36) terhadap Perbaikan Mukosa Pylorus Tikus yang Dipapar Bising Intermittent Bawono, Paksi Suryo; Balgis, .; Handayani, Selfi
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Noise is a stressor which can negatively effect to the body. Intermittent noise will give more influence to stomach, namely in the form of an increase in the production of stomach acid that interferes with the mechanism of gastric cytoprotection. Electro-acupuncture on Weishu (BL 21) and Zusanli (ST 36) acupoints has potential to repair damaged mucosal pylorus due to noisy stress. This research aimed to know the influence of electro-acupuncture on Weishu (BL 21) and Zusanli (ST 36) acupoints against pyloric mucosal repair of rats exposed to intermittent noise. Methods: This study was laboratory experimental group post-test only designs. Subjects were Rattus norvegicus with inclusion criteria male, Wistar strain, weight 250-300 g, and 2 months old. Subjects were randomly drawn 28 rats, divided into: Group K (control), P1(no time to recover and no electro-acupuncture stimulation), P2 (given time to recover naturally for 30 days) and P3 (stimulated with electro-acupuncture). After adapted for 7 days all subjects of the groups, except group K, were exposed to intermittent noise at 95 dB with one-hour exposure settings, one-hour break for 12 hours within 14 days. Stimulation on Weishu acupoint (BL 21) was conducted at 2-3mA, 1ms duration, 50Hz frequency for 15min, 3mm pierced into the skin. While Stimulation on Zusanli accupoint ( ST 36 ) was done at 2-3mA with 0.5ms duration at 4Hz frequencies  for 20min, plugging 3mm into the skin. Next day, all of the subjects were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Pylorus were taken and histological preparations were made by HE staining. The results were assessed with the Barthel index. Henceforth, the data obtained were tested by statistical tests One Way ANOVA ( α = 0.05 ) followed by LSD . Results: Based on statistics analysis, there was a significant difference between the groups K-P1, K- P2, K-P3, P1-P2 and P1-P3. In contrast, there was no significant difference between P2 and P3. Conclusion: There was not statistically proven effects of Weishu point electro-acupuncture (BL 21) and Zusanli (ST 36) against gastric mucosa repair rat intermittent noise, but when seen in the data were the result of a decrease in the degree of mucosal damage. Keywords: Electro-acupunctur Weishu (BL 21) and Zusanli (ST 36) acupoints , intermittent noise , pylorus 
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Kulit Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Dalam Mencegah Peningkatan Kadar Proteinuria Tikus Putih (Rattus Norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Gentamisin Anggraini, Asih; Febrinasari, Ratih Puspita; Hikmayani, Nur Hafidha
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background    : The increasing use of nephrotoxic drugs has increased the incidence of renal diseases. Research on herbs with potential nephroprotective effects is needed to offer adjuvant therapy for renal diseases. Mangosteen peel contains gamma-mangostin and antioxidant which can prevent renal damages. Methods          : This research was a laboratory experiment with pre and post-test control group design. Subjects were 30 white, male, Wistar-strain rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2-3 months and weighed 150-230 grams. Subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups. Negative control group was treated nothing, while normal control group was treated 0.5% NaCMC. Treatment group 1, 2 and 3 were treated with mangosteen peel extract at dose 62.5 mg/kg-BW, 125 mg/kg-BW and 250 mg/kg-BW, respectively. The treatment was done for 14 days. In the last 7 days, the negative control group and the treatment groups 1, 2, and 3 were induced by gentamicin 100 mg/kg-BW. Urine samples of the subjects were collected before and after treatment to measure proteinuria levels. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests (α = 0.05) using SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Results            : Result of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that proteinuria levels differed significantly across five groups (p = 0.008). The Mann-Whitney tests showed statistically significant differences between the negative control group and the other 4 groups (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the normal control group and the treatment groups 1, 2, and 3 (p > 0.05). Conclusion     : Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract could prevent the increase of proteinuria levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced gentamicin. Keywords        : Mangosteen Peel Extract, Proteinuria Level, Gentamicin  

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