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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 736 Documents
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Effect of Fermentation Time and Sucrose Concentration on the Quality Characteristics of Refermented Dried Cocoa Beans (MCC02) Analianasari Analianasari; Giffary Pramafisi Soeherman; Dayang Berliana
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.2003-2010

Abstract

The quality of Indonesian cocoa beans in the international market remains relatively low due to suboptimal post-harvest handling. The fermentation process, typically carried out by farmers for 4–5 days in accordance with SNI standards, is often uncontrolled due to limited fermentation facilities, resulting in a high moisture content and an underdeveloped flavor. This study aimed to (1) analyze the quality of re-fermented cocoa beans based on SNI Cocoa Beans No. 2323-2008 under treatments involving different sucrose concentrations and fermentation times, and (2) analyze the fermentation index values of re-fermented cocoa beans under the same treatments. The study employed a factorial design with two factors: sucrose concentration (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) and fermentation duration (1, 2, and 3 days). Re-fermentation was carried out on farmers’ dried cocoa beans using fermentation bags with added sucrose as a process catalyst. The parameters observed included compliance with SNI Cocoa Beans No. 2323-2008 and fermentation index values measured using a spectrophotometer. The results showed that fermentation time had a major effect on the physical properties of cocoa beans (moisture content and weight), whilst sucrose concentration had a greater influence on biochemical aspects (pH and fermentation index). The optimal combination was achieved with a 2-day fermentation period and 2.5% sucrose (A2 × B1), yielding bean quality closest to ideal conditions. Re-fermentation was found to improve cocoa bean quality compared to unrefmented beans, suggesting its potential as a quality-enhancement solution at the farmer level.
Effect of Solvents on the Antibacterial Activity of Premna serratifolia L. Leaf Extracts Against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus Nisrina Falayati; Isnindar Isnindar; Nera Umilia Purwanti
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1967-1972

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder associated with the colonization of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting the need for alternative treatments derived from natural products, such as buas-buas leaves (Premna serratifolia L.). The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the influence of ethanol and honey solvents on the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and the antibacterial inhibition zones against P. acnes and S. aureus of buas-buas leaf extracts. Extraction was performed using the Microwave-Assisted Extraction method. TPC and TFC were determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%. The use of ethanol and honey as extraction solvents significantly affected TPC and TFC values, with ethanol producing higher levels than honey. The ethanol extract exhibited weak antibacterial activity against P. acnes, with inhibition zones of 2,62 ± 0,72 mm and 3,77 ± 0,70 mm at concentrations of 50% and 100%, respectively. Against S. aureus, the ethanol extract produced an inhibition zone of 3,60 ± 0,56 mm at a concentration of 100%. In contrast, the honey extract of buas-buas leaves showed no antibacterial activity against either test bacterium at any of the concentrations evaluated.
Solvent-dependent Phytochemicals and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Apple (Malus domestica) Fruit Flesh: Implications for Functional Foods Bukunola Oluyemisi Adegbesan; Adefemi Oluwasegun Adefuye; Esther Nkechi Ezima; Temilorun Adejoke Adefuye; Bamidele Adewale Awofeso
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1925-1932

Abstract

Phytochemical analysis and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of dried Ananas comosus (AC), Granny Smith (GS), and Red Delicious (RD) fruit flesh were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, respectively. Fresh and ripe fruits were collected, identified, authenticated, dried, macerated, and filtered to obtain dried AC flesh methanolic extract (DACFME), dried AC flesh aqueous extract (DACFAE), dried GS flesh methanolic extract (DGSFME), dried GS flesh aqueous extracts (DGSFAE), dried RD flesh methanolic extract (DRDFME) and dried RD flesh aqueous extract (DRDFAE). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s post-hoc test; significance was set at p<0.05. TAC of DACFME (5 and 10 µg/mL) and DACFAE (25 and 50 µg/mL) were markedly (p<0.05) higher than those for their corresponding DACFAE and DACFME, respectively. TAC of DGSFME and DRDFME (5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) were markedly (p<0.05) higher than those for their corresponding DGSFAE and DRDFAE, respectively. Caffeic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, maleic acid, rutin hydrate, tannic acid, saponins, kaempferol, and naringin were identified from all 6 extracts, but at varying concentrations. Thus, phytochemical extraction and TAC are influenced by solvent type and polarity, indicating potential application of the selected dried fruits' flesh in nutraceutical and functional food development.
The Effectiveness of Sambiloto Leaf (Andrographis paniculata) as an Immunostimulant Phytobiotic on Erythrocyte, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit Levels in Broiler Chickens Meifa Rahmah Nurlita; Nurul Humaidah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.2011-2016

Abstract

Andrographis paniculata (Sambiloto) as an immunostimulant phytobiotic is effective on the erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels of broiler chickens. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of sambiloto leaves as a phytobiotic on the erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels of broilers. The materials used were 50 male Day-Old Chickens (DOC) of the MB 202 strain from PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, Comfeed feed, sambiloto leaves, 3 ml syringes, vacutainer tubes containing EDTA anticoagulant, 70% alcohol swabs, and a Hematology Analyzer for examining hematological parameters. The research method was experimental, utilizing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were 5 treatments, with 4 replications for each treatment. The treatments consisted of P0 as a negative control without sambiloto, P1 as a positive control with vitamins but without sambiloto, P2 with 5% sambiloto, P3 with 10% sambiloto, and P4 with 15% sambiloto. The treatments were administered from day 14 for a duration of 21 days. The observed variables were erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test to determine differences between treatments. The results showed that the inclusion of sambiloto powder in the feed had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on broiler erythrocytes and hemoglobin, and a significant effect (P<0.05) on hematocrit. The highest average erythrocyte level in broilers was found in the 5% sambiloto treatment, at 12.38 x106/mm3. The highest average hemoglobin level was also in the 5% sambiloto treatment, at 17.12 g/dl. The highest average hematocrit percentage was in the 5% sambiloto treatment, at 67.69%. In conclusion, sambiloto leaves are effective as a phytobiotic on erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, with the 5% dose of sambiloto providing the best production value.
Antibacterial Activity of Hypertonic Sodium Chloride Solutions Against Escherichia coli: An In Vitro Study Januar Rizqi; Adi Sucipto; Puspita Mardika Sari; Fransiska Lanni; Rido Muhajir; Samuel Juanli
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1973-1977

Abstract

Chronic wounds are frequently colonized by bacteria, including Escherichia coli, and hypertonic sodium chloride has been proposed as a topical antibacterial agent. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of 7%, 10%, and 13% sodium chloride solutions against E. coli. Activity was assessed by agar well diffusion on Mueller–Hinton agar, with sterile distilled water as the negative control and an amoxicillin disc as the positive control (three replicates per group). The net inhibition zone was calculated as the mean of two diameter readings minus the well or disc diameter. Groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s test served as a sensitivity analysis. The 7%, 10%, and 13% sodium chloride solutions produced mean net zones of 3.86 ± 2.08, 5.68 ± 1.54, and 4.19 ± 1.35 mm, respectively, compared with 0.00 mm for distilled water and 26.20 ± 1.78 mm for amoxicillin (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The 10% and 13% solutions differed from the negative control (p = 0.007 and p = 0.046), whereas the 7% solution did not (p = 0.068), and the three concentrations did not differ from one another. In the sensitivity analysis, no sodium chloride solution differed from the negative control. Under these conditions, hypertonic sodium chloride showed at most weak inhibition of E. coli, and its value as an antibacterial agent for chronic wounds remains unproven.
Antimicrobial and Antidermatophytic Dihydroisocoumarins and Picolinic Acids Produced by Endophytic Fungus Fusarium napiforme of Faurea saligna Harv. Winnie Cherotich Maritim; Josphat Clement Matasyoh
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1933-1942

Abstract

Fungal metabolites are reservoirs of bioactive molecules that impart therapeutic potential to medicinal plants. The fungus Fusarium napiforme was isolated from the internal tissues of the leaves of Faurea saligna. In this study, four dihydroisocoumarin: 7-butyl-15-enyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3(R)-pent-9,11-dienylisochroman-1-one (1), 7-butyl-15-enyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3(R)-pent-11-enylisochroman-1-one (2), 7-butyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3(R)-pent-11-enylisochroman-1-one (3), 7-butyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3(R)-pentylisochroman-1-one (4) and two piclinic acid derivatives: dehydrofusaric acid (5) and fusaric acid (6) were isolated from endophytic fungus F. napiforme. The elucidation of the chemical structures of the isolated compounds was performed by analysis based on spectroscopic analysis and comparison with reported literature. Compounds 1-6 were tested for antimicrobial and antidermatophytic activity against selected bacteria and fungi. All the compounds exhibited selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 62 – 175 µg/mL. Compounds 5 and 6 further exhibited antibacterial activity against Klepsiella pneumoniae with MIC value of 150 µg/mL. None of the compounds showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, all the compounds exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans with MIC values ranging from 48 µg/mL to 150 µg/mL. Compounds 1-4 further exhibited antidermatophytic activity against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton benhamiae and Trichophyton interdigitale, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 33.3 µg/mL to 66.6 µg/mL. Compounds 5 and 6 did not show any antidermatophytic activity against the highest concentration of 66.6 µg/mLused. Although, these compounds have been previously identified, this is the first instance of their reporting in endophytic fungi F. napiforme isolated from F, saligna. These results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of the compounds of this endophytic fungi as an antimicrobial and antidermatophytic for the control of diseases.
Antibacterial Activity of 70% Ethanol Extract of Jackfruit Leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Subang Aini Nasution; Amraini Amelia; Dita Palaridia Putri
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.2017-2023

Abstract

This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of 70% ethanol extract of jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jackfruit leaves collected from Jambi, Indonesia, were processed into simplicia and extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol, producing an extract yield of 7.2%. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of hydroxyl, aliphatic C–H, carbonyl/aromatic C=C, C–O, and aromatic C–H functional groups, supporting the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method at extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol as the positive control and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. The extract produced inhibition zones against both test bacteria, with the highest inhibition observed at 100% concentration. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay showed no bacterial growth at 100% extract concentration in all replications for both bacteria, indicating bactericidal activity at the highest concentration tested. However, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) could not be conclusively determined from the current optical density data because the inhibition pattern was not consistently concentration-dependent. These findings suggest that jackfruit leaf extract has potential as a natural antibacterial agent, although further studies are required to confirm MIC values, isolate active compounds, standardize extract quality, evaluate safety, and develop suitable formulations.
Abortifacient Eficacy of Moringa oleifera Seed Powder on the Trimesters of Pregnancy in Albino Wistar Rats Francis Ojochogwu Omale
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1979-1986

Abstract

This study investigated the abortifacient effect of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) seed powder [MSP] on pregnant albino Wistar rats. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard methods. Acute toxicity carried out using Lorke’s method. Sixty albino Wistar rats of reproductive age were used for the study. Pregnant rats were grouped (n=6) and graded doses of MSP (100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg), and control (1 ml/kg normal saline) was administered orally from day 2 to day 8 of confirmed pregnancy. Histological screening was carried out on the brains, hearts, kidneys, and lungs of the rats. Phytochemical screening results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, and steroids. Acute toxicity results showed no mortality up to 5000 mg/kg. The control and low-dose group (100 mg/kg) recorded normal pregnancy outcomes, while the higher-dose groups (200 mg/kg and above) exhibited no litters. Significant reductions in body weight were observed in the treated groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). 100% abortion rate was recorded at the higher dose (200 mg/kg and above). Litter size was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. The findings indicate that MSP possesses abortifacient properties and histological abnormalities, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Comparative Analysis of Commercial Yogurt Products in Indonesia for Pathogen Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Disruption and Inhibition Felix Luman Shanahan; Endah Retnaningrum
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1943-1950

Abstract

The human gut microbiota plays an important role in gastrointestinal health, but pathogenic infections may disrupt microbial balance and cause dysbiosis. Probiotics in fermented dairy products such as yogurt are known to exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, biofilm disruption, and biofilm inhibition activities of commercial yogurt products available in Indonesia against E. coli and Salmonella spp. This in vitro study used agar well diffusion for antibacterial testing, while biofilm disruption and inhibition assays were conducted using 96-well microplates, crystal violet staining, and microplate reader analysis. Three commercial yogurts (X, Y, and Z) were tested alongside chloramphenicol and sterile aquadest as controls. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. All yogurt samples exhibited antibacterial activity. Yogurt Y showed the highest inhibition against E. coli (7.1±0.2 mm) and Salmonella spp. (7.43±0.25 mm). In biofilm disruption assays, yogurt treatments increased biofilm biomass, whereas chloramphenicol reduced preformed biofilms. Conversely, yogurt treatments inhibited biofilm formation, with Yogurt Y showing the strongest inhibition against E. coli and Yogurt X against Salmonella spp. These findings suggest that commercial yogurts may be more effective in preventing biofilm formation than eliminating mature biofilms.
Comparative Evaluation of Ethanol and Malic Acid–Glycerol Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Extraction of Antioxidant Phytochemicals from Casuarina equisetifolia Stem Bark Herayati Herayati; Devika Damayanti Silalahi; Indah Puspita Sari; Elianasari Elianasari; Kiki Yuli Handayani; Arsy Fauziah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.2025-2031

Abstract

The growing interest in sustainable extraction technologies has promoted the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional organic solvents for recovering bioactive compounds from plant materials. However, comparative studies between ethanol and DES for extracting antioxidant compounds from Casuarina equisetifolia stem bark remain limited. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of C. equisetifolia stem bark extracts obtained using a malic acid–glycerol DES and 96% ethanol. The DES was synthesized at a glycerol-to-malic acid molar ratio of 2:1 and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Stem bark extraction was performed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), followed by qualitative phytochemical screening, determination of total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity evaluation using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful formation of the DES through characteristic shifts in the O–H and C=O stretching bands, indicating hydrogen-bond interactions between glycerol and malic acid. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins in both extracts. The DES extract exhibited a higher total phenolic content (50.3 mg GAE g-1 extract) than the ethanol extract (42.2 mg GAE g-1 extract). Consistently, the DES extract demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 42.2 ppm, compared with 54.6 ppm for the ethanol extract. The enhanced extraction performance of the DES is attributed to its hydrogen-bonding network, which facilitates the recovery of phenolic antioxidants. These findings demonstrate that the malic acid–glycerol DES is an effective green extraction solvent for producing antioxidant-rich extracts from C. equisetifolia stem bark and supports its potential application in the development of sustainable cosmetic ingredients.

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