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Structural Inequality of Land Ownership in Indonesia: A Justice-Based Legal Perspective Agung Iriantoro; Junimart Girsang; Suwarno Suwarno
Jurnal Hukum Vol 42, No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Unissula

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/jh.v42i1.47808

Abstract

Structural inequality in land ownership remains a pressing issue in Indonesia, where control over vast land areas is concentrated among corporations and elites, while many communities continue to face limited access to agrarian resources. This condition contributes to poverty, social vulnerability, and recurring agrarian conflicts across regions. This research aims to analyze the phenomenon of structural inequality in land ownership through a justice-based perspective, examining its root causes and assessing the effectiveness of existing agrarian policies. Using a normative juridical method with statute and conceptual approaches, the study reviews legal frameworks, policy documents, and academic literature to provide a comprehensive evaluation. The findings indicate that overlapping regulations, weak recognition of customary rights, pro-investment legal reforms, and limited public participation have hindered equitable land governance. Agrarian Reform policies have also fallen short, particularly in achieving meaningful redistribution, strengthening community rights, and providing adequate conflict resolution mechanisms. The study concludes that reducing structural inequality requires strengthening justice-oriented legal norms, improving coherence among agrarian regulations, enhancing recognition of local and customary rights, and ensuring more inclusive participation in policy implementation.
Legal Consequences of a Morally Defective (Fasiq) Instrumental Witness on the Execution of Sharia Financing Collateral: A Comparative Approach Nurluna Siti Syarah; Agung Iriantoro; Ricca Anggraeni
SIGn Jurnal Hukum Vol 8 No 1: April - September 2026
Publisher : CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37276/sjh.v8i1.672

Abstract

The disparity in the position of the instrumental witness in the creation of Sharia financing deeds originates from the collision between the formal rationality of positive law and the ontological values of Islamic law. Notarial practice tends to be oriented towards fulfilling administrative requirements without burdening the witness with material liability, whereas Islamic law absolutely demands the ‘adalah (highest moral integrity) qualification. This research aims to examine the dogmatic comparison of the instrumental witness position in both legal regimes and analyze its implications on the validity of the contract and the executory force of the Mortgage Right collateral. This research is a normative juridical study that utilizes the statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The research results indicate that the use of a witness with defective moral integrity (fasiq) degrades the evidentiary power of the deed into a private deed under positive law and renders the contract status fasid (attributively defective making it voidable) under Islamic law. The dogmatic consequences of this double defect in the principal agreement are fatal for the accessory instrument. The Mortgage Right guarantee certificate automatically loses its theological legitimacy foundation, thus becoming paralyzed in executing parate executie (direct execution clause) at the Religious Court. In conclusion, disregard for witness integrity undermines the entire legal protection framework for the creditor. Therefore, integrating the fiqh muamalah (Islamic commercial jurisprudence) into notarial technical guidelines is necessary to prevent administrative malpractice and safeguard the validity of Sharia economic transactions.
Supervision of the Notary Supervisory Board on the Use of First Copies as a Substitute for Minutes of Deeds Iriantoro, Agung; Novilawati, Rizka; Aidonojie, Paul Atagamen; Galchynsky, Leonid Juryi
Lex Publica Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58829/lp.12.2.2025.305

Abstract

The notary public is a government official who bears a significant responsibility in the drafting and safekeeping of the original draft of an authentic deed. However, in practice, there are still notaries facing the loss or damage of such original drafts, which potentially undermines the integrity of legal evidence and the trust of the parties involved. This study employs a normative legal research method, utilizing an analytical approach with primary and secondary legal materials, focusing on statutory regulations. The research findings demonstrate that the Supervisory Council of Notaries carries a substantial responsibility in overseeing the issuance of replacement minutes to ensure that this process does not raise any legal uncertainties and continues to safeguard the document’s security. The comprehensive supervision by Supervisory Council of Notaries involves validating the authenticity of the copied document, assessing procedural propriety, issuing recommendations, and making administrative decisions. Furthermore, the status of the first copy used as a basis for issuing an authentic replacement minute holds an equivalent legal standing to the original minuta, contingent upon compliance with formal requirements stipulated in Article 1888 of the Civil Code (BW) and under stringent supervision by Supervisory Council of Notaries.
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Notaris atas Pemalsuan Akta Otentik Berdasarkan Keterangan Palsu atau Manipulatif (Studi Putusan No. 898/Pid.B/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt): Criminal Liability of Notaries for Forgery of Authentic Deeds Based on False or Manipulative Information (Study of Decision No. 898/Pid.B/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt) Zahra, Ravelina; Iriantoro, Agung; Apriani, Luh Rina
Jurnal Media Hukum Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Media Hukum (JMH)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Tompotika Luwuk Banggai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59414/jmh.v14i1.1349

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pidana notaris atas pemalsuan akta otentik yang didasarkan pada keterangan palsu atau manipulatif, dengan studi pada Putusan No. 898/Pid.B/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa notaris sebagai pejabat umum memiliki kewajiban untuk memastikan kebenaran formal dari data yang disampaikan oleh para pihak, namun tidak bertanggung jawab atas kebenaran materiil sepanjang telah bertindak sesuai prosedur. Akan tetapi, apabila notaris terbukti mengetahui adanya keterangan palsu atau turut serta dalam perbuatan manipulatif, maka dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana berdasarkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. Dalam putusan yang dikaji, hakim mempertimbangkan unsur kesengajaan dan peran aktif notaris dalam proses pembuatan akta. Dan unsur Pasal 266 ayat (1) KUHP Jo Pasal 56 ayat (1) KUHP telah terpenuhi dalam perbuatan Terdakwa, sehingga terdakwa harus mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya secara pidana dengan pidana penjara selama 1 (satu) tahun. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya kehati-hatian dan integritas notaris dalam menjalankan jabatannya
The Annulment of a General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) Deed on Procedural Grounds: Who Protects the Board of Directors and Board of Commissioners? Dailapasa, Dinada Rindu Asmara; Iriantoro, Agung; Apriani, Luh Rina
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kyadiren Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kyadiren
Publisher : PPPM, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum (STIH) Biak-Papua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46924/jihk.v8i1.452

Abstract

The dismissal of directors and commissioners through a procedurally defective General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) generates legal uncertainty and creates opportunities for the abuse of authority within limited liability companies. This study aims to examine the legal consequences arising from the annulment of GMS minutes that are procedurally flawed and to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection afforded to corporate organs. The research employs a normative juridical method, utilizing a statutory approach and a case study of Decision Number 214/Pdt.G/2021/PN.Jkt.Utr. The findings indicate that a procedurally defective GMS deed is deemed null and void and, therefore, lacks binding legal force, resulting in the restoration of the positions of the directors and commissioners. In conclusion, legal protection has been relatively effective through civil and corporate law mechanisms; however, enhanced oversight and stricter procedural compliance remain necessary.
Ethics-Based Professionalism of Notaries and PPAT: The Main Pillar In Carrying Out Professional Duties Iriantoro, Agung
Jurnal Sipakatau: Inovasi Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): Jurnal Sipakatau
Publisher : PT. Global Research Collaboration

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.66314/sipakatau.v3i3.595

Abstract

Notaries and Land Deed Officials (PPAT) are public officials authorized by the state to produce authentic deeds with strong evidentiary value in civil and land law systems. This authority is accompanied by a high level of public trust, requiring not only legal compliance but also strong ethical responsibility. This study aims to analyze the professionalism of Notaries and PPAT as state-trusted public officials and to examine how professional ethics function as a fundamental mechanism in strengthening accountability and legal certainty in their practice. The research employs normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by literature review of laws, regulations, ethical codes, and scholarly writings. This study does not use a case-study approach. The study finds that professionalism of Notaries and PPAT is structured through an integrated framework consisting of statutory authority, ethical codes, and supervisory mechanisms. However, a gap remains between normative ethical standards and their practical implementation, particularly in issues related to conflicts of interest, indirect promotion, and neutrality in practice. This study proposes an integrative framework of ethics-based professionalism that positions professional ethics not as a complementary element, but as a binding foundation ensuring legal certainty, institutional accountability, and public trust in the execution of authentic deed services.
Implementation of Forest Area Regulation and Environmental Justice Challenges in Indonesia under Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2025 Surono, Agus; Sadino, Sadino; Abdullah, Zaitun; Iriantoro, Agung; Hamid, Adnan; Hidayati, Maslihati Nur
Jurnal Sipakatau: Inovasi Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Jurnal Sipakatau
Publisher : PT. Global Research Collaboration

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.66314/sipakatau.v3i1.603

Abstract

Background: Indonesia’s forest governance continues to face challenges such as overlapping land claims, agrarian conflicts, and institutional fragmentation. Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2025 establishes a cross-sectoral Forest Area Order and Enforcement Task Force (PKH Task Force) to accelerate forest recovery and improve legal certainty. However, concerns remain regarding data reliability and social justice in its implementation. Objective: This study examines the implementation of forest area regulation under Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2025, focusing on governance effectiveness, socio-ecological impacts, and the relationship between enforcement mechanisms and environmental justice. Methods: A qualitative socio-legal approach was employed, combining normative juridical analysis, focus group discussions, field observations, and comparative policy review. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis and cross-case comparison. Results: Findings show that the PKH Task Force recovered approximately 3.3 million hectares of forest land by September 2025. Despite this achievement, structural issues persist, including inconsistent spatial data, overlapping customary land claims (17.6–24.4 million hectares), and unequal enforcement between large-scale actors and smallholders. Limited community participation has contributed to ongoing socio-ecological tensions. In contrast, participatory schemes such as PPTPKH/TORA (3.04 million hectares) and social forestry programs (4.1 million hectares involving over 800,000 households) indicate more inclusive governance outcomes. Conclusion: Forest governance reform demonstrates strong administrative performance but limited social legitimacy. Effective implementation requires integrating distributive, procedural, and restorative justice principles supported by participatory and integrated data governance systems. Limitations: The study is based on secondary data and selected qualitative cases, which may not fully represent regional variations in Indonesia
NOTARIAL DEEDS RELATED TO DEFAULTS, FRAUD AND EMBEZZLEMENT Agung Iriantoro
NOTARIIL Jurnal Kenotariatan Vol. 7 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Warmadewa Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/jn.7.2.2022.84-88

Abstract

The aim of this study is to find out the crime of fraud (Article 378 of the Criminal Code) and the criminal act of embezzlement (Article 372 of the Criminal Code) can be charged to one of the parties in the agreement made by the notarial deed is considered to have committed default. This study uses normative juridical methods, which means that this study focuses on favourable laws such as Law No. 2 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary, the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, and other laws and regulations. Based on analysis, the results of this study revealed that if one of the parties in the agreement made by his notarial deed is considered to have committed a default, it cannot be charged with the crime of fraud (Article 378 of the Criminal Code) and the criminal act of embezzlement (Article 372 of the Criminal Code) based on Article 11 of Law No. 12 of 2005 concerning ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Some judges' decisions with loose verdicts (slag van all rechttsvervolging), i.e., the act charged is proven, but the act of default does not constitute a criminal offence.
APPLICATION OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE RECORDING OF THE DEED OF NOTARIAL SALE AND PURCHASE BINDING AGREEMENT ON LAND AT THE LAND OFFICE Agung Iriantoro
NOTARIIL Jurnal Kenotariatan Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Warmadewa Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/jn.9.1.2024.40-46

Abstract

An agreement is an agreement of both parties to do a deed. Agreements are very often used in everyday life, both underhand and notary agreements. In the content of the agreement the parties make in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract. Agreements under hand often have problems between parties because the agreement is not strong binding. For this reason, the role of the Notary Public is needed in making a notarial agreement deed so that the parties can achieve their respective goals and it is safe if one day there is a party who defaults, the notarial agreement deed can be used as valid evidence. The principle of prudence into the deed of Notarial Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement on registered land to be recorded at the Land Office. Using normative methods with a statutory approach and a legal concept approach. The results of this study show that the Notarial Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement Arrangement on registered land registered at the Land Office can only be carried out against the Notarial Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement that has been paid off. The formulation of the precautionary principle into the Notarial Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement deed on registered land that will be registered at the Land Office can be seen in the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2021, which can be done using analogous arguments by Notaries in applying the precautionary principle to the preparation of the Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement Deed.
Electronic Storage Of Notary Protocols Based On A Cloud Computing System In The Cyber Notary Concept Agung Iriantoro; Banu Sopian Hardiansyah
Jurnal Hukum Prasada Vol. 11 No. 2 (2024): Jurnal Hukum Prasada
Publisher : Magister of Law, Post Graduate Program, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/jhp.11.2.2024.62-72

Abstract

The manual storage of notary protocols poses various risks such as damage due to unforeseen events, degradation from chemical influences, destruction by rodents or insects, dispersal, loss, and physical harm. It is crucial for notaries to embrace modern technology for storing notary protocols electronically, particularly through the use of Cloud Computing Systems. According to Article 1 number 13 of the Notary Act, notary protocols are considered state archives that notaries are responsible for preserving in compliance with relevant legal regulations. Therefore, the management of notary protocols should adhere to the Archives Law and Government Regulation Number 28 of 2012. The Notary Protocol, considered a dynamic archive of vital importance, should have the capability to be transformed into electronic documents. As stated in Article 48 and Article 49 paragraph (1) of Government Regulation Number 28 of 2012, the transfer of dynamic archive media is permissible, and such transfer can take any form in line with technological advancements and information regulations. The adoption of a Cloud Computing System for the electronic storage of Notary Protocols reflects the progress in technology and information. The concept of Idea cyber notary involves using technological advancements to enable notaries to perform their notarial responsibilities. Notaries, acting as data controllers and processors for their clients' personal data, have the responsibility to gather, store, and handle such information. In legal terms, notaries can be held accountable for mishandling personal data.