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Journal : Makara Journal of Science

Synthesis of 1-(4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium Bromide and Its Evaluation as Antiplasmodium through Heme Polymerization Inhibitory Activity (HPIA) Assay Fitriastuti, Dhina; Alfiyah, Viny; Mustofa, Mustofa; Jumina, Jumina; Mardjan, Muhammad Idham Darussalam
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 25, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This study describes the development of N-benzyl-1,10-phenantrolinium salt as an antiplasmodium agent. The salt, that is, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide, was prepared using vanillin as the starting material in four simple synthetic steps. First, the alkylation of vanillin using diethyl sulfate produced 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde in 79% yield. Second, the reduction of the protected vanillin by NaBH4 through the grinding method allowed us to obtain 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol in 96% yield. Next, the bromination of the benzyl alcohol under solvent-free condition led to the formation of the corresponding benzyl bromide, which in turn underwent bimolecular nucleophilic substitution with 1,10-phenanthroline to produce the desired product, that is, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide, in 58% yield. The evaluation of N-benzyl-1,10-phenantrolinium salt as an antiplasmodium agent was conducted through heme polymerization inhibitory activity (HPIA) assay. The results showed that the phenantroline salt and chloroquine displayed the HPIA half maximal inhibitory concentrations of 3.63 and 4.37 mM, respectively. Therefore, 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium bromide displays desirable HPIA and has a great potential to be further developed as an antiplasmodium.
Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Molecular Docking Study of Xanthenol and Its Disproportionation Products as Anticancer and Antimalarial Agents Pratama, Ardhya Ayu; Jumina, Jumina; Anwar, Chairil
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 28, No. 2
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Abstract

Xanthone and its derivatives are well known for their broad biological activities. This research aims to investigate the anticancer and antimalarial activities of synthesized xanthenol and xanthene compounds and to elucidate their mechanisms of action through molecular docking. The xanthenol compound was obtained through xanthone reduction with sodium triacetoxyborohydride, and xanthene synthesis was studied through three different reaction conditions: uncatalyzed and catalyzed by Lewis acid or Bronsted acid. The reduction reaction produced xanthenol in 30.50% yield, whereas the three reaction conditions produced xanthene and xanthone in 39.35–75.48% yield. An anticancer assay for Vero, WiDr, HeLa, and T47D cell lines was evaluated with a microculture tetrazolium assay, and an antimalarial activity test was examined using the heme polymerization inhibition method. The xanthene compound showed the lowest IC50 value (44 µg/mL) among the products in the T47D cell line. Meanwhile, the antimalarial assay showed that the xanthone compound could inhibit heme polymerization, with an IC50 value of 114 µg/mL. The molecular docking study revealed that the anticancer activity of xanthene occurred through the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, and the antimalarial activity of xanthone occurred through the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. These results showed that xanthene and xanthone compounds are potential anticancer and antimalarial drugs, respectively.