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Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions as Communal Intellectual Property: Are They Protected Under the WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Associated Traditional Knowledge 2024? Samsithawrati, Putu Aras; Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti; Putra, Made Aditya Pramana; Sawitri, Dewa Ayu Dian
Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia Vol 7, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER HUKUM FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jphi.v7i1.1-26

Indonesia has a culture and natural wealth that has the potential to be protected by Communal Intellectual Property (CIP). Indonesian national law has shown seriousness in the legal protection of CIP by issuing various CIP laws and regulations. However, the protection of CIP at the international level has only appeared with the issuance of the WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge GRATK/DC/7 2024 (WIPO Treaty GRATK/DC/7 2024) 2024. This paper examines the protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCE) as CIP in Indonesia and internationally through the WIPO Treaty GRATK/DC/7 2024. The normative legal research method is used with a statutory, conceptual, comparative and analytical approach. The results show that PP 56/2022 and Permenkumham 13/2017 provide sufficient protection for CIP works including TK and TCE, especially in the form of defensive protection (inventory and recording of CIP). WIPO Treaty GRATK/DC/7 2024 emphasizes genetic resources (GR) protection and TK related to GR and not TCE. However, TCE protection internationally is seen in the amendment to the Berne Convention, Article 15.4 through "anonymous works". WIPO Treaty GRATK/DC/7 2024 is an advancement in international recognition of the protection of CIP, especially TK related to GR. Internationally, this document is a legal umbrella to protect Indonesian CIP including TK that is used commercially considering that communities from regions in Indonesia are very rich in TK that they have inherited across generations.

Intellectual Property Rights and Ethics: A Comparison of Philosophical Approaches in Northern and Southern Countries I Gede Agus Kurniawan; Putu Aras Samsithawrati; Fradhana Putra Disantara; Briggs Samuel Mawunyo Nutakor; Mac Thi Hoai Thuong
Kosmik Hukum Vol 25, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/kosmikhukum.v25i1.24489

The philosophical differences between Northern countries, which adopt utilitarian and libertarian perspectives emphasizing strict Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, and Southern countries, which prioritize distributive justice and universal access, create tensions in implementing global IPR policies, particularly concerning important issues such as access to medicines and technology. This research aims to analyze the influence of philosophical approach differences between Northern and Southern countries on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policies and implementation, as well as their ethical implications for public access to knowledge and technology. This research employs normative legal research methods with a conceptual approach, analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through literature study, and uses qualitative analysis to interpret the differences in philosophical approaches to IPR policies between Northern and Southern countries along with their ethical implications. The research findings show that philosophical differences between Northern countries, which adopt a utilitarian-libertarian approach with strict IPR protection, and Southern countries, which emphasize distributive justice-collectivism with a more flexible approach, have significant ethical implications for public access to knowledge and technology, as seen in the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa and access to education, where strict patent policies of Northern countries often hinder developing countries' access to important technology and knowledge, while Southern countries advocate for universal access especially for basic needs such as health and education, creating tension between IPR protection and fulfillment of society's basic needs.

Policies Concerning Sacred And Open Traditional Cultural Expressions: Tourism And Creative Economy In Bali Context Dewi Kasih, Desak Putu; Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti; Samsithawrati, Putu Aras; Dwijayanthi, Putri Triari; Dian Sawitri, Dewa Ayu; Krisna Yanti, A.A. Istri Eka
JATISWARA Vol. 38 No. 1 (2023): Jatiswara
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jtsw.v38i1.475

This study aims to elaborate on the policies regarding the protection of TCEs related to creative economy businesses in the tourism sector, and the implementation of these policies in Bali. The study uses a socio-legal research method by using statutes, conceptual, economic, and technological approaches. The study indicated that TCEs are transformed across generations in custodian communities that are not sacred can be categorized as open TCEs and can be developed to support tourism creative economy businesses. Meanwhile, the type of TCEs that are sacred can only be used by the community carrying them for sacred purposes, categorized as closed TCEs. The policies at the international, national, and local levels related to open TCEs have regulated access for it to be developed for creative economy businesses including the tourism sector as well as protection of benefit sharing for the community. Meanwhile, the Indonesia Copyright Law and Provisions on Communal Intellectual Property Data have not accommodated benefit sharing. In Bali, policy related to sacred TCE can be observed through the 2019 Joint Decree on the Strengthening and Protection of Balinese Sacred Dances that prohibits Balinese Sacred Dances from being performed outside of sacred purposes. The implementation of an inventory of the protection of TCEs in Bali has been carried out by the Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of Bali Province in collaboration with the Regional Government in Bali including university, although has not been maximized due to the large variety of cultural expressions in the community.

Intellectual Property Rights and Ethics: A Comparison of Philosophical Approaches in Northern and Southern Countries Kurniawan, I Gede Agus; Samsithawrati, Putu Aras; Disantara, Fradhana Putra; Nutakor, Briggs Samuel Mawunyo; Thuong, Mac Thi Hoai
Kosmik Hukum Vol. 25 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/kosmikhukum.v25i1.24489

The philosophical differences between Northern countries, which adopt utilitarian and libertarian perspectives emphasizing strict Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, and Southern countries, which prioritize distributive justice and universal access, create tensions in implementing global IPR policies, particularly concerning important issues such as access to medicines and technology. This research aims to analyze the influence of philosophical approach differences between Northern and Southern countries on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policies and implementation, as well as their ethical implications for public access to knowledge and technology. This research employs normative legal research methods with a conceptual approach, analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through literature study, and uses qualitative analysis to interpret the differences in philosophical approaches to IPR policies between Northern and Southern countries along with their ethical implications. The research findings show that philosophical differences between Northern countries, which adopt a utilitarian-libertarian approach with strict IPR protection, and Southern countries, which emphasize distributive justice-collectivism with a more flexible approach, have significant ethical implications for public access to knowledge and technology, as seen in the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa and access to education, where strict patent policies of Northern countries often hinder developing countries' access to important technology and knowledge, while Southern countries advocate for universal access especially for basic needs such as health and education, creating tension between IPR protection and fulfillment of society's basic needs.

Legal Reform in Business Dispute Resolution: A Study of Legal Pluralism in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand Kurniawan, I Gede Agus; Samsithawrati, Putu Aras; Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti; Disantara, Fradhana Putra; Chansrakaeo, Ruetaitip
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): April, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i2.21128

Legal pluralism in the resolution of business disputes in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand illustrates the intricate interplay between the particular and the general elements of the national laws, international laws, and other legal systems, which allow for flexibility in resolving disputes, but at the same time brings problems for legal integration and certainty for the business people. This study examines the role of legal pluralism in the resolution of business disputes in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Legal pluralism creates an interaction between national law, international law, and other legal systems, providing flexibility in dispute resolution while also posing challenges to integration and legal certainty for business practitioners. The research approach employed is a legal study focusing on literature regarding legal pluralism and business dispute resolution systems. The analysis method used is normative-qualitative, utilizing legislative, conceptual, and comparative methods. The research findings show that legal pluralism in business dispute resolution in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand offers flexibility but also creates legal uncertainty. In Indonesia, the coexistence of civil, Islamic, and customary law leads to overlapping jurisdictions. Vietnam's state-controlled legal system incorporates arbitration and mediation but struggles with enforcing international awards. Thailand balances civil law with Buddhist-influenced mediation, favoring informal resolution but facing enforcement challenges. While legal pluralism enhances accessibility to justice, its effectiveness depends on legal integration and enforcement mechanisms to ensure certainty and fairness in business disputes.

Utilitarianism Versus Communalism: A Legal Theory Analysis of Intellectual Property Rights Ethics in Global North and South Kurniawan, I Gede Agus; Samsithawrati, Putu Aras; Disantara, Fradhana Putra; Budiana, I Nyoman; Nutakor, Briggs Samuel Mawunyo
Jambe Law Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Jambi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/home.v8i1.450

The development of the idea of intellectual property has become a separate debate related to countries in the Global South and countries in the Global North. Global South and Global North are concepts used to distinguish between developed and developing countries in social, economic, and political contexts. This study aims to analyze the views of utilitarianism versus communalism in understanding intellectual property rights in Global North and Global South countries. This study is a normative legal study that prioritizes conceptual, historical, and philosophical approaches. The results of the study confirm that the differences in views between Global North and Global South countries on intellectual property reflect global economic and political inequality. Global North countries support strict intellectual property protection to maintain their economic and technological dominance, while Global South countries want a more flexible system to ensure fair access to technology, medicines, and protection of traditional knowledge. Global North countries see IP protection as a driver of innovation and economic growth, based on the theory of utilitarianism, while Global South countries prioritize the principle of communalism to ensure fair access to technology and knowledge. To achieve balance, inclusive policies, international cooperation in research and development, and integration of communal values in IP policies are needed, in order to create social justice and redistribution of global wealth

The Business Legal Policy in Indonesia, Ghana, and Vietnam: A Perspective from the Theory of Dignified Justice Kurniawan, I Gede Agus; Putu Aras Samsithawrati; Disantara, Fradhana Putra; Thuong, Mac Thi Hoai; Nutakor, Briggs Samuel Mawunyo
Lex Scientia Law Review Vol. 9 No. 1 (2025): May, 2025: Law, Technology, and Globalization: Challenges and Innovations in th
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/lslr.v9i1.18096

This study aims to compare business law policies in Indonesia, Ghana, and Vietnam from the perspective of dignified justice and analyze the challenges and opportunities in their implementation. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches to analyze business law policies in Indonesia, Ghana, and Vietnam from the perspective of dignified justice. The study’s findings reveal that business law policies in Indonesia, Ghana, and Vietnam have unique characteristics influenced by their respective legal systems, histories, and socio-economic conditions. The main challenges include complex bureaucracy, regulatory uncertainty, weak law enforcement, and widespread corruption, which hinder transparency and fair business competition. Indonesia adopts a mixed legal system with reforms such as the Omnibus Law (Job Creation Law) to simplify regulations. However, it still faces issues in licensing and legal protection for SMEs. Ghana, operating under a common law system, seeks to strengthen corporate governance through the Companies Act 2019 but continues to struggle with capital access and burdensome bureaucracy for businesses. Meanwhile, Vietnam, with its socialist legal system, has encouraged private sector growth through reforms like the Law on Enterprises 2020 but still faces challenges related to regulatory transparency and labor protection. All three countries have opportunities to enhance economic competitiveness through bureaucratic digitalization, more transparent legal reforms, and broader support for SMEs and startups. With more inclusive and stable policies, they can establish a fairer and more sustainable business law system from the perspective of dignified justice.

The Philosophy of Justice in Business Law: A Comparative Study of Ethical Values in Ghana and Indonesia’s Constitutional Frameworks Kurniawan, I Gede Agus; Putu Aras Samsithawrati; Disantara, Fradhana Putra; Nutakor, Briggs Samuel Mawunyo; Thuong, Mac Thi Hoai
Indonesian State Law Review Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Indonesian State Law Review, April 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/islrev.v8i1.18111

The role of the philosophy of justice in business law as a moral and normative foundation that ensures economic activities are not only oriented towards technical efficiency but also uphold principles of justice such as distributive, commutative, and fairness. The philosophy of justice is closely related to constitutional values because the constitution not only regulates legal norms but also contains ethics and social goals that must be reflected in business regulations. Not only regulates legal norms but also contains ethics and social goals that must be reflected in business regulations. This research aims to analyze the philosophy of justice in business law in relation to the principles and values in the constitution and ethical values of a country, with a legal comparison between Indonesia and Ghana. This research is a normative legal study with a conceptual, comparative legal, and legislative approach. The research findings affirm that a comparative study with Ghana shows that although both countries emphasize the importance of ethical and just economic governance based on constitutional values, their approaches differ. Indonesia has a structured system based on the constitution and the interpretation of the Constitutional Court, whereas Ghana relies on a pluralistic legal framework and sectoral regulations that are not fully integrated with the constitution. This difference highlights the importance of the role of the constitution and the judiciary in realizing fair, transparent, and sustainable business law.

Trademark Registration Incentive Regulation for Small Businesses in Tourism: Human Rights and Protection Systems Comparison Samsithawrati, Putu Aras; Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti; Putra, Made Aditya Pramana; Sawitri, Dewa Ayu Dian; Hong, Tan Jian
Jurnal Suara Hukum Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Suara Hukum
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jsh.v7n2.p488-519

This study aims to compare trademark protection systems adopted in Indonesia and Malaysia on exclusive rights to trademarks, especially in the human rights context, and to analyze regulations in both countries in supporting small business in the tourism sector through trademark registration incentives. The normative legal research method is used in this study by using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches with descriptive qualitative analysis. The study reveals that trademarks as intangible property rights and the right to own property can be considered human rights refer to Arts. 27(2) and 17 UDHR. To strengthen trademark protection in human rights and Intellectual Property Rights contexts, Indonesia adopts a first-to-file system where trademark registration is an obligation, because it protects those who file it first, as stipulated in Law No. 20 of 2016. Gianyar as tourism area in Bali-Indonesia has Regent Regulation Number 86 of 2021 that supports small businesses in tourism through trademark registration incentives. Meanwhile, Malaysia adopts a first-to-use trademark protection system stipulated in the Trademark Act 2019. However, trademark registration is an essential step to ensure business continuity. Both Indonesia and Malaysia governments have at least attempted to play a positive role in supporting the growth of their economies.

PENGATURAN KEGIATAN USAHA EKONOMI LAIN PADA KAWASAN EKONOMI KHUSUS Ni Komang Krispa tripa Yanti; Putu Aras Samsithawrati
Jurnal Media Akademik (JMA) Vol. 3 No. 10 (2025): JURNAL MEDIA AKADEMIK Edisi Oktober
Publisher : PT. Media Akademik Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62281/ct0pct49

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tantangan hukum yang muncul akibat adanya kategori ekonomi lain dalam penyelenggaraan Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK) dan upaya untuk menegaskan kepastian hukum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis. Bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier dianalisis secara deskriptif-preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kategori “ekonomi lain” bersifat norma terbuka, sehingga menimbulkan potensi ketidakpastian hukum yang dapat memengaruhi iklim investasi, pengelolaan KEK, dan harmonisasi regulasi sektoral. Lebih lanjut hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pembentukan parameter normatif yang jelas bagi pihak pengelola KEK, mencakup kesesuaian dengan tujuan KEK, rencana tata ruang dan lokasi, konsistensi dengan prinsip hukum dan regulasi sektoral, serta kelayakan ekonomi dan nilai tambah kegiatan usaha, menjadi langkah strategis untuk memastikan kepastian hukum dan efektivitas pelaksanaan KEK. Dengan adanya parameter tersebut, KEK dapat berfungsi optimal sebagai instrumen untuk mendorong investasi, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan pembangunan nasional yang berkelanjutan.

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