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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
 169   170   171   172   173 
Circularized and Corner-Rounded Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns Wrapped with CFRP Under Eccentric Compression Dang, Tung D.; Nguyen, Canh Tuan; Cao, Vui Van
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 6 (2025): June
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-06-022

Abstract

This paper presents experimental and analytical investigations on the behavior and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) confined circularized and corner-rounded rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns under eccentric loading. Twelve RC columns with cross sections of 150×200 mm were tested. Two columns were used as control specimens. Five columns were circularized and then wrapped with five CFRP configurations. The other five columns were corner-rounded and then wrapped with the above configurations. These twelve columns were eccentrically loaded until they failed. The results indicated that CFRP-confined circularized RC columns failed by CFRP rupture at the eccentric side, while CFRP-confined corner-rounded RC columns failed by CFRP rupture localized at corners. The outstanding effectiveness of the circularization method was its increase in the ultimate load of CFRP-confined circularized RC columns by 3.0–4.3 times that of the control columns. In contrast, the corner-rounding method moderately increased the ultimate load of CFRP-confined corner-rounded RC columns by 1.3–1.7 times that of the control columns. The circularization method outstandingly improved the elastic stiffness by 273.9%–419.3% compared with that of control columns, whereas the corner-rounding method exhibited no effect on the elastic stiffness. The rotation ductility of CFRP-confined circularized and corner-rounded RC columns significantly improved to high ductility when confined with more than 1.33 CFRP layers. Theoretical analyses were performed, and simple models were proposed for reasonably estimating the ultimate loads of the CFRP-confined circularized and corner-rounded RC columns under eccentric loading.
Factors Influencing Performance, Durability, and Environmental Impact of Hydraulic Structures Using Waste Composite Ghani, Muhammad Usman; Yonglai, Zheng; Alrasheed, Khaled; Nasim Khan Raja, Babar
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 6 (2025): June
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-06-021

Abstract

This research explores the crucial elements influencing the impact of hydraulic structures constructed using waste-based composites, emphasizing sustainable material integration in infrastructure. A conceptual model comprising five constructs—Design and Structural Performance, Durability, Environmental Impact, Material Characteristics, and Waste Composites—was established and analyzed utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data was combined from 260 construction professionals across the key construction industry. G*Power analysis confirmed the lowest required sample size of 150; the larger sample enhanced statistical robustness. All constructs demonstrated strong reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity, with significant path relationships supporting the proposed hypotheses. Material Characteristics (β = 0.568) and Environmental Impact (β = 0.353) emerged as the most influential predictors of hydraulic structure performance. Empirical correlation, cross-loadings, HTMT, and VIF analyses confirmed model stability and construct independence. The results provide precious information for engineers, construction managers, and policymakers aiming to optimize structural integrity and environmental sustainability through the adoption of recycled composite materials. This research contributes to theoretical advancements in sustainable construction and provides practical implications for material selection, policy formulation, and infrastructure design. The study recommends future research on real-time performance monitoring, expanded geographic validation, and inclusion of cost-efficiency and technological integration variables.
Optimizing Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete Considering Strength Properties for Sustainable Green Structures Ulloa, Néstor; Vaca Vallejo, Kerly Mishell; Bucheli Campaña, Ana Marí­a; Mendoza Castillo, Mery; Vaca Vallejo, Byron Gabriel
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 6 (2025): June
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-06-023

Abstract

Incorporating waste foundry sand (WFS) into concrete is a sustainable approach to enhance green construction practices. Waste foundry sand is a byproduct of the metal casting industry and is often discarded in landfills, posing environmental concerns. Using it as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete addresses both waste management and resource conservation. In this research paper, advanced machine learning models have been reported on the soft computing of the optimal waste foundry sand in concrete based on strength properties for sustainable green structures. The machine learning techniques such as “Group Methods Data Handling Neural Network (GMDH-NN)”, “Support Vector Machine (SVM)”, “K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)”, “Tree Decision (Tree)” and “Random Forest (RF)” were applied on a database for the compressive strength containing 397 records, for elastic modulus containing 146 records, and for split tensile strength containing 242 records. Each record contains C-Cement content (kg/m³), WFS-Waste foundry sand content (kg/m³), W-Water content (kg/m³), SP-Super-plasticizer content (kg/m³), CA-Coarse aggregates content (kg/m³), FA-Fine aggregates content (kg/m³), TA-Total aggregates content (kg/m³), and Age-The concrete age at testing (days), considered as the input parameters and CS_WFS-Compressive strength of waste foundry sand concrete (MPa), E_WFS-Elastic modules of waste foundry sand concrete (GPa), and STS_WFS-Split tensile strength of waste foundry sand concrete (MPa), which are the output parameters. A 75/25 partitioning pattern for train/test of the database was used in line with established rules. At the end of the model operation, it can be observed that kNN, SVM, and RF were paramount in terms of performance and therefore outclassed the other models in the three-state strength condition of the WFS cement concrete. Hence, these were selected as the decisive models for the prediction of the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and splitting tensile strength of the WFS cement's concrete. The sensitivity analyses showed that Age, WFS/C and CA/C are more impactful on the compressive strength, Age, FA/TA, and W/C are more impactful on the elastic modulus; and 1000SP/C, WFS/C, and W/C are more impactful on the splitting tensile strength of the WFS cement concrete. Generally, these models provide a foundation for optimizing material use, ensuring quality, and meeting environmental goals. Industries leveraging these tools can produce eco-friendly, high-performance concrete while addressing waste management challenges and reducing their carbon footprint.
SWOT Analysis of the Benefits of Hydropower Energy in Four Archipelagos Cruz-Pérez, Noelia; Rodrí­guez-Alcántara, Joselin S.; Koronaiou, Vasiliki L. P.; Jančula, Anja; Rodrí­guez-Martí­n, Jesica; Garcí­a-Gil, Alejandro; Fontes, José C.; Santamarta, Juan C.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 10 No. 7 (2024): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-07-019

Abstract

Increasing energy production through renewable sources is a challenge for islands. This paper investigates the potential of hydropower as a renewable energy source for islands in the Macaronesia region, which includes the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde. Ecological transition towards renewable energy sources is crucial for these islands due to their current dependence on imported fossil fuels and their remoteness. The methodology used in this paper combines a SWOT analysis with a review of relevant literature. The SWOT analysis evaluates the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats associated with hydropower development on each island. The results show that each island has unique characteristics that influence its hydropower potential. The Azores has existing mini-hydropower plants and opportunities for pumped storage systems due to its rainfall and volcanic features. Madeira also utilizes hydropower, including the world's first underground pumped storage plant (UPHS) in Socorridos. However, limitations exist due to the mountainous terrain and competition for water resources. The Canary Islands showcase the success story of El Hierro Island, which significantly increased renewable energy penetration through a wind farm and pumped storage hydropower system. The topography and lack of rainfall on Cape Verde make the development of hydropower a significant challenge and, as a result, the focus has shifted to wind power. The study concludes that hydropower can play a significant role in the ecological transition of these islands. However, careful planning and consideration of environmental factors are necessary to maximize the benefits and minimize the potential drawbacks. The paper emphasizes the importance of island-specific assessments and exploring opportunities for pumped storage systems. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-07-019 Full Text: PDF
Driver Drowsiness and Alcohol Detection for Automotive Safety Systems Sivaprakasam, Avenaish; Yogarayan, Sumendra; Mogan, Jashila Nair; Abdul Razak, Siti Fatimah; Azman, Afizan; Raman, Kavilan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-03

Abstract

Driver drowsiness and alcohol impairment are major causes of traffic accidents, making road safety a main concern. This study highlights the importance of addressing these issues through improved driver monitoring technologies. A prototype combining MQ-3 alcohol sensors, and facial detection was created, integrating with IoT via a Raspberry Pi to monitor and alert on drowsiness and alcohol levels. The developments use the NTHU-DDD dataset, which supports a supervised learning approach to develop a reliable drowsiness detection model. The study explored various machine learning algorithms such as Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), Gradient Boosting Classifier, and Gaussian Naive Bayes, with Random Forest and Gradient Boosting emerging as top performers, particularly suited to complex non-linear data. The system effectively used supervised learning techniques to differentiate drowsy and non-drowsy images and exhibited consistent accuracy in detecting drowsiness, especially when the driver’s face was centered. However, accuracy decreased when faces were tilted, highlighting areas for refinement. Moreover, the environmental tests on the MQ-3 sensor demonstrated its sensitivity to alcohol presence, even distinguishing the intensity based on beverage type and concentration. The findings underscore the efficacy of using sensor-based technologies in real-world conditions and provide a foundation for optimizing the system's detection capabilities across various scenarios.
The Influence of Precursor to Activator Ratio and Curing Temperature on Geopolymer Paste with One-Part Method Widayanti, Ari; Ekaputri, Januarti J.; Amini, Iqlima N.; Petrus, Himawan T. B. M.; Putri, Anandita Ade; Soemitro, Ria A. A.; Handayani, Anjas
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-014

Abstract

Geopolymer is an eco-friendly material that serves as a sustainable alternative to Portland cement in construction. This binder reduces carbon dioxide emissions from cement production. However, its manufacturing process remains complex and requires professional expertise. This study explores an environmentally friendly cement produced through the “One-Part Method” (or the “just add water” method), which simplifies geopolymer application, making it as user-friendly as Portland cement. However, research on the performance of one-part geopolymers with varying activator contents and curing temperatures remains limited. In this study, Class F fly ash was used as a precursor, combined with a dry activator made from geothermal sludge and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Two compositions were tested with precursor-to-dry activator ratios of 5:1 (OPG-F5F) and 7:1 (OPG-F7F). The compressive strength was significantly influenced by the Si/Al, Na/Si, Na/Al, and water/solid ratios derived from the precursor and activator. Mechanical properties were analyzed at three curing temperatures: ambient, 40°C, and 60°C. Results showed that OPG-F7F achieved the highest strength at 60°C, reaching 76.1 MPa at 28 days. Mineral analysis before and after steam curing revealed no changes in composition, while morphological analysis indicated that higher temperatures produced a denser geopolymer matrix. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of geopolymer cement as a viable Portland cement replacement using the One-Part Method.
Alternative Method for Determining Manning's Roughness Coefficient Using Two-Point Velocity in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Sediment Transport Maini, Miskar; Kironoto, Bambang A.; Rahardjo, Adam P.; Istiarto
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-02

Abstract

Understanding flow resistance equations, such as Manning’s roughness equation, is essential for river design and improvement. Estimating Manning’s roughness coefficient becomes more complicated when sediment transport is involved. This study takes an alternative approach by using velocity profiles to examine how sediment transport affects Manning’s roughness coefficient. To achieve this goal, 1200 velocity profiles with sediment-feeding (SF) and non-sediment-feeding (NSF) flows are evaluated to determine the (composite) Manning’s roughness coefficient. Sediment-feeding flows describe sediment flow under equilibrium conditions, whereas non-sediment-feeding flows represent sediment flow under nonequilibrium conditions. A Sontek 16-MHz Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter is used to measure the velocity (and turbulence) profiles. In addition to the present data, 225 secondary velocity profile data sets are analyzed in this study. The research findings indicate that the composite Manning’s roughness coefficient nco can be determined from Manning’s roughness coefficient nz/B at z/B in the transversal direction, using two points of the velocity profile at y/H = 0.2 and 0.4 in the vertical direction. The differences in the velocity profile shape (u/U) due to sediment feeding, particularly in inner regions (y/H ≤ 0.2), affect the value of nz/B. nco for sediment-feeding flows are generally higher than the cross-section Manning roughness coefficient n. As nco (based on nz/B) is based on the velocity profile, the nco values change with sediment transport. Meanwhile, the n values remain unchanged because the equation variables cannot detect the presence of sediment transport. For non-sediment-feeding flow, the differences in nco with n are 14.80% for a fixed bed (FB) and 18.17% for a movable bed (MB). The differences are even more pronounced for sediment-feeding flow at 33.01% for a fixed bed and 36.52% for a movable bed. The point where nz/B/nco = 1 occurs at z/B = 0.2 from the channel sidewall. This suggests that nz/B, measured at z/B = 0.2 from the channel sidewall, provides a good representation of nco for the section.
Assessing Sediment Transport and Shoreline Dynamics in High-Energy Tropical Coasts Umar, Hasdinar; Paotonan, Chairul; Rachman, Taufiqur; Nur, Sitti Hijraini; Muhiddin, Amir H.; Maming, Muhammad Idhil; Andriadi, Andi M. Rezky; Assidiq, Fuad Mahfud
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-022

Abstract

This research examines coastal erosion in North Galesong, Indonesia, by validating longshore sediment transport (LST) equations and predicting shoreline changes over ten years. To evaluate sediment movement and coastline alterations, it integrates field data on sediment grain size and wave characteristics with numerical modeling techniques, including the CERC equation and finite difference methods. Sieve analysis revealed a range of sediment textures (D50: 0.17–0.65 mm), predominantly medium-fine sand. Wave analysis indicated a dominance of moderate energy southwesterly waves (1.5 m height, 6.39 s period) that aid sediment transport. The empirical LST models, calibrated with local data, closely matched numerical simulations (error <20%), predicting an annual net northward sediment transport of 406,869 m³. Shoreline analysis across 15 segments showed significant spatial variability: severe erosion occurred in Cell 4 (Δy = -0.82 m), while Cell 3 saw accretion (Δy = +0.68 m), influenced by wave direction, sediment supply, and coastal morphology. This study underscores the value of hybrid empirical-numerical methods in data-scarce regions and emphasizes the need for local model calibration to enhance coastal resilience. The findings inform sustainable management practices, promoting adaptive strategies to address sediment imbalances and hydrodynamic changes due to climate factors.
Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Performance of Fly Ash Concrete Exposed to Ambient Temperature Maizuar; Akbar, Said Jalalul; Jalil, Abdul; Arfiandi, Joni
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-06

Abstract

The rising global temperatures due to climate change are accelerating concrete deterioration by shortening its service life, which subsequently increases maintenance costs. Therefore, the objective of this investigation is to analyze the graphene oxide (GO) effect on the mechanical characteristics and microstructural properties of fly ash (FA) concrete exposed to ambient temperatures. Concrete specimens were created by employing GO from 0.01% to 0.05% by weight of cement and cured using two distinct methods. These include standard curing in immersed water and for 7 days followed by ambient exposure. The mechanical test showed that GO significantly enhanced compressive strength, with 0.04% GO observed to have increased strength by approximately 16% at 28 days. However, exposure to ambient conditions led to decreased compressive and flexural strength and increased mass loss. The microstructural analysis also showed that ambient-exposed concrete exhibited higher porosity and incomplete hydration. The results showed that the addition of GO enhanced durability by refining the microstructure, reducing porosity, and enhancing thermal stability. Thermal analysis also confirmed that GO minimized moisture loss and improved thermal resistance. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) validated the improvement in bonding for the GO-FA concrete. These results showed that GO could mitigate the adverse effects of environmental exposure, leading to its identification as an advantageous additive to increase the long-term durability and concrete performance in different temperature conditions.
Linking the Tourism Activity to the Occurrence and Distribution of Microplastics Chairunnisa, Nadda Khalila; Adam, Moh. Awaludin; Kristianto, Sonny; Aidil Candri, Dining; Shofi Talbia, Husna; Aprilia, Maya; Mutia, Tuti; Masruroh, Heni; Iswara, Aditya Prana; Prayogo, Wisnu
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-010

Abstract

Tourism-driven activities have increasingly contributed to marine microplastic (MPs) pollution, particularly in island ecosystems. This study assesses the abundance, characteristics, and spatial distribution of MPs in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, by analyzing samples from coastal water, sediments, and fish across three zones: a seaport, recreational beach, and mangrove area. Standardized filtration, density separation, and FTIR spectroscopy were used to identify MPs types and polymers. Results show the highest MPs concentrations in coastal water at recreational beaches (19.25 particles/L), sediment at seaports (23.15 particles/kg), and fish near seaports (17.5 particles/individual), indicating elevated risks of bioaccumulation. Fragments and fibers were the dominant forms, with prevalent polymers including PS, PE, and LDPE, mostly in black, blue, and red colors. The mangrove area exhibited lower MPs levels due to its natural filtration capacity but still showed MPs presence in biota. This multi-compartment approach highlights a clear link between tourism intensity and MPs contamination. The findings provide new insights for designing localized interventions, including waste reduction strategies and regulatory measures. By integrating ecological and anthropogenic factors, this study supports the development of sustainable tourism policies to mitigate MPs pollution and protect coastal biodiversity.

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