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Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
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Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH) is an electronic, open-access, double-blind and peer-reviewed international journal, focusing on maternal and child health. The journal began its publication on July 11, 2015, and is published four times yearly. JMCH aims to improve the policy, program, service, and practice, as they impact infant, children, mother, women, adolescent, and family health.
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Articles 549 Documents
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Path Analysis on Determinants of Postpartum Bleeding at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Central Java Hidayati, Siti Nur; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Widyaningsih, Vitri
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 6 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is bleeding that exceeds 500 ml after the baby is born. The main causes of postpartum bleeding are uterine atony, placental retention, birth canal laceration, and blood clotting abnormalities. Predisposing factors of postpartum hemorrhage are age, parity, anemia, premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, prolonged labor, uterine overdistention, labor of action, history of previous bleeding, and distance of pregnancy. Postpartum hemorrhage will cause maternal death if it is not treated immediately. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of postpartum hemorrhage.Subjects and Method: This study used observational analytic with a case control approach. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi, Central Java, from April to May 2019. The total sample was 225 maternity mothers who were selected based on fixed disease sampling by using a ratio of 1: 2 between the case and control groups. The dependent variable was postpartum bleeding. The independent variables were age, parity, anemia, premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, prolonged labor, uterine overdistention, action delivery, obstetric history, uterine atony, placental retention, birth canal laceration, and pregnancy distance. Data collection techniques used secondary data medical record records which were analyzed by using path analysis.Results: Postpartum hemorrhage was directly and positively associated with atonia uterine (b= 2.46; 95% CI= 1.53 to 3.40; p<0.001), vaginal laceration (b= 1.76; 95% CI= 0.78 to 2.75; p <0.001), poor obstetric history (b= 0.93; 95% CI= 0.11 to 1.76; p= 0.026), and type of labor (b= 1.70; 95% CI= 0.94 to 2.46; p <0.001). It was indirectly affected by preeclampsia, parity, prolonged labor, premature rupture of membrane, age, anemia, uterine overdistention, birth spacing, and placental retention.Conclusion: Postpartum hemorrhage is directly and positively associated with atonia uterine, vaginal laceration, poor obstetric history, and type of labor. It is indirectly affected by pre­eclampsia, parity, prolonged labor, premature rupture of membrane, age, anemia, uterine overdistention, birth spacing, and placental retention.Keywords: Postpartum hemorrhage, placental retention, atonia uterine, path analysis Correspondence: Siti Nur Hidayati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: sitihidayati58@gmail.com. Mobile: 082133­679586.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(6): 35-47https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.06.04
The Associations between Exclusive Breastfeeding, Complementary Feeding, and the Risk of Stunting in Children Under Five Years of Age: A Path Analysis Evidence from Jombang East Java Murti, Bhisma; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini; Barir, Baroroh
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 6 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Stunting in children becomes a health problem that gets priority and must be addressed immediately. Delayed development, a decrease in cognitive function and immune function and the risk of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and obesity are the effects of stunting. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of stunting in children aged 2-3 years in Jombang, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case-control design. The study was carried out at Plandaan and Kabuh community health centers, Jombang, East Java, from March to April 2019. A sample of 200 children aged 2-3 years old was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were maternal age, maternal height, maternal attitudes, maternal occupation, birth length, infant birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding, family income, mother's education, and mother's know­ledge. The data collection was done using questionnaires and analyzed with path analysis.Results: Stunting was directly and negatively affected by birth length ? 48 cm (b= -2.37; 95% CI= -3.25 to -1.50; p <0.001), infant birth weight ? 2500 g (b= -1.43; 95% CI= -2.53 to -0.32; p= 0.011), exclusive breastfeeding (b= -1.09; 95% CI= -1.90 to -0.28; p= 0.008), and timely comple­mentary feeding (b= -1.09; 95% CI= -1.94 to -0.24; p= 0.012). Stunting was indirectly affected by family income, maternal age, maternal attitude, maternal height >150 cm, employed mother, maternal education, and maternal knowledge.Conclusion: Stunting is directly and negatively affected by birth length of ?48 cm, birth weight ? 2500 g, exclusive breastfeeding, timely complementary feeding. It was indirectly affected by family income, maternal age, attitude, maternal height >150 cm, employment, education, and knowledge.Keywords: stunting, determinants, path analysisCorrespondence: Baroroh Barir. Masters Program in Nutrition, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: barorohbarir5@gmail.com.Mobile: +6281331940865.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(6): 486-498https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.06.09
Issues, Challenges, and Potential of Palliative Care in Pediatric Nursing: A Systematic Review Widiyanto, Aris; Handayani, Rina Tri; Atmojo, Joko Tri
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background: Palliative care is an essential right for infants and children with a life-threaten­ing ill­ness. However, palliative care is still un­ava­il­able in some developing countries. This stu­dy aim­ed to explore the issues, challenges, and po­ten­tial of palliative care in pediatric nursing care.Subjects and Method: A systematic review was conducted by searching published articles in PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases, from year 2000 to 2018. The keywords used for this stu­dy included “palliative” AND “children”, “pal­lia­tive” AND “nursing” AND “care”, “palliative ca­re” AND “pediatric care”. The data were analyzed by PRISMA flow diagram.Results: Palliative care is evolving continuously, meeting new challenges, and expand­ing beyond the care of terminally ill pediatric patients. A ma­jor challenge in palliative care is effective com­mu­­nication. However, only a few communication trainings exist for nurses. Obstacles of palliative care in pediatrics nursing included clinical, ope­ra­tional, and financial factors. However, pallia­tive care has a substantial potential to reduce morbidity in infants and children. In addition, a cohort study conducted in 265 pedia­tric cancer patients reported that palliative care reduced pain and improved their life expectancy.Conclusion: Palliative care is a comprehensive app­roach of care and its delivery to pediatric pa­tients is challenging. It has a substantial potential in reducing infant and child morbidity.Keywords: palliative care, pediatric nursing, pal­li­ative nursingCorrespondence: Aris Widiyanto. School of Health Sciences Mam­ba'ul 'Ulum, Surakarta, Jl. Ring Road Utara, Ta­wangsari, Mojosongo, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: widiyantoaris99@gmail.com. Mo­bile: 081329209095Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 167-172https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02.06
CONTEXTUAL FACTORS OF POSYANDU ON CADRE PERFORMANCE IN PROVIDING MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICE IN SURAKARTA, CENTRAL JAVA Pangestuti, Restu; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno; Sulaeman, Endang Sutisna
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background: Cadre performance is an indicator of the success of the Posyandu program in maternal and child health services. Individual and social factors can influence the performance of cadres in providing health services. The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting cadre performance in Surakarta, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design. The study was conducted on 25 integrated health services (posyandu) in Surakarta, Central Java, from June to July 2019. A sample of 200 cadres was selected by simple random sampling. The de­pendent variable was cadre performance. The independent variables were age, marital status, edu­cation, work, tenure, training, knowledge, and information. The data were collected by ques­tion­naire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression run on Stata 13.Results: Good cadre performance increased with age ?39 years (b = 1.70; 95% CI= 0.67 to 2.74; p= 0.035), education ?senior high school (b= 2.69; 95% CI= 1.10 to 4.28; p= 0.030), working at home (b= 1.87; 95% CI= 0.81 to 2.93; p= 0.024), tenure >3 years (b= 2.39; 95% CI= 1.21 to 3.56; p= 0.009), had trained (b= 1.94; 95% CI= 0.86 to 3.01; p= 0.021), married (b= 1.68; 95% CI= 0.75 to 2.60; p= 0.021), good knowledge (b= 2.17; 95% CI= 0.95 to 3.40; p= 0.023), and good infor­mation (b= 1.50; 95% CI= 0.36 to 2.63; p= 0.091). Posyandu had strong contextual effect on cadre performance with intraclass correlation (ICC)= 53.22%.Conclusion: Good cadre performance increases with age ?39 years, education ?senior high school, working at home, tenure >3 years, had trained, married, good knowledge, and good infor­mation. Posyandu has strong contextual effect on cadre performance.Keywords: work performance, maternal and child health, health services, cadreCorrespondence: Restu Pangestuti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, JL. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: restupanges@gmail.com. Mobile: 085741405163 Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 28-36https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.01.04
CONTEXTUAL EFFECT OF INTEGRATED HEATH POST ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG CHILDREN AGED 6-59 MONTHS IN SURABAYA, EAST JAVA Aziza, Triana Ulfa Nur; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background: A child will come into toddler phase which is the rapid growth and development phase. It turns children into one of the groups that vulnerable to suffer from undernutrition. The data of Riskesdas (Basic Health Research) in 2018 indicates that the percentage of malnutrition and undernutrition  in Indonesia is 17.7%, in which the number is still higher than the target of National Medium Term Development Plan 2019 which is 17%. The study aimed to analyzes factors that affect nutritional status of children aged 6 ? 59 months in Surabaya, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at 25 integrated health posts (posyandu) in Surabaya, East Java, from August to September 2019. A sample of 200 children aged 6 ? 59 months was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was nutritional status (weight for age). The independent variables were history of exclusive breastfeeding, history of low birth weigth (LBW), maternal educational level, maternal knowledge, maternal occupation, family income, and environmental hygiene and sanitation. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13.Results: Poor nutritional status increased with the history of LBW (b= 5.29; 95% CI= 1.87 to 6.72; p= 0.003) and poor environmental hygiene and sanitation (b= 3.35; 95% CI= 0.77 to 5.94; p= 0.011). Poor nutritional status decreased with maternal educational status ?Senior high school (b= -2.81; 95% CI= -5.24 to -0.38; p= 0.023), high maternal knowledge (b= -2.68; 95% CI= -5.01 to -0.35; p= 0.024), and high family income (b= -3.37; 95% CI= -6.04 to -0.71; p= 0.013).Conclusion: Poor nutritional status increases with the history of LBW and poor environmental hygiene and sanitation. Poor nutritional status decreases with maternal educational status ?Senior high school, high maternal knowledge, and high family income.Keywords: nutritional status, birth weight, sanitation, children under fiveCorrespondence: Triana Ulfa Nur Aziza. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir.Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: trianaulfanuraziza@gmail.com. Mobile: +628135­8396565Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 79-87https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.01.09
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREGNANT WOMEN CLASS TO INCREASE KNOWLEDGE AND HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL Husna, Putri Halimu; Purwandari, Kristiana Puji; Mawarni, Siti; Sundari, Sri; Wardani, Indah Kusuma; Maryati, Maryati
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background: Intrauterine Fetal Death (IUFD) is a birth process of a conception result in a state of death. It is also a contributor to death for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). Pregnant Woman Class is a government effort to reduce IMR. However, the implementation has not been maximized. This stu­dy aimed to determine the effectiveness of pregnant woman class in increasing the level of know­ledge and hemoglobin (Hb) levels of the pregnant woman.Subjects and Method: This was a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). The population of the stu­dy consisted of 170 pregnant women was selected randomly from 3 Community Health Centers with the highest infant mortality rates. The dependent variables were knowledge and Hb levels. The independent variable was pregnant woman class. The level of knowledge was measured by ques­tionnaire with Cronbach's alpha by 0.64. Hb level was measured with Easy Touch GCHB. The Mean differences in knowledge and Hb between pregnant wo­men class and control groups, before and after participating in pregnant woman class, were tested by independent t-tests.Results: Before the intervention, the level of knowledge of the pregnant women class group (Mean= 31.07; SD=8.21) was comparable with the control group (Mean=29.30; SD=8.22), with p=0.162. It indicated the randomization success. After the intervention, the level of knowledge of preg­nant woman class group (Mean=35.07; SD=2.24) was higher than the control group (Mean= 29.10; SD= 4.77), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). It indicated that the pregnant woman class was effective in increasing the knowledge of pregnant women. Before the inter­vention, the Hb level of pregnant woman class group (Mean=11.92, SD=2.18) was comparable with the con­trol group (Mean= 11.44; SD= 2.05), with p=0.162. It indicated the randomization success. After the inter­vention, the Hb level of the pregnant woman class group (Mean = 12.82; SD = 0.92) was higher than the control group (Mean=11.56; SD=1.05), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). It showed that pregnant woman class was effective in increasing the Hb level of preg­nant women.Conclusion: Pregnant woman class was effective in increasing the knowledge and the Hb level of preg­nant women.Keywords: pregnant woman class, knowledge, hemoglobin, IUFDCorrespondence: Putri Halimu Husna. Nursing Academy of Giri Satria Husada Wonogiri. Jl. Tentara Pelajar 01 Giriwono, Wonogiri 57613, Central Java. Email: ns.haha354@gmail.com. Mobile: +622­73322610, +6281391277044.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 50-57https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.01.06
Factors Affecting Late Infertility Examination Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Melinawati, Eriana; Sari, Arum Dessy Rahma; Jatiningtyas, Abida Zuhra
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background:  Infertility is the inability of a couple to get pregnant after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse at least 2-3 times a week with­out using contraception. Delay in the examina­tion will have a bad impact considering that in­creas­ing age will affect the success of the hand­ling of infertility, especially in women so it is neces­sary to know the factors that influence the delay of the initial examination in order to be over­come. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the late infertility examin­ation.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design. The study was conducted at Sekar Polyclinic, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from June to August 2019. A sample of 90 out­patients was selected by purposive sampling. The depen­­dent variable was late infertility exami­nation. The independent variables were family sup­port, knowledge, accessibility, and education. The data was collected by medical record and question­­naire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression.Results: Late infertility examination decreased with strong family support (OR= 0.20; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.62; p= 0.006), high knowledge (OR= 0.29; 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.92; p= 0.036), good accessibility (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.05 to 0.59; p= 0.005), and high education (OR= 3.41; 95% CI= 0.95 to 12.17; p= 0.059).Conclusion: Late infertility examination decreases with strong family support, high know­ledge, good accessibility, and high education.Keywords: infertility examination, family sup­port, accessibility, knowledgeCorrespondence: Uki Retno Budihastuti. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Moewardi Hospital,Jl. Kolo­nel Sutarto132, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: ukiretno@gmail.com. Mobile: 0812­26­56­140.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(2): 206-212https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02.11
Contextual Effect of Community Health Center on Visual Inspection Acetic Acid Uptake in Magelang, Central Java: A Multilevel Analysis Martaningrum, Herlina Ika; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background: Cervical cancer is a major prob­lem in women's. Cervical cancer can be prevented by early examinations i.e. visual inspection acetic acid (VIA). This study aimed to analyze the contex­tual effect of community health center on VIA up­take in Magelang, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was analytic obser­­­­vational study with cross-sectional design. The stu­dy was conducted at 25 community health cen­­­­­ters in Magelang, Central Java, from Sep­tem­ber to October 2019. A to­tal sample of 200 women aged 30 to 50 years was selected ran­domly. The dependent variable was VIA uptake. The independent variables were knowledge, ob­ser­­­vational lear­ning, behavioral reinforcement, cues for action, access to information, family sup­port, attitude, self-efficacy, outcome expec­tation, and contextual factor of community health cen­ter. The data were collected by ques­tion­naire and analyzed by a multilevel multiple logistic reg­res­sion run on Stata 13.Results: VIA uptake increased with good know­ledge (b= 4.02; 95% CI= 0.61 to 7.42; p= 0.021), obser­­vational learning (b= 2.28; 95% CI= -0.35 to 4.93; p= 0.090), strong behavioral rein­force­ment (b= 4.11; 95% CI= 0.82 to 7.40; p= 0.014), strong cues to action (b= 5.36; 95% CI= 0.65 to 10.07; p= 0.026), good access to information (b= 3.71; 95% CI= 0.42 to 7.01; p= 0.027), strong family support (b= 4.23; 95% CI= 0.21 to 8.25; p= 0.039), positive attitude (b= 3.29; 95% CI= -0.23 to 6.81; p= 0.067), strong self-efficacy (b= 2.94; 95% CI= 0.10 to 5.78; p= 0.042), and strong outcome expectation (b= 3.39; 95% CI= 0.35 to 6.44; p= 0.029). Community health cen­ter had strong contextual effect on VIA uptake with intra-class correlation (ICC)= 23%.Conclusion: VIA uptake increases with good know­ledge, observational learning, strong beha­vi­o­ral rein­forcement, strong cues to action, good access to information, strong family support, posi­tive attitude, strong self-efficacy, and strong out­come expectation. The community health center has a strong contextual effect on VIA uptake.Keywords: visual inspection acetic acid, social cognitive theory, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Herlina Ika Martaningrum, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Su­tami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indo­nesia. Email: herlinaika21@gmail.com. Mobile: 085643528156Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(2): 129-140https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02.02   
The Contextual Effect of Posyandu on the Decision to Use Long Term Contraceptive in Tulungagung, East Java Frafitasari, Dika Yanuar; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background: Family planning will help reduce population growth, fertility, improvement quality of life, women's health status, unwanted pregnancy, and abortion. The selection of the use of con­traceptives needed leads to a contraceptive that has higher effectiveness, namely the long-term contraceptive method. This study aimed to analyze contextual effect of posyandu on the decision to use long term contraceptive in Tulungagung, East JavaSubjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at 25 integrated health posts (posyandu) in Kauman health service, Tulungagung, East Java, in January 2019. A sample of 200 women of childbearing age was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was the use of long-term contraceptive method. The independent variables were age, education, knowledge, occupation, husband and family supports, women's perception, local culture, and posyandu. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13.Results: The use of long-term contraceptive method increased with age ≥35 years (b= 1.68; 95% CI= 0.51 to 2.85; p= 0.005), education ≥Senior high school (b= 2.22; 95% CI= 0.97 to 3.46; p <0.001), high knowledge (b= 2.05; 95% CI= 0.75 to 3.35; p= 0.002), working outside the house (b= 1.66; 95% CI= 0.54 to 2.78; p= 0.004), strong husband and family support (b= 2.11; 95% CI= 0.87 to 3.34; p= 0.001), positive perception of long-term contraceptive method (b= 1.92; 95% CI= 0.75 to 3.08; p= 0.001), and supportive local culture (b= 1.10; CI 95%= -0.04 to 2.25; p= 0.009). Posyandu had strong contextual effect on the use of long-term contraceptive method with ICC= 26.70%.Conclusion: The use of long-term contraceptive method increases with age ≥35 years, education ≥Senior high school, high knowledge, working outside the house, strong husband and family support, positive perception of long-term contraceptive method, and supportive local culture. Posyandu has a strong contextual effect on the use of long-term contraceptive method.Keywords: long-term contraceptive, multilevel analysis.Correspondence: Dika Yanuar Frafitasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: dikayanuar@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282145642707.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 58-67https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.01.07 
Path Analysis on the Biopsychosocial Determinants of Infertility among Reproductive Aged Women in Surakarta, Central Java Zauma, Luthfia; Budhiastuti, Uki Retno; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 5, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract

Background:  Infertility is a multidimensional prob­­lem. This problem occurs not only because of health problems related to anatomic factors such as problems in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endo­­­metrium, but also there are more factors such as physiological, genetic, and environmental fac­tors. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of infer­tility in women.Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted at the Gynecology Obstetrics Poly­clinic and Sekar Fertility Clinic, Dr. Moewardi hos­pital, Surakarta, Central Java, from October to November 2019. A sample of 200 women rep­ro­­ductive age was selected by fixed disease samp­ling. The dependent variable was infertility. The inde­pen­dent variables were age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, endo­metriosis, family his­tory, exposure to cigarette smoke, and stress. The data were obtained from medical record and question­naire. The data were analyzed by path analysis run on Stata 13.Results: Infertility in women was directly increased with age 35 years (b= 1.20; 95% CI= 0.18 to 2.22; p= 0.021), BMI <18 or ≥25 (b= 2.93; 95% CI= 1.95 to 3.91; p<0.001), high phy­sical activity (b= 1.30; 95% CI= 0.28 to 2.33; p= 0.013), endometriosis (b= 1.17; 95% CI= 0.20 to 2.13; p= 0.018), exposure to cigarette smoke (b= 1.19; 95% CI= 0.20 to 2.23; p= 0.023), and severe stress (b= 1.18; 95% CI= 0.27 to 2.08; p= 0.011). In­fer­­tility in women was indirectly increased with age, physical activity, and family history of infer­tile.Conclusion: Infertility in women is directly in­creas­ed with age 35 years, BMI <18 or ≥25, high phy­sical activity, endometriosis, exposure to ciga­ret­­­te smoke, and severe stress. Infertility in women is indirectly increased with age, physical acti­vity, and family history of infertile.Keywords: female infertility, risk factors, path analy­sisCorrespondence: Luthfia Zauma. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, 57126. Email:el.chizauma@gmail.com. Mobile: 0813379 77377.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(2): 173-181https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02.07

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