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Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research
Published by Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan TInggi
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27210715     DOI : https://doi.org/10.47065/jharma.v3i1.1322
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research memiliki bidang kajian, yaitu: 1. Bidang Gizi Klinis 2. Bidang Gizi Masyarakat 3. Pangan dan Gizi 4. Inovasi Pangan 5. Hematologi 6. Parasitologi 7. Biokimia 8. Laboratorium Kesehatan 9. Teknologi Laboratorium 10. Farmakologi 11. Farmasi 12. Keperawatan Jiwa 13. Keperawatan Anak 14. Keperawatan Maternitas 15. Keperawatan Medikal Bedah 16. Keperawatan Keluarga 17. Keperawatan Komunitas 18. Kesehatan Masyarakat 19. Teknologi Kesehatan
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 179 Documents
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Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Batang Balakka (Phyllanthus emblica L.) terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis serta Evaluasi Mutu Fisik Krim Nabila Nasuha; Muharni Saputri; Ika Julianti Tambunan; Siti Muliani Julianty; Ulva Wirdana Br Sitepu; Nabila Syahputri; Manuella Sinaga; Devi Yanti Syahputri
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 6 No 3 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v6i3.8525

Abstract

Balakka (Phyllanthus emblica L) is a wild plant, commonly used as a cooking spice called holat. The stem of balakka is believed to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins that have antibacterial properties. Most previous studies have focused on the fruit and leaves of balakka. On the other hand, Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria are normal flora on human skin that cause infections. The increasing resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics makes it important to find alternative natural antibacterial agents. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial activity of balakka stem extract and cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria and to evaluate the physical quality of the cream. This study used experimental methodology. The maceration method used ethanol p.a. on 100 g of balakka stem simplisia. The stages included phytochemical screening, cream formulation with concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, and physical quality tests (organoleptic, homogeneity, emulsion type, pH, viscosity, stability, and irritation). Antibacterial tests were carried out using the agar well diffusion method on extracts and cream preparations. The results showed that 19.30 g of thick extract was obtained, which was positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The resulting cream met physical quality standards, was homogeneous, had an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion type, a pH of 5.3–6.2, was stable, and did not cause irritation. The antibacterial activity of the extract showed inhibition zones of 14.5 mm (100 mg/ml), 11.5 mm (75 mg/ml), and 8.5 mm (50 mg/ml), while the cream showed 5.5 mm (1%), 7.5 mm (2%), and 9.5 mm (3%). Thus, ethanol extract of balakka stems has potential as an antibacterial agent and can be formulated into a safe cream that meets physical quality standards.
Sinergi Ekstrak Buah Cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum) Dengan Amoksisilin dan Siprofloksasin Terhadap Bakteri Resisten Patandung, Rosliana; Ariastuti, Reni; Subiyanto, Abyasa Fajari; Ilmi, Ibnul
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 6 No 3 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v6i3.8614

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health threat, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden due to the reduced effectiveness of infection therapy. One promising strategy to overcome this problem is the combination of antibiotics with natural phytochemical compounds that can enhance antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic potential between the ethanol extract of clove fruits (Syzygium aromaticum) and the antibiotics amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin against resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The study was conducted in vitro, including clove fruit extraction using 70% ethanol, determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution, and combination testing using the checkerboard assay to calculate the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) index. The results showed that clove extract exhibited antibacterial activity with MIC values of 2000 µg/mL against S. aureus and 4000 µg/mL against E. coli. The combination of clove extract with amoxicillin produced a ΣFIC value of 0.25 (strong synergy), while the combination with ciprofloxacin yielded a ΣFIC of 0.50 (additive effect). These findings indicate that phytochemical constituents in clove, particularly eugenol, may enhance bacterial membrane permeability, thereby strengthening antibiotic activity. This study demonstrates the potential of clove extract as a natural adjuvant to improve the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant bacteria. The practical implication of this result is the opportunity to develop phytochemical–antibiotic combination formulations in pharmaceutical dosage forms that are more efficient and sustainable.
Formulation of VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) Massage Oil with Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) Combination as A Muscle Pain Relief Hakim, Reny Anggriany; Rahmasiah, Rahmasiah; Sulaiman, Sulaiman; Sabil, Sabil
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 6 No 2 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v6i2.6295

Abstract

Traditional medicine used by people today, sometimes uses synthetic materials to make preparations, one of which is massage oil. This has long been an inseparable part of the Indonesian nation which is believed to provide benefits for health and beauty. For centuries in Indonesia, the term massage or urut has long been known. So that massage oil made from natural ingredients is widely in demand by the Indonesian people as a traditional medicine used for relaxation, relieving muscle pain, and relaxing muscles. Purpose of the study To find out how to make a VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) massage oil formulation combined with red ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) as a muscle pain reliever. The research method is experimental by testing each formula with organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, and stability tests. The results of organoleptic testing of each Formula: f1 bright yellow color, has VCO and a little ginger, runny texture, f2 golden yellow color, has VCO and red ginger, runny texture, f3 golden yellow color, has VCO and red ginger odor, slippery texture. The pH value of f1 does not meet the pH standard while f2 and f3 meet the pH standard. Homogeneity testing of all formulas meets the standard. Stability testing of all formulas meets the stability standard.
Comparative Pharmacoeconomic Study of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Gastritis Treatment Using Cost Minimization Approach Hakim, Reny Anggriany; Hadiq, Shabran; Jannah, Raudhatul; Umi, Sri
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 6 No 3 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v6i3.7012

Abstract

Gastritis is an inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa with varying degrees of severity, ranging from mild asymptomatic cases to more severe forms associated with significant morbidity. The condition may be influenced by multiple factors, including dietary habits that stimulate gastric acid secretion, irregular eating patterns, infections, psychological stress, alcohol consumption, and the use of certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA) is a pharmacoeconomic approach applied to compare therapeutic alternatives that have equivalent clinical effectiveness by identifying the option with the lowest direct medical cost. Meanwhile, studies examining real-world cost efficiency at the level of primary care services or private community pharmacies remain relatively limited and underreported. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the cost of PPI use in gastritis patients at Fella Farma Pharmacy in 2023 using the Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA) approach. The results of this study are expected to determine PPI alternatives with the lowest therapy costs as a basis for decision-making in more efficient and rational pharmaceutical services. This study conceptualizes that the use of proton pump inhibitors, specifically omeprazole and lansoprazole, influences the total therapy costs incurred by patients. The choice of PPI is assumed to affect overall treatment expenses as reflected in retrospective medical record data from Fella Farma Pharmacy in 2023. This study used a quantitative research design with retrospective data collection using medical records obtained from Fella Farma Pharmacy for the year 2023.A sample of 52 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria at the Fella Farma Clinical Pharmacy in 2023. The data obtained were then analyzed for minimum costs to determine the lowest cost of treatment between Omeprazole (patent brand x) and Lansoprazole (patent brand y). The results of the study showed that the use of Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) drugs that had the lowest cost was omeprazole with an average total cost of IDR 351,000/patient compared to lansoprazole with an average total cost of IDR 514,000/patient.
Formulasi, Uji Stabilitas Fisik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Biji Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) Siti Muliani Julianty; Syarifah Nadia; Azkia Putri Ramud
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 7 No 2 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v7i2.8984

Abstract

Jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) contain secondary metabolites—such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids/terpenoids—that possess potential as natural antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding jackfruit seed ethanolic extract on the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of cream formulations. Creams were formulated with extract concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Evaluations included phytochemical screening, organoleptic assessment, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, irritation testing, and antioxidant activity analysis using the DPPH method. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/terpenoids in the extract. All formulations produced homogeneous, non-irritating creams with pH, ​​spreadability, and viscosity values ​​that met the physical quality standards for topical preparations. Antioxidant activity increased with higher extract concentrations, evidenced by a decrease in IC50 values ​​from 101.13 µg/mL (FI) to 47.84 µg/mL (FV). Based on antioxidant activity classification, formula FV (10%) fell into the very strong category (IC50 < 50 µg/mL), while the other formulas ranged from moderate to strong. The results demonstrate that the addition of jackfruit seed ethanolic extract enhances antioxidant activity without compromising optimal physical quality, as it achieves a balance between antioxidant efficacy and physical characteristics that meet required standards.
Optimasi Durasi Fiksasi Alkohol 96% sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Pap Smear pada Fasilitas Kesehatan dengan Sumber Daya Terbatas Nurhilaliyah Nurhilaliyah; Wiwin Marsenda; Ka'bah Ka'bah
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 7 No 2 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v7i2.9734

Abstract

Cervical cancer requires early detection through Pap smear cytology, but its diagnostic accuracy in health facilities with limited resources is often hampered by the variability of preparation quality due to fixation. This study aims to optimize the duration of 96% alcohol fixation on the quality of Pap smear preparations as a basis for developing standard operating procedures (SOPs). The study used a repeated measures experimental design on eight tightly controlled samples to minimize confounding variables, resulting in 24 observations with varying durations of 5, 15, and 30 minutes. Preparation quality was objectively assessed using a structured scoring system based on modified Bethesda criteria that include nuclear morphology, cytoplasmic characteristics, and background clarity. The results showed a statistically significant difference (Friedman test, p = 0.001). A duration of 30 minutes consistently provided optimal results across all samples. Although this is a preliminary study with a limited number of samples, consistent results in the repeated measures design indicate a duration of 30 minutes as the most ideal fixation condition to maintain cell integrity. These findings provide an empirical basis for resource-constrained laboratories to standardize fixation procedures to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Evaluasi Perubahan Kadar Asam Kojat dalam Krim Pencerah Wajah pada Variasi Suhu dan Waktu Penyimpanan Menggunakan Spektrofotometri Visibel Rafika Nur Hidayani; Dedi Hanwar
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 7 No 2 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v7i2.9895

Abstract

Kojic acid is one of the active ingredients commonly used in skin-lightening creams. This compound tends to be unstable at high temperatures, which can reduce its effectiveness. Indonesia’s tropical climate and high average temperatures exacerbate the risk of quality degradation. This study aims to analyze the effects of varying storage temperatures (4°C, 25°C, and 30°C) and storage time (Days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28) on the decrease in kojic acid content in facial brightening creams, as well as to validate the visible spectrophotometric analysis method using FeCl₃ reagent based on linearity, accuracy, and precision parameters. Based on the validation parameters, the coefficient of determination (r²) for linearity was 0,9986, % recovery was 98,62%, and total %RSD was 3,91%. The results of the concentration determination tests showed a decrease in kojic acid levels during 28 days of storage under all temperature conditions (4°C, 25°C, 30°C). There was a significant difference in kojic acid levels among storage temperatures (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.003). The Dunn-Bonferroni test showed that 4°C differed significantly from 25°C and 30°C (p < 0.05), but not between 25°C and 30°C (p > 0.05). The Friedman test also showed a significant effect of time on the concentration at all three temperatures (p < 0.05). Thus, it is concluded that the higher the storage temperature and the longer the storage time, the greater the decrease in kojic acid content in the cream. These findings indicate that storage conditions can affect the quality of the active ingredient during product use by consumers; therefore, storage at a low temperature (4°C) is recommended to help maintain kojic acid levels in the cream formulation. Furthermore, the analytical method used met validation criteria, ensuring that the results obtained are scientifically reliable.
Formulasi dan Uji Antibakteri Sediaan Pasta Gigi Ekstrak Parijoto (Medinilla Speciosa) dengan Eggshell Hydroxyapatite (EHA) Zaki Syariifuddin Taqiy; Teguh Imanto
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 7 No 2 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v7i2.9982

Abstract

Dental caries is one of the dental and oral health problems related to the activity of bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. The use of fluoride as an active ingredient in toothpaste has several limitations, so the development of natural-based alternative ingredients is one approach that needs to be studied. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the physical stability and antibacterial activity of a toothpaste preparation combining parijoto fruit extract (Medinilla speciosa) and Eggshell Hydroxyapatite (EHA). The study was conducted experimentally using four formulas, namely F0 (without parijoto extract), F1 (10% parijoto extract), F2 (12.5% ​​parijoto extract), and F3 (15% parijoto extract). Evaluation of the preparation includes organoleptic tests, phytochemical screening, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, foam height, and antibacterial activity tests using the well diffusion method against S. aureus and S. mutans bacteria. The results of phytochemical screening showed that parijoto fruit extract contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the viscosity test in F0, F1, F2, and F3 were 14070 cps ± 809.03, 46600 cps ± 866.54, 43090 cps ± 3136.61, and 41910 cps ± 2200.27, respectively. Variations in extract concentration significantly affect viscosity with viscosity statistics results (p <0.05). pH test results F0: 7.87 ± 0.5918, F1: 7.44 ± 0.3241, F2: 7.33 ± 0.4082, F3: 7.40 ± 0.1625, Foam height F0: 1.56 cm ± 0.40415, F1: 2.06 cm ± 0.05774, F2: 2.13 cm ± 0.11547, F3: 1.93 cm ± 0.11547. The results of the antibacterial test of Staphylococcus aureus showed an inhibitory value of F0 (negative control) of 1.66 cm ± 0.24664, positive control 1.63 cm ± 0.14433, F1 (10% extract) 1.60 cm ± 0.08660, F2 (12.5% ​​extract) 1.83 cm ± 0.32145, F3 (15% extract) 1.70 cm ± 0.05. The comparison between groups did not have a significant value (p > 0.05). The results of the antibacterial test of Streptococcus mutans F0 (negative control) 1.53 cm ± 0.02886, positive control 1.66 cm ± 0.24664, F1 (10% extract) 1.45 cm ± 0.05, F2 (12.5% ​​extract) 1.48 cm ± 0.10408, F3 (15% extract) 1.50 cm ± 0.05. The comparison between groups was not significant (p>0.05). Based on the results of the study, the combination of parijoto fruit extract and EHA can be formulated into a toothpaste preparation with good physical characteristics, but increasing the concentration of parijoto extract has not shown a significant effect on antibacterial activity compared to the control formula.
Penapisan Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Ekstrak Kulit Batang Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff Masykur Masykur; Nurdin Nurdin; Lukmanul Hakim; Rosnizar Rosnizar; Widya Sari; Bella Sabilla Novita; Rabiatul Adawiyah; Siti Sari Azyati; Yuni Arifa; Ria Ceriana
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 7 No 2 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v7i2.10005

Abstract

This study aims to determine the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of the bark of Cyathocalyx sumatranus Scheff., which shows potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of liver damage, and antioxidant activity is widely recognised as one of the key indicators supporting the hepatoprotective potential of medicinal plants. The research methodology employed was a laboratory-based experimental study involving phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, and testing of antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Bark samples were extracted using 96% ethanol via maceration for 3 × 24 hours. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated that the ethanol extract of the bark contained secondary metabolites in the form of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and tannins. TLC analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids and steroids in the extract. Antioxidant testing was carried out using various concentrations of the extract, namely 50 μg/mL, 75 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL and 150 μg/mL, with vitamin C as a control. The antioxidant activity tests showed that an increase in extract concentration was directly proportional to an increase in the percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition. The highest inhibition value was obtained at a concentration of 150 μg/mL, amounting to 62.454%. The results of the linear regression analysis indicated an IC₅₀ value of 94.906 μg/mL, which falls within

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