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Folia Medica Indonesiana The Unit of Journal Consortium and Folia Medica Indonesiana Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, Pacar Kembang, Kec. Tambaksari, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60132, Indonesia
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Folia Medica Indonesiana
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : 23558398     EISSN : 2599056X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.65346/2958-4515.2401
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience
Folia Medica Indonesiana, as indicated by its name, focuses on publishing good quality articles about research and education on health science and medicine in Indonesia. However, due to the fast growth of science and knowledge in these fields, we also welcome submitted articles from around the world, especially the ones that contain related matters from lower-middle income countries. Folia Medica Indonesiana is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that is published online at least four times a year. The scope covers various aspects of basic medical sciences includes anatomy, physiology, pathology, microbiology, pharmacology, and molecular medicine) and clinical medicine (covers specialties like internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, oncology, psychiatry, etc). We highlight the pathology and potential treatment of metabolic syndromes and infectious diseases. Folia Medica Indonesiana also encourages the publication of articles about health education. The scope includes, but is not limited to, articles that emphasize on preventive education on certain diseases in a community, also research report of various materials and/or methods to develop medical education. We recognize the importance of this type of articles to be published alongside the assigned topic in each of our yearly issues, to provide our readers with updated information in medical sciences’ research and education simultaneously.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)
Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 60, No. 1" : 12 Documents clear
The Etiology of Paralytic Strabismus at an Indonesian Tertiary Hospital from 2017 to 2022 Azizah, Aulia Rachma Nur; Loebis, Rozalina; Hidayati, Hanik Badriyah; Wahyuni, Indri; Wulandari, Lely Retno
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. This study investigated the etiology of paralytic strabismus, a condition that requires further research to prevent its incidence, particularly in adults. 2. The findings of this study provided valuable insight into the primary etiology of paralytic strabismus and its underlying factors. Abstract Paralytic strabismus is the most common cause of adult-onset strabismus. It can result from paralysis of the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerves, either separately or in combination, which are responsible for innervating the ocular motor muscles. Paralysis of these cranial nerves occurs due to congenital disorders, neoplasms, trauma, intracranial processes, idiopathic diseases, and other causes. This study aimed to determine the etiology of paralytic strabismus incidence at the Department of Ophthalmology of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, between 2017 and 2022. This study employed a retrospective methodology and utilized total sampling. The medical records of patients diagnosed with paralytic strabismus were used to collect secondary data. Out of the total of 282 cases, the most common condition was combined ocular motor cranial nerve palsy, which accounted for 102 (36.2%) cases. The main factors contributing to this condition were neoplasms (37.2%), intracranial processes (25.5%), trauma (25.5%), other causes (8.8%), idiopathic diseases (2%), and congenital disorders (1%). The incidence of third cranial nerve palsy and sixth cranial nerve palsy was equally prevalent, each accounting for 86 (30.5%) cases. Meanwhile, fourth cranial nerve palsy was the least frequent with just eight (2.8%) cases. This study concluded that the most frequent etiology of paralytic strabismus was combined ocular motor nerve paralysis, which primarily results from neoplasms.
Significant Role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in the Clinical Activity Score of Thyroid Eye Disease at a Tertiary Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia Amatlulloh, Hasna Shahida; Lutfi, Delfitri; Soelistijo, Soebagijo Adi; Prastyani, Reni; Alhakiim, Muhammad Valeri
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. This study, conducted at a tertiary hospital, was the first to analyze the correlation between thyroid status and clinical activity score in thyroid eye disease. 2. This study offers valuable information regarding the crucial role of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in determining the clinical activity score of thyroid eye disease. Abstract Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of the orbital and periorbital tissues. This condition can lead to vision impairment, which is a notable manifestation of thyroid disease. The symptoms of thyroid disease reflected the level of inflammatory activity, whereas the clinical activity score was indicative of active and inactive phases. This retrospective analysis explored the intricate association between thyroid status and clinical activity score in thyroid eye disease patients, with the hope of providing a foundation for further research on the association between thyroid status and the occurrence of TED. This study utilized medical records from the years 2019 to 2022 from the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmic Oncology of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. The variables examined in this study were thyroid status and the clinical activity score of thyroid eye disease. The statistical analysis was performed using Phi and Cramer's V as well as Spearman's correlation test (p<0.05). A total of 88 patients were diagnosed with thyroid eye disease during the study period. Thyroid eye disease primarily affected female patients (58%) and those who had a mean age of ≥41 years (58%). The Phi and Cramer's V analyses indicated no significant association (p > 0.05) between thyroid status and clinical activity score in thyroid eye disease patients. Intriguingly, the results exhibited the presence of euthyroidism as well as both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, regardless of the clinical activity score. Additionally, the Spearman test that incorporated the levels of thyroid hormones, i.e., triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4), showed a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) between TSH and clinical activity score. In conclusion, THS plays a crucial role in determining the clinical activity score of thyroid eye disease patients. This study underscores the imperative for further research to comprehensively elucidate the intricate correlation between TSH and clinical activity score.
CD4 Count and Central Nervous System Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients in an Indonesian Presidential Hospital from 2020 to 2022 Ramadina, Annisa Azzahra; Astari, Riezky Valentina; Yusmaini, Hany; Saleh, Arman Yurisaldi
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. There were insufficient data on the correlation between CD4 count and central nervous system infection as well as the risk magnitude of the infection for HIV/AIDS patients in Indonesia. 2. This study revealed a significant correlation between CD4 count and the incidence of central nervous system infection in HIV/AIDS patients, showing an increased risk with a low CD4 count. 3. The findings suggest that CD4 count is a vital parameter in determining therapy and evaluating the presence of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Abstract People living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), referred to as PLWHA, have a high rate of mortality and morbidity due to opportunistic central nervous system infections. The infections are attributed to the immune deficiency caused by HIV exposure to the immune system's cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cells. This allows the central nervous system, the most vital body system, to acquire an opportunistic infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence and magnitude of a risk by examining the correlation between CD4 count and the incidence of central nervous system infection among HIV/AIDS patients. This analytical cross-sectional study utilized a simple random sampling technique on the population of HIV/AIDS patients, which consisted of 80 medical records from January 2020 to December 2022. This study was conducted at Gatot Soebroto Presidential Hospital, also known as Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, in Jakarta, Indonesia. The data analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test (p<0.05) and the prevalence odds ratio (POR). The results showed that 16.3% of the patients suffered a central nervous system infection, which consisted of cerebral toxoplasmosis (76.9%) and brain abscess (23.1%). The bivariate analysis suggested a significant correlation between CD4 count and the incidence of central nervous system infection, with an 11.5-fold increased risk for HIV/AIDS patients who had a CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3 (p=0.000; OR=11.5; 95% CI=2.9–43.8). This study concludes that CD4 count is correlated with the incidence of central nervous system infection, indicating a higher risk for HIV/AIDS patients with a low CD4 count.
Preliminary Investigation of Risk Factors for Food Allergies in the Pediatric Population: Observations from a Survey Utilizing a Simplified Questionnaire in Gresik, East Java, Indonesia Jahja, Natalia Erica; Hikmah, Zahrah; Putera, Azwin Mengindra; Endaryanto, Anang
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. A questionnaire, comprising various risk factors associated with food allergies, is anticipated to provide reliable indications for determining the necessity of restrictive diets for patients within primary healthcare settings. 2. Over time, the findings of this study can facilitate the development of a streamlined and cost-effective diagnostic tool, which will be particularly beneficial in remote regions due to its practical and efficient means of identifying food allergies. Abstract In Gresik, Indonesia, limited resources have led to challenges in accurately diagnosing food allergies. This study aimed to identify risk factors for food allergies among children in Gresik using a questionnaire-based approach. The study's ultimate goal was to develop a simple diagnostic tool in primary healthcare settings. Conducted at Petrokimia Gresik Hospital, this cross-sectional study enrolled children aged ≥6 months experiencing respiratory symptoms or atopic dermatitis for ≥1 week. The subjects (n = 247) underwent a two- to four-week restrictive diet for diagnostic purposes. The questionnaire demonstrated validity and reliability. Bivariate statistical analyses were performed to examine the correlations between risk factors and the incidence of food allergies (p < 0.05). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to establish the cut-off values for the number of food allergies and atopic family members. The majority of the 247 children enrolled in this study were 6 to 12 years old. Respiratory symptoms (56.3%) were more common than atopic dermatitis (38.1%). The significant risk factors for food allergies included atopic dermatitis (p = 0.001; R = 0.203), previous history of suspected food allergies (p < 0.001; R = 0.747), and atopy in the family (p = 0.013; R = 0.157). The ROC curve analysis established the cut-off values for the number of atopic family members at 1.5 (p = 0.005; 95% CI 0.53-0.67) and the number of food allergies at 0.5 (p = 0.000; 95% CI 0.85-0.94). In conclusion, children are considered at risk of food allergies if they display persistent respiratory symptoms or atopic dermatitis, considering the history of suspected food allergies even to only one specific type of food.
Age and Sex Characteristics of Dermatophytosis in Gianyar, Indonesia Budiapsari, Putu Indah; Purnama, Ni Kadek Ari; Widiawati, Sayu
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. Although dermatophytes may typically cause mild infections, it is crucial to conduct continuous research due to their potential to cause severe diseases in individuals who are highly susceptible to infection. 2. This study offers insight into the increased risk of developing dermatophytosis for female and adult individuals compared to male and younger individuals. Abstract Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection caused by a filamentous fungus that attacks keratinized tissues on the skin, nails, and hair. The clinical manifestation of dermatophytosis is determined by the source. In addition, it can be influenced by host-related factors, such as age, sex, and race. These are significant epidemiological factors, although the association between these factors and susceptibility to infection has not been clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between the incidence of dermatophytosis and host-related factors (i.e., age and sex) in Gianyar Regency, Indonesia. This observational study used a cross-sectional design and total sampling. A total of 100 samples were collected from the medical records of patients diagnosed with dermatophytosis. The Chi-square test was employed to determine the correlation between the independent and dependent variables with a p-value of <0.05. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The majority of patients with dermatophytes infection were adults over the age of 19 (74%) and females (57%). The most prevalent type of dermatophytosis was tinea corporis (36%). The Chi-square test revealed a significant association between the type of dermatophytosis and the variables being examined, namely age (p = 0.025; OR = 1.978; 95% CI = 1.087-3.599) and sex (p = 0.003; OR = 2.357; 95% CI = 1.334-4.162). In conclusion, the manifestation of certain types of dermatophytosis is associated with age and sex. The findings of this study recommend enhancing the detection of dermatophytosis infection, especially in adults (>19 years old) and women.
Expressions of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-5 in Nodular Prurigo and Pruritic Papular Lesions Sayekti, Ayu Wikan; Putri, Ann Kautsaria; Winarni, Dwi Retno Adi; Pudjiati, Satiti Retno
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. An examination of IL-4 and IL-5 expressions in nodular prurigo and pruritic papular eruption is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of biological agent therapy, specifically for HIV/AIDS patients. 2. The findings offer evidence suggesting the possibility of IL-4 as a treatment target for individuals diagnosed with nodular prurigo, as well as IL-4 and IL-5 for those diagnosed with pruritic papular eruption. Abstract Pruritic papular eruption is a dermatosis characterized by pruritic symptoms in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Similarly, nodular prurigo is an itchy dermatosis with lesions and histopathological features that resemble those of pruritic papular eruption. Both conditions share a common etiopathogenesis, which involves the cytokines produced by T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Nodular prurigo and pruritic papular eruption are chronic and frequently recalcitrant, thus posing challenges in treatment. The use of biological agents represents a treatment development for chronic and recalcitrant dermatoses. This study aimed to determine the difference in the mean percentage of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) expressions between nodular prurigo and pruritic papular eruption lesions, which may establish a basis for further biological agent therapy. A cross-sectional study was conducted using paraffin block preparations of the skin lesions of patients diagnosed with nodular prurigo (n=16) and pruritic papular eruption (n=16). Each paraffin block preparation involved immunohistochemical staining using IL-4 and IL-5 monoclonal antibodies. The expressions of IL-4 and IL-5 were assessed through ImageJ for Windows, version 1.53 (National Institutes of Health and the Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, USA) by pathologists. The data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test with a significance level of p<0.05. The analytical results indicated that data on the average age of the two groups, disease duration, and storage sample duration followed a normal distribution (p>0.05). The mean percentage of IL-4 expression was significantly different between the nodular prurigo and pruritic papular eruption groups (p=0.000). However, the mean percentage of IL-5 expression was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.060). In conclusion, the expression of IL-4 was higher in the nodular prurigo group in comparison to the pruritic papular eruption group. Nonetheless, the expression of IL-5 was comparably high in both the nodular prurigo and pruritic papular eruption groups.
Factors that Influence Stunting in the Maratua District of Berau, Indonesia Tambunan, Risa Haryati; Nurbaeti, Elis
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. This study investigated the factors contributing to stunting in a remote area, which has not received sufficient attention from key stakeholders. 2. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for the government in addressing stunting through intervention strategies that incorporate paternal roles to improve children's nutritional status. Abstract Stunting is a community health problem with significant impacts. The estimated prevalence rate of stunting was 24.4% in Indonesia and 25.7% in the Berau Regency. Stunting is a growth disorder caused by chronic malnutrition during the first 1,000 days of life. It is characterized by a height-for-age Z-score below -2 standard deviations from the child growth standards median of the World Health Organization, an insufficient growth rate, and a reduced potential final height. The contributing factors to stunting include maternal variables, as mothers are the primary caregivers. The objective of this study was to determine the factors for stunting and specifically investigate if there is a relationship between maternal employment and stunting in the Maratua District of Berau, Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional research design. The sample size was determined using the Sample Size Calculator from the World Health Organization for a two-sided test (α = 0.05; β = 0.2; p1 = 0.63; p2 = 0.25; 95% CI). The data were collected from the nutrition report and anthropometric measurements at Maratua Primary Healthcare Center. The research was carried out at the Integrated Health Posts (Pos Layanan Terpadu/ Posyandu) in the Maratua District. The toddlers (n = 56) were examined with their parental consent. Toddlers with overnutrition, obesity, and acute infectious diseases were excluded from this study. The data were processed using Chi-square and Fisher tests (p < 0.05). In the analysis, no significant relationship was found between stunting and maternal employment. However, the results revealed that fathers who were not fishermen had a 6.3 times greater risk of having stunted toddlers compared to fathers who worked as fishermen. Fathers with a junior high school degree showed a 6.1 times higher risk of having stunted toddlers than fathers with different educational levels. In conclusion, stunting in the Maratua District is associated with the fathers' educational attainment and employment.
Clinicopathological Analysis of Postmenopausal Bleeding and Endometrium Hota, Basanta Manjari; Bakshi, Kavitha; Lokam, Geetha; Movva, Naimisha
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. Malignancies in postmenopausal bleeding are not very common, yet it is necessary to evaluate the etiology and implement appropriate treatment strategies. 2. The findings of this study highlight the need for early detection of benign, premalignant, or malignant cases to provide more effective management, prevent the development of cancer, and improve the prognosis of the condition. Abstract Bleeding from the genital organ after a year of menopause is called postmenopausal bleeding. The causes may be either benign or malignant, originating from genital (uterine or extrauterine) and extragenital sites. About 3% of postmenopausal women suffer from uterine cancer. This present study aimed to analyze the clinical significance of postmenopausal bleeding concerning the source, associated risk factors, and various endometrial pathologies, including malignant and premalignant conditions. This retrospective study was conducted over four years and featured postmenopausal bleeding patients who met the inclusion criteria. Different causes of bleeding were noted and managed. Data collection on the history, clinical examination, blood test, and endometrial biopsy was performed on women with endometrial bleeding. The collected data were analyzed using standard descriptive statistics and presented using frequency tables. A total of 88 women were admitted, of whom 73 (82.95%) had endometrial bleeding and 15 (17.05%) experienced bleeding from other sites. The endometrial bleeding group mostly consisted of women aged >50–60 years (45.20%). Hypertension (26.03%), diabetes (21.91%), obesity (43.83%), and nulliparous (5.48%) were the risk factors present among the patients. The majority of the patients (41.10%) were within five years of menopause. The transvaginal ultrasound findings indicated that 56.16% of the women had an endometrial thickness of >10 mm, while 9.59% had an endometrial thickness of ≤4 mm. Upon histological investigation, endometrial hyperplasia (34.24%), atrophy (38.36%), and cancer (4.11%) were detected. Furthermore, a prevalence of 16.44% was identified as proliferative endometrium, whereas polyps were found in 6.84% of cases. In conclusion, postmenopausal bleeding is mostly benign, but it may raise concerns about the possibility of malignancy, which can be distressing for women. Disregarding the amount and frequency, postmenopausal bleeding requires a thorough evaluation, primarily because adequate management can prevent the progression of many premalignant cases to be endometrial cancer.
Antioxidant Activities and Potential Wound Healing Effects of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) Extract Gel Arif, Julio; Nasution, Ali Napiah; Nasution, Sri Wahyuni; Widowati, Wahyu; Dewi, Nindia Salsabila Mia; Kusuma, Hanna Sari Widya
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. This study analyzed the potential of Meniran extract gel for wound healing therapy, a plant-based medicine that has not been thoroughly researched in the context of promoting a healthy lifestyle. 2. The analysis found that Meniran extract gel has antioxidant properties that can be used for wound treatment to improve human health. Abstract Research on the use of medicinal plants to treat numerous diseases has been widely conducted. However, for chronic wound healing, the availability of medicinal plants for treatment remains rare. Gels containing active plant-based compounds may provide a solution. Phyllanthus niruri, known as "meniran" in Indonesian, is a medicinal plant used traditionally to cure various diseases. This study aimed to examine the antioxidant activities of Meniran extract gel, potentially for wound healing. Meniran was extracted using 70% methanol and formulated into a gel. The Meniran gel was composed of three formulations: 3%, 4%, and 5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) supplemented with 5% Meniran extract. The quality of the gel was assessed based on homogeneity, spreadability, pH, and viscosity. This study utilized 2,2"²-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Meniran gel at seven different concentrations through its scavenging capacities. The results were calculated to determine the median inhibitory concentration (IC50). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). The three Meniran gel formulations showed good quality with spreadability ranging from 5.37 to 5.59 cm, pH levels from 5.90 to 6.03, and viscosity from 9.080 to 9.230 cps. Higher gel concentrations led to an increase in the free radical DPPH- and ABTS-scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and ABTS assays were found at 1,000 μg/mL with IC50 values of 69.72 μg/mL and 20.15 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, Meniran gel formulas exhibit good standards and have antioxidant properties suitable for wound healing therapy.
Primary Healthcare Providers' Knowledge on the Early Detection of Biliary Atresia Prihaningtyas, Rendi Aji; Setyoboedi, Bagus; Nesa, Ni Nyoman Metriani; Masturina, Melinda; Utomo, Martono Tri; Arief, Sjamsul
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 60, No. 1
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Highlights: 1. An evaluation is necessary to verify that the knowledge of healthcare providers is sufficient for the early detection of biliary atresia. 2. It is crucial to promote education on prolonged jaundice to ensure early detection of biliary atresia in primary health facilities, as some primary healthcare providers have insufficient knowledge on the subject. Abstract Primary healthcare providers frequently fail to recognize biliary atresia because it closely mimics physiological jaundice. Early detection plays an important role in ensuring the optimal treatment of biliary atresia. Delays in referring to biliary atresia cases remain a problem around the world. The objective of this study was to analyze the knowledge of primary healthcare providers regarding prolonged jaundice as an early sign of biliary atresia. A cross-sectional study was conducted at primary healthcare centers using a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed descriptively with the assistance of IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). A total of 271 respondents participated in this study, including midwives (63.8%), nurses (24.4%), and medical doctors (8.5%). This study found that 73.8% of the respondents agreed that infants with prolonged jaundice need to undergo a serum bilirubin level assessment. However, 40.2% of the respondents believed that pale stools and dark urine in yellow infants were symptoms of physiological jaundice. Concerning the definition of prolonged jaundice, 209 (77.1%) respondents provided a response indicating more than two weeks. A total of 137 (50.6%) respondents stated that biliary atresia is a disease that must be ruled out first in cases of prolonged jaundice. Nevertheless, 86 (31.7%) and 87 (32.1%) respondents also mentioned that breastfeeding jaundice and breast milk jaundice must be considered as potential causes to be investigated. These results indicated that primary healthcare providers still had limited knowledge regarding cholestasis. Education on prolonged jaundice in primary healthcare centers should be more improved to enhance the early detection of biliary atresia.

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