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Made Krisna Adi Jaya
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Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application (JPSA)
Published by Universitas Udayana
ISSN : 23017694     EISSN : 23017708     DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2025.v01.i01
Core Subject : Health, Science, Education, Social, Engineering,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health Social Sciences Other
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application (JPSA) publishes high-quality original research articles, review articles, and short communications that contribute substantially to the advancement of knowledge in the field of pharmaceutical sciences and their applications. The journal welcomes interdisciplinary work that integrates basic and applied research relevant to drug discovery, development, and clinical use. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to: Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmaceutics Novel Drug Delivery Systems Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Research Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmaceutical Analysis Pharmacy Practice Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Community Pharmacy Cell Biology and Molecular Pharmacology Genomics, Proteomics, and Pharmacogenomics Bioinformatics and Biotechnology The journal is committed to disseminating impactful findings that enhance pharmaceutical knowledge and promote the development of safe, effective, and accessible therapies.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 10 Documents
 1 
THE EFFECT OF MICROMETRIC PROPERTIES AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY MEASUREMENT METHODS ON PHARMACEUTICAL RAW MATERIALS: A REVIEW Fatimah Ali; Ika Lismayani Ilyas; Ines Septiani Pratiwi
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i01.p01

Abstract

Background: Tablet preparations consist of active substance compositions with or without additional substances (excipients). Micrometric properties are taken into consideration in the development of solid formulations because they can play a role in formulating formulations to obtain optimal therapeutic targets and ranges to form products that can be fully developed. In selecting a tablet manufacturing method, namely the direct compression method, it is very necessary to have a substance that has good flowability and compressibility. Objective: In this study, observations were made on the poor micrometric properties in order to increase the specific gravity of the particles used so that an optimal drug formulation is obtained. Methods: The writing method used is a comparative method by collecting various sources obtained from research journals from 2014-2024. Results: Observations of micrometric properties can increase along with modifications to substances or compounds, namely by using the carboxymethylation, crystallization, and agglomeration methods. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical raw materials that have poor micrometric properties can be improved by modifying them either through carboxymethylation, crystallization, or agglomeration processes. So that it can reduce the Carr index and increase the Hausner ratio of the material, then the specific gravity test provides information about the purity of the compound. Keywords: Micrometric; Specific gravity; Carboxymethylation; Crystallization; Agglomeration.
EFFECT OF EXTRACTION METHODS ON TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF GALING-GALING LEAVES (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) I Kadek Suardiana; A.A. Gede Rai Yadnya Putra; Pande Made Nova Armita Sari
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i01.p02

Abstract

Background: Antioxidants play a key role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Flavonoids, a class of secondary metabolites, are known for their strong antioxidant properties. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin is an Indonesian endemic plant with medicinal potential, particularly as a natural antioxidant source. The extraction process is a critical step in isolating bioactive compounds and must be optimized to maximize flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different extraction methods— maceration, sonication, and Soxhlet extraction—on the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of C. trifolia (L.) Domin leaves. Methods: This experimental study used three extraction techniques: maceration, sonication, and Soxhlet extraction. Total flavonoid content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and expressed as mg quercetin equivalent per gram of extract (mg QE/g extract). Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and expressed as IC₅₀ (ppm). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with a 95% confidence level. Results: The sonication method yielded the highest total flavonoid content (41.82 ± 0.011 mg QE/g extract) and the strongest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 66.523 ± 0.449 ppm), followed by Soxhlet extraction (35.78 ± 0.01 mg QE/g; IC₅₀ = 84.217 ± 0.565 ppm), and maceration (18.48 ± 0.01 mg QE/g; IC₅₀ = 94.579 ± 1.12 ppm). Statistical analysis showed that the extraction method significantly affected both total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The extraction method significantly influences the yield of total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in C. trifolia ethanolic leaf extracts. Sonication was found to be the most effective method, suggesting its potential use in optimizing the recovery of antioxidant compounds from plant materials. Keywords: Antioxidant Activity; Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin; DPPH; Extraction methods; Total Flavonoid Contents.
ANALYSIS OF PATIENT KNOWLEDGE LEVELS IN SELF-MEDICATION FOR DIARRHEA USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN PHARMACIES IN THE SOUTH DENPASAR REGION Daskinih; Iwan Saka Nugraha; Putu Melista Putri
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i01.p03

Abstract

Background: Diarrhea remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia, often prompting self-medication managing minor ailments without medical consultation. With advances in digital health, Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers decision support for symptom assessment and treatment guidance. However, the extent of patient understanding and use of AI in self-medication remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate patient knowledge regarding AI's role in self-medication for diarrhea in pharmacies in South Denpasar and to assess whether patients actively use AI-powered applications or simply acknowledge their potential. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 purposively selected respondents. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using chi-squared tests. The questionnaire included items on knowledge and experience with AI-based health tools. Results: Most respondents were aged 17–44 (91.3%), male (50.6%), had higher education (69.4%), and worked in the private sector (85.6%). A total of 87.5% showed high self-medication knowledge, and 98.1% reported using AI-based applications. Significant associations were found between education and knowledge (p=0.002) and between occupation and knowledge (p=0.001). Conclusion: Education and employment significantly influence self-medication knowledge enhanced by AI. These findings highlight the increasing role of AI in healthcare and the need for structured patient education to support informed AI use. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI); Diarrhea; Knowledge; Pharmacy; Self-Medication.
COMBINED CONVENTIONAL AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY ON BREAST CANCER PATIENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN BALI Dewi Puspita Apsari; Dhiancinantyan Windydaca Brata Putri
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i01.p04

Abstract

Background: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is widely adopted by female breast cancer patients seeking to improve their health-related quality of life. However, research related to the quality of life of breast cancer patients who use CAM is still ambiguous and has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: This study aims to compare the quality of life between breast cancer patients who use conventional therapy (chemotherapy) with a combination of conventional therapy and CAM. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 women who underwent chemotherapy at least one cycle at RSUD Sanjiwani, Gianyar. Participants were divided into two groups: those treated with conventional therapy only, and those who also incorporated CAM therapies such as massage, herbal medicine, and spiritual healing practices. Assessment of quality of life in patients was conducted using the standardized EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire developed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Quality-of-life scores between groups were compared using an independent t-test. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences in breast cancer patients who used conventional therapy (chemotherapy) with a combination of conventional therapy and CAM in the domain of global health status (61, 67 vs 71.67, p=0.000), cognitive functioning (54.33 vs 27.67, p=0.000), role functioning (53.33 vs 29.33, p=0.009), fatigue (35.22 vs 24.44, p=0.000), nausea and vomiting (74 vs 45.67, p=0.000) and pain (85.67 vs 52.33, p=0.000). Conclusion: The combination of conventional therapy and CAM significantly improved global health status and symptom management in breast cancer patients, suggesting its potential to enhance quality of life alongside standard treatment. Keywords:  Breast Cancer; Complementary and Alternative Medication (CAM); Conventional; EORTC QLQ-C30; Quality of Life.
THE ROLE OF PHARMACOECONOMICS IN DETERMINING TREATMENT SELECTION IN INDONESIA: A SCOPING REVIEW Adinda Amalia; I Kadek Suardiana
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i01.p05

Abstract

Background: Pharmacoeconomic analysis is a crucial tool for assessing the economic impact of alternative drug therapies, especially amid rising healthcare costs in Indonesia. It evaluates whether the benefits of a treatment justify the additional costs, supporting pharmacists in selecting effective and cost-efficient therapies that enhance patient quality of life. Four main types of pharmacoeconomic studies are commonly used: Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA), Cost Utility Analysis (CUA), and Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA). Objective: This review aims to provide an overview of pharmacoeconomic studies that can serve as a reference for pharmacists in Indonesia in selecting appropriate treatments, focusing on literature from national journals published within the last 10 years. Methods: A literature review was conducted using primary data from national research publications accessed via Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were studies involving pharmacoeconomic evaluations related to therapy selection, published from 2015 onward in national journals. Studies examined include those covering drug utilization patterns, cost estimation, and alignment with the national formulary. Results: CEA and CUA are the most frequently applied pharmacoeconomic methods in Indonesia, particularly for evaluating antihypertensive, antiinfective, and cardiovascular drugs. These methods offer valuable insights that help pharmacists determine clinically effective and economically viable treatment options. Conclusion: Pharmacoeconomic studies are essential in supporting pharmacists in balancing treatment efficacy with cost considerations. Their application is particularly important in the context of the National Health Insurance (JKN), where informed decisions are needed to ensure cost-effective, sustainable healthcare delivery.   Keywords: Cost Benefit Analysis; Cost Effectiveness Analysis; Cost Minimization Analysis; Cost Utility Analysis; Pharmacoeconomics.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DIRECT MEDICAL COSTS AND COMORBIDITIES IN HEART FAILURE Kana Mukti Nugroho; Trimurti Andayani; Susi Ari Kristina
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i02.p01

Abstract

 Background: Heart failure (HF) often coexists with multiple comorbidities, which may substantially increase healthcare resource use. However, economic evaluations often overlook the specific cost impact of comorbid conditions in HF patients. Objective: To systematically review and quantify the excess direct medical costs and markup factors associated with comorbidities in patients with heart failure. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across four databases (PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) on June 28, 2025. Observational studies reporting direct medical costs of HF patients with and without comorbidities were included. All cost values were standardized to 2024 USD using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and converted using average exchange rates. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using criteria adapted from Huber et al. (2015). A total of six studies, all conducted in the United States, met the inclusion criteria. Narrative synthesis was performed due to heterogeneity in cost reporting. Results: Across the six studies, comorbidities significantly increased HF-related costs. Mark-up factors ranged from 0.64 to 2.15, with the highest excess costs observed in patients with hyperkalemia (USD 39,543), drug use disorder (USD 27,783), and cancer (USD 19,379). In contrast, some comorbidities, such as Alzheimer’s disease, ischemic heart disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, were associated with lower costs, possibly due to end-of-life care patterns or system-level cost controls. Conclusion: Comorbidities impose a substantial and variable economic burden on HF patients. Findings highlight the need for multi-country studies, standardized cost methodologies, and the inclusion of indirect costs and HF severity stratification in future research. Keywords: Comorbidities; Direct medical costs; Economic burden; Heart failure; Mark-up factor.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF FENNEL LEAVES AND STEMS (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) AGAINST BACTERIA Cutibacterium acnes AND Staphylococcus epidermidis Ni Luh Putu Kris Monika Yanti; Madahlena Isaura Dasilva; Putu Ririn Andreani; I Kadek Suardiana
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i02.p02

Abstract

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common skin problem that often affects adolescents and young adults, caused by the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The use of synthetic antibiotics for acne treatment can lead to resistance; therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative natural ingredients that can act as a companion or complementary therapy, such as fennel plants (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Objective: To identify and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of fennel leaves and stems against C.acnes and S.epidermidis. Methods: Extraction is carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol. Antibacterial tests were carried out in vitro using disc diffusion methods with concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%. Tetracycline 1% is used as a positive control, and DMSO 10% as a negative control. Results: Extracts of fennel leaves and stems exhibited antibacterial activity. The diameter of the inhibition zone increased with increasing extract concentration, with the leaves extract showing greater antibacterial activity than the stems extract. Conclusion: The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that ethanol extracts of leaves and fennel stems were able to inhibit the growth of C. acnes and S. epidermidis, with an average inhibition zone of leaf extract that was more optimal than that of stems.
KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS OF PHARMACY STUDENTS TOWARD TELEPHARMACY SERVICES IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA Eko Yatminto; Nanang Munif Yasin; Chairun Wiedyaningsih
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i02.p03

Abstract

Background: Telepharmacy offers a promising solution to improve access to pharmaceutical care in remote regions such as South Kalimantan, Indonesia. However, research on pharmacy students’ knowledge and perceptions of telepharmacy remains limited, even though their perspectives are crucial for the digital transformation of pharmaceutical services. Objective: This study aimed to assess pharmacy students’ knowledge and perceptions of telepharmacy in South Kalimantan and to identify associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 453 pharmacy students from six universities in South Kalimantan (October–December 2024) using a validated 40-item questionnaire. Knowledge and perception scores were categorized by sample medians, and non-parametric statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27. Results: Overall, 58.7% of participants had high telepharmacy knowledge, indicating a moderate regional knowledge level, and 54.3% reported positive perceptions. Knowledge was significantly associated with academic year (p < 0.001), parental education (p = 0.014), and university type (p < 0.001), while perceptions were influenced by age (p < 0.001), academic year (p < 0.001), parental education (p = 0.009), and healthcare work experience (p = 0.027). No significant correlation was observed between knowledge and perception scores (ρ = 0.089, p = 0.058). Conclusion: Pharmacy students in South Kalimantan exhibited moderate knowledge and generally positive perceptions of telepharmacy, but these domains were not significantly correlated. The findings underscore the importance of standardized telepharmacy education, integration of practical training, and stronger emphasis on regulatory and data-security aspects to strengthen readiness for digital healthcare transformation.
COMPUTATIONAL DRUG DISCOVERY OF POTENT ANTIMALARIAL XANTHONES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND ADMET-GUIDED IDENTIFICATION OF A LEAD CANDIDATE Joanne Theophilia Winata; Komang Dian Aditya Putra; Yosi Bayu Murti; Akhmad Kharis Nugroho
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i02.p04

Abstract

Background: Artemisinin resistance mediated by Kelch13 mutations threatens malaria elimination efforts. Xanthones from Garcinia mangostana present a promising alternative scaffold for antimalarial drug development. Objective: This study systematically identified potent xanthones reported in the literature and evaluated their pharmacological potential using computational methods. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library (through September 2025) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searching for "Xanthone" combined with "Antimalarial" or "Plasmodium". Selection criteria included original research reporting IC50 values against Plasmodium falciparum. Results: Among 165 identified compounds from 46 studies, 18 demonstrated potent activity (IC50 < 1 µM). Structure-Activity Relationship analysis revealed that synthetic xanthones with alkylamino side chains were substantially more efficacious than natural isolates. Compound 117 (3-(3- (dimethylamino)propoxy)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-7-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-9H-xanthen-9- one) emerged as the lead candidate with IC50 of 0.1 µM. In silico ADMET profiling predicted superior intestinal absorption (>90%), compliance with Lipinski's Rule, and a favourable-toxicity profile (non-mutagenic, non-hepatotoxic) compared to the natural prototype α-mangostin. Conclusion: This integrated systematic review-cheminformatics approach, strengthened by transparent multi-criteria prioritization, identified Compound 117 as a promising pre-clinical candidate requiring further biological evaluation, including in vivo efficacy in rodent malaria models, in vitro cytotoxicity profiling, and experimental validation of predicted CYP interactions before advancing toward clinical translation.
IMPACT OF HOME PHARMACY CARE ON MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS: A QUASIEXPERIMENTAL STUDY Ayu Kesumadewi; Satrya Dewi Dewa Ayu Putu; Dhiancinantyan Windydaca Brata Putri; Putu Yudhistira Budhi Setiawan
Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Journal Pharmaceutical Science and Application
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Math and Sciences Faculty, Udayana Univerity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JPSA.2025.v07.i02.p05

Abstract

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common skin problem that often affects adolescents and young adults, caused by the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The use of synthetic antibiotics for acne treatment can lead to resistance; therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative natural ingredients that can act as a companion or complementary therapy, such as fennel plants (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Objective: To identify and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of fennel leaves and stems against C.acnes and S.epidermidis. Methods: Extraction is carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol. Antibacterial tests were carried out in vitro using disc diffusion methods with concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%. Tetracycline 1% is used as a positive control, and DMSO 10% as a negative control. Results: Extracts of fennel leaves and stems exhibited antibacterial activity. The diameter of the inhibition zone increased with increasing extract concentration, with the leaves extract showing greater antibacterial activity than the stems extract. Conclusion: The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that ethanol extracts of leaves and fennel stems were able to inhibit the growth of C. acnes and S. epidermidis, with an average inhibition zone of leaf extract that was more optimal than that of stems.

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