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DEMOCRACY, EDUCATION, AND GENDER INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM PROVINCIAL PANEL DATA DYNAMICS Irfan; Maryana; Rinaldi Syahputra
International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) Vol. 5 No. 6 (2025): December
Publisher : CV. Radja Publika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54443/ijebas.v5i6.5153

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of inclusive development at the provincial/district level in Indonesia by emphasizing the differences in the short-term and long-term influences of its determinants. This study uses panel data and applies the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel ARDL) method. This method was chosen because it is able to accommodate differences in regional characteristics and varying degrees of variable integration. The estimation results show a stable long-term relationship between the democracy index in Indonesia and the explanatory variables, as indicated by the negative and significant error correction term coefficient . In the short term, gender inequality has a negative and significant effect on the democracy index, while economic participation has a positive and significant effect. The long-term results confirm that gender inequality is a structural obstacle to the democracy index, while economic participation is a key driver of increasing sustainable inclusive development at the regional level. Other social variables show relatively weaker effects, both in the short and long term. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of regional development policies oriented towards reducing gender inequality and strengthening economic participation as key strategies for boosting democracy in Indonesia. Methodologically, this study contributes to the literature by applying the ARDL Panel approach to the Indonesian subnational context, thus providing a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of inclusive development across regions.
Co-Authors Aan Devianto Abdillah, Ahmad Fauzi Agustin Ananda Nurisyahadah Andriana, Sevtia Anggraini, Rima Berti Aprilia Rizky Arifiani Ardiansyah Asrianda Asrianda Berdina, Agnes Nona Bustami Cut Agusniar cut muftia keumala Damayanti, Ita Darmoris Dasmi Husin Dea nanda Aulia Deka Oktaviana Desi Wulandari, Desi Dety Norrahmi Dilariya Dina Lesmana Dita Lestari Eka Chyntia Eko Suryani Elsyanda, Renni Erwanto, Fredi Eva Darnila Fitriyani Gadis Ayu Sofiana Hana Ningtias Hardiansyah Hasya Syakira Helen Kristeti Irfan Izura Rochma Keumala, Cut Muftia Kushendar, Deden Hadi Kusumajaya, Hendra Leni Maszura Lucky Herawati Luthviana Hafizah M. Rasyidin M. Safar M. SALEH Maghriza, Irna Ari Mairanda, Nia Maisytoh, Siti Marhaeni Fajar Kurniawati Melidza Lestari Melly, Melly Yani MMSI Irfan ,S. Kom Mochamad Ari Saptari Muhammad Adib Alfathin Muhammad Ridha Mutammimul Ula Muzakir Muzakir Nisak, Fazlun NOVA Nova Mardiana, Nova Nugrahani, Andita Nur Afni Safarina Nurdin Nurdin Nurfaiza Nurvinanda, Rezka Pandit Sarosa Purnajaya, Heri Putri Novianti Rachilya, Laya Rahmatillah Rahmi Maghfirah Rinaldi Syahputra Risqi Utami Ritonga, Maya Syarah Rozzi Kesuma Dinata Safwandi Salsabila, Cut Syahira Saputra, Muhammad Jihad Sara Dila Sarka Ade Susana Setyowati Shalawati Siti Budi Utami Siti Hardianti, Siti Siti Maisyarah Siti Maisyarah Sri Ariani Suhardjono Sujacka Retno Susana, Sarka Ade Suzarli Syibral Malasyi T. Marzila Fahnawal Ubah Swasono Basuki Vika Septyan Febrianto Winatun Nafis Yenni Aryaneta Yulia Nanda Safitri Yuliza Febrina Yulleila Zaehol Fatah Zulfikar Zuraida