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Sustainable Paving Blocks from Fly Ash: An Innovation for the SDGs Wibowo, Sekarsari; Cahyono, Luqman; Khaqiqi, Alwi Sina; Rahayuningsih, Siti; Al Hazman, Muhammad; Kusuma, Dwi Mahendra; Ridwansyah, Moh. Farikh Tirta
Civil and Environmental Science Journal (CIVENSE) Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.civense.2025.008.02.6

Abstract

This study determined the optimal proportion of fly ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement in paving block mixtures to maximize compressive strength while supporting sustainability. Three fly ash substitution levels (10%, 20%, and 30% by cement weight) were evaluated. All mixtures met the K-300 standard (≥30.6 MPa), but the 20% substitution proved optimal, yielding the highest average compressive strength of 37.2 MPa with the lowest variation (CoV of 5.8%). The incorporation of fly ash also enhanced physical properties by reducing water absorption and porosity. The findings validate the use of fly ash for producing high-performance, environmentally friendly paving blocks that meet stringent quality standards.
Compressive Strength and Water Absorption Analysis of Perforated Paving Blocks Incorporating Waste Candlenut Shell Ash Aprilia Sari, Nur Fajar; Cahyono, Luqman; Rismawati, Ria; Sholihah, Mar'atus
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 26, No 1 (2026): Jurnal Teknik Sipil Universitas Tanjungpura
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/jts.v26i1.104139

Abstract

The extensive use of candlenut shells as boiler fuel generates substantial ash residues that pose environmental challenges if inadequately managed. Concurrently, conventional paving blocks exhibit limited permeability, thereby increasing urban surface runoff. This study evaluates the feasibility of incorporating candlenut shell ash as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in perforated paving blocks. Distinct from prior studies that focus on ash application in dense concrete systems, this research emphasizes permeability-oriented pavement performance alongside material valorization. Chemical composition was determined using X-ray Fluorescence analysis, while mechanical and durability-related properties, including compressive strength and water absorption, were assessed in accordance with SNI 03-0691-1996. The ash contained 80.04% CaO, suggesting potential pozzolanic activity. Experimental results indicate that a 1:4 mix proportion provides optimal performance, achieving a compressive strength of 20.60 MPa that satisfies Quality B requirements and a water absorption of 9%, meeting Quality C criteria. These findings demonstrate the technical viability of candlenut shell ash for permeable paving applications and support its integration into sustainable urban drainage and circular material management systems.