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All Journal Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Jurnal Teknik ITS IPTEK The Journal for Technology and Science Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis REKAYASA JMM (Jurnal Masyarakat Mandiri) CHEESA: Chemical Engineering Research Articles Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Jurnal Teknologi Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat MEMBANGUN NEGERI Jurnal Penelitian IPTEKS TheJournalish: Social and Government Distilat: Jurnal Teknologi Separasi Unri Conference Series: Community Engagement Journal of Biobased Chemicals (JOBC) Sewagati Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Jurnal Rekayasa Proses JURNAL REKAYASA KIMIA & LINGKUNGAN Dinamika Kerajinan dan Batik: Majalah Ilmiah
Muharja, Maktum
Department Of Chemical Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering, Universitas Jember, Jalan Kalimantan 37, Jember 68121
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Journal : Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering

 1 
Effect of Severity Factor on the Subcritical Water and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coconut Husk for Reducing Sugar Production Maktum Muharja; Nur Fadhilah; Rizki Fitria Darmayanti; Hanny Frans Sangian; Tantular Nurtono; Arief Widjaja
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 3 Year 2020 (December 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.3.8870.786-797

Abstract

Preventing the further degradation of monomeric or oligomeric sugar into by-product during biomass conversion is one of the challenges for fermentable sugar production. In this study, the performance of subcritical water (SCW) and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk toward reducing sugar production was investigated using a severity factor (SF) approach. Furthermore, the optimal condition of SCW was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where the composition changes of lignocellulose and sugar yield as responses. From the results, at low SF of SCW, sugar yield escalated as increasing SF value. In the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the effect of SCW pressure is a significant factor enhancing sugar yield. A maximum total sugar yield was attained on the mild SF condition of 2.86. From this work, it was known that the SF approach is sufficient parameter to evaluate the SCW and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
A Performance Study of Home-Made Co-Immobilized Lipase from Mucor miehei in Polyurethane Foam on The Hydrolysis of Coconut Oil to Fatty Acid Dwina Moentamaria; Maktum Muharja; Tri Widjaja; Arief Widjaja
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2019: BCREC Volume 14 Issue 2 Year 2019 (August 2019)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.2.3848.391-403

Abstract

Bio‐based fatty acids (FAs) produced through hydrolysis of natural oils and fats are promising chemical feedstocks for increasing  the economic value of renewable raw materials. In this work, lecithin, gelatin, PEG, and MgCl2 were employed as the co-immobilized material of crude lipase Mucor miehei immobilization on the polyurethane foam (PUF) matrix for hydrolysis of coconut oil to Free Fatty Acid (FFA). The unconventional immobilized technique was used through cross-linking and covalent bond. Single factor analysis and response surface method were utilized to determine the optimum conditions of the hydrolysis reaction. After optimization, co-immobilized lipase was examined for storage stability at a temperature of 4°C and reusability performance. The optimum conditions for coconut oil hydrolysis were obtained on the co-immobilized-PUF ratio, water-oil ratio, and reaction time of 20.17 w/w, 4.45 w/w, and 20 h, respectively. Under these conditions, the acid value as lauric acid enhanced 573% to 3.21 mg KOH/g oil. Storage stability attained through remaining activity on free lipase, PUF-lipase, PUF-co-immobilized-lipase were 9.89%, 42.3%, and 91.88%, respectively. In this study, the application of PUF-co-immobilized lipase in hydrolysis reactions can be reused up to 5 times. Characteristics of the addition of co-immobilized lipase have been analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), showing the presence of functional groups binding and the changes in the surface matrix structure. 
Enhancing Enzymatic Digestibility of Coconut Husk using Nitrogen-assisted Subcritical Water for Sugar Production Maktum Muharja; Nur Fadhilah; Tantular Nurtono; Arief Widjaja
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 1 Year 2020 (April 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.1.5337.84-95

Abstract

Coconut husk (CCH) as an abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia has the potential to be utilized for sugar production, which is the intermediate product of biofuel. In this study, subcritical water (SCW) assisted by nitrogen (N2) was developed to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of CCH. SCW process was optimized by varying the operation condition: the pressure of 60-100 bar, the temperature of 150-190 °C, and the time of 20-60 min. The SCW-treated solid was subsequently hydrolyzed by utilizing a mixture of commercial cellulase and xylanase enzymes. The result shows that the optimum total sugar yield was obtained under the mild condition of SCW treatment, resulting in the sugar of 15.67 % and 10.31 % gained after SCW and enzymatic hydrolysis process, respectively. SEM and FTIR analysis of SCW-treated solid exhibited the deformation of lignin and solubilization of cellulose and hemicellulose, while XRD and TGA revealed an increase of the amount of crystalline part in the solid residue. The use of N2 in SCW treatment combined with enzymatic hydrolysis in this study suggested that the method can be considered economically for biofuel production from CCH waste in commercial scale. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Subcritical Water Process for Reducing Sugar Production from Biomass: Optimization and Kinetics Maktum Muharja; Arief Widjaja; Rizki Fitria Darmayanti; Nur Fadhilah; Bramantyo Airlangga; Abdul Halim; Siska Nuri Fadilah; I Made Arimbawa
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2022: BCREC Volume 17 Issue 4 Year 2022 (December 2022)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.4.16527.839-849

Abstract

The competitive reactions of lignocellulose hydrolysis and monosaccharide degradation in the subcritical water (SCW) hydrolysis of coconut husk were investigated to optimize the reducing sugar yield. Optimization analysis was performed by response surface methodology (RSM) and kinetics studies. Parameters of process optimization were varied at 130-170 °C for 15-45 min. The reducing sugars were measured using the Dinitro salicylic acid method. The sugar yield increased when the temperature increased from 130 °C to 170 °C. The highest reduction sugar yield of 4.946 g/L was obtained at 183.6 °C for 4.8 min and 23.4 liquid/solid ratio (LSR). Kinetics studies were carried out at temperature variations of 150, 170, and 190 °C and pressures of 60, 80, and 100 bar for 5 to 60 min. The yield of reducing sugar decreased with increasing temperature. The kinetic model 2B is the best method to explain the competitive reaction kinetics of coconut husk hydrolysis. This research is an innovation to increase the reducing sugar to make the process more commercially viable. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Alkali Pretreatment for Enhancement of Delignification Process of Cocoa Pod Husk Maktum Muharja; Rizki Fitria Darmayanti; Bekti Palupi; Istiqomah Rahmawati; Boy Arief Fachri; Felix Arie Setiawan; Helda Wika Amini; Meta Fitri Rizkiana; Atiqa Rahmawati; Ari Susanti; Ditta Kharisma Yolanda Putri
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2021: BCREC Volume 16 Issue 1 Year 2021 (March 2021)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.1.8872.31-43

Abstract

In this study, the optimization of microwave-assisted alkaline (MAA) pretreatment is performed to attain the optimal operating parameters for the delignification of cocoa pod husk (CPH). The MAA performance was examined by heating the CPH solid with different particle sizes (60–120 mesh) and NaOH solution with a different sample to a solvent (SS) ratio (0.02–0.05 g/L), for short irradiation time (1–4 min). Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the percentage of lignocellulose composition changes. The results show that by enlarging particle size, the content of lignin and cellulose decreased while hemicellulose increased. By prolong irradiation time, the content of lignin and hemicellulose decreased while cellulose elevated. On the other hand, increasing the SS ratio was not significant for hemicellulose content changes. From FTIR and SEM characterization, the MAA drove the removal of lignin and hemicellulose of CPH and increased cellulose slightly. Supported by kinetic study which conducted in this work, it was exhibited that MAA pretreatment technology is an effective delignification method of CPH which can tackle the bottleneck of its commercial biofuel production. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Development of a Novel Support Modification for Efficient Lipase Immobilization: Preparation, Characterization, and Application for Bio-flavor Production Moentamaria, Dwina; Irfin, Zakijah; Chumaidi, Achmad; Widjaja, Arief; Widjaja, Tri; Muharja, Maktum; Darmayanti, Rizki Fitria
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2024: BCREC Volume 19 Issue 2 Year 2024 (August 2024)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20130

Abstract

The low cost and excellent catalytic properties of lipase for industrial processes are highly desirable. A promising new approach involves the support modification of lipase and spacer arm, which enables the enhancement of lipase properties. This study investigates the immobilization of crude lipase from Mucor miehei onto a Polyurethane Foam (PUF) surface using various coating techniques. The PUF matrix was obtained through isocyanate and polyol reactions. Subsequently, the PUF was coated by adsorbing lipase and adding edible support material. The immobilized lipase was then utilized in the hydrolysis of coconut oil to produce fatty acids. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme was employed in the esterification of fatty acids to produce bio-flavors. The results demonstrate that the attachment reaction using support material, namely lecithin, gelatin, MgCl2, and Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG), all of which are simple and edible, was able to enhance the stability and reusability of lipase. This immobilization technique increased triglyceride hydrolysis into FFA by 422%. The successful edible support modification of immobilized lipase from M. miehei on PUF, coupled with significantly enhanced enzyme stability and catalytic activity, offers a promising, environmentally friendly solution for diverse applications in the food industry. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Enhancing Monomeric Sugar Production from Coconut Husk by FeCl3-assisted Hydrothermal Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Wijaya, Candra; Sangadji, Ningsi Lick; Muharja, Maktum; Widjaja, Tri; Riadi, Lieke; Widjaja, Arief
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 3 Year 2025 (October 2025)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20444

Abstract

Coconut husk (CCH), an abundant agricultural byproduct of the coconut processing industry, holds significant potential as a renewable feedstock for monomeric sugar production. However, efficient fractionation remains a challenge due to its recalcitrant lignocellulosic structure. This study investigates FeCl₃-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) as a selective and scalable approach to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and sugar recovery. The effects of FeCl₃ concentrations, temperatures, and unified of pretreatment conditions as combined hydrolysis factor (CHF) on biomass fractionation, modeling xylan dissolution, and monomeric sugar production were evaluated. Results indicate that 0.06 M FeCl₃ at 150 °C achieved the highest total monomeric sugar concentration of 7.364 g/L, an 11-fold increase compared to the non-catalyzed control (0.667 g/L) during HTP. This condition also facilitated 81.2% hemicellulose removal while minimizing cellulose and lignin degradation, thereby improving enzymatic digestibility. Furthermore, xylan hydrolysis also successfully developed with high correlation with unified CHF parameter. FeCl₃-assisted HTP CCH coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis further enhanced overall sugar recovery, with a total monomeric sugar yield of 18.4 g per 100 g raw CCH, representing a 4.4-fold increase compared to hydrothermally pretreated CCH without FeCl₃. These findings highlight FeCl₃-assisted HTP as a promising, cost-effective strategy for biomass fractionation, supporting its integration into lignocellulosic biorefineries for bio-based product development. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Kinetic Study of the Aluminum–water Reaction Using NaOH/NaAlO2 Catalyst for Hydrogen Production from Aluminum Cans Waste Fadhilah, Nur; Muharja, Maktum; Risanti, Doty Dewi; Wahyuono, Ruri Agung; Satrio, Dendy; Khamil, Achri Isnan; Fadilah, Siska Nuri
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2023: BCREC Volume 18 Issue 4 Year 2023 (December 2023)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20041

Abstract

The presence of oxide layers covering the surface of aluminum is known to impede the hydrogen production reaction. These oxide layers can be broken by adding catalysts and increasing the aluminum-water reaction temperature. Common catalysts used are alkaline catalysts that are capable of achieving high hydrogen production rates in a short time at lower temperatures, while intermediate temperatures of above 50 °C can accelerate the hydration reaction of the oxide layer. Herein, the mixture of NaOH and NaAlO2 catalysts was employed to attain a stable NaAlO2 solution and continuous reaction of NaOH and aluminum. This research analyzes the influence of temperature between 32 and 80 °C on the aluminum, 0.3 M NaOH and 0.001 M NaAlO2 catalysts solution at atmospheric pressure. All solutions produces a similar hydrogen yields and rate. Solutions containing NaAlO2 indicate reverse reaction that surpressing the Al(OH)3 precipitation. Residue from the reaction is investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The volume of hydrogen produced is evaluated using a mathematical mass reduction and shrinking core model. The rate of hydrogen production depends largely on the aqueous solution's temperature, with an activation energy of 47.4 kJ/mol. Based on the findings, it is readily apparent that the reaction only produced gibbsite and bayerite, with gibbsite and bayerite being dominant at 32–70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The mass reduction model fits well with the present results with only an average 5.1 mL deviation, whereas the shrinking core model generally tends to result in underestimated values with an average deviation of 23.9 mL. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA   License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 
Enhancing Enzymatic Digestibility and Lignin Production of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) by Green Deep Eutectic Solvent Wijaya, Candra; Pertiwi, Urania Noor Lintang; Apol, Tabina Raissa; Rohmah, Ika Putri Nikmatur; Muharja, Maktum; Widjaja, Tri; Riadi, Lieke; Widjaja, Arief
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 2 Year 2026 (August 2026) (Issue in Progress)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20526

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is an abundant lignocellulosic residue whose high lignin content restricts its bioconversion into sugars and value-added products. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly choline chloride–lactic acid, offer a green and tunable platform for selective delignification and biomass fractionation. This study investigates the effects of ChCl:LA (1:2) DES pretreatment under varying temperatures (100–140 °C) and reaction times (3-6 h) on the chemical composition, structural modification, delignification kinetics, and enzymatic digestibility of OPEFB. A modified combined delignification factor (CDF) was developed to unify temperature, time, and DES acidity into a single severity descriptor. Delignification followed a biphasic pattern successfully captured by the CDF-based kinetic model (R² = 0.9961), with activation energy of 63.5 kJ.mol⁻¹. Increasing pretreatment severity enhanced hemicellulose and lignin removal (up to 95.5% and 84.4%), while cellulose remained largely preserved. SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed progressive disruption of the lignin–carbohydrate matrix, increased cellulose exposure, and removal of amorphous domains. As a result, enzymatic hydrolysis yield improved by more than twofold relative to untreated biomass, reaching 75.5% at 140 °C for 6 h. Mass-balance evaluation demonstrated that from 100 g OPEFB, DES pretreatment yielded 21.6 g glucose and 24.7 g recoverable lignin under optimal conditions. Compared to other pretreatment strategies, the ChCl:LA DES system achieved a balanced co-production of sugars and lignin in significantly shorter processing time. Overall, this work provides mechanistic, kinetic, and mass-balance insights into DES-assisted fractionation of OPEFB and highlights its potential in integrated multiproduct biorefineries. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Co-Authors A Halim Abdul Halim Achmad Chumaidi, Achmad Achri Isnan Khamil Achri Isnan, Khamil Adelia Rosalina Adelina, Saltsabita Nourin Afrila Tutut Dwijati Lestari Agra Bachtiar Andika Prastika Andika, Prastika Apol, Tabina Raissa Ari Susanti Arief Widjaja Arshy, David Permana Aswie, Viqhi Atiqa Rahmawati Atiqa Rahmawati Ayu Salsabila, Putri Azmi Alvian Gabriel Badril Azhar Badril, Azhar Batuthoh, M. Wildan Ibnu Bekti Palupi Bima Suci, Syeikh Maulana Boy Arief Fachri Bramantyo Airlangga Candra Wijaya, Candra Daniel Happy Putra Diana Fitriati Difka Augustina Diana Sari Dimas Nur Herdianto Ditta Kharisma Yolanda Ditta Kharisma Yolanda Putri Doty Dewi Risanti Dwina Moentamaria Dyah Ayu Savitri Dyah Sawitri Dyah Sawitri Enomae, Toshiharu Fadilah, Siska Nuri Felix Arie Setiawan Filial Ahliana Rahmaniyah Firmansyah, Arfian Alwi Hakiki, Rizki Maulana Hanggara Sudrajat Hanny F. Sangian Helda Wika Amini Helda Wika Amini Helgananta Adirya Sabian Heni Pujiastuti Hesti Lipuring Tyas Hidayatullah Hidayatullah Husnul Khotimah Husnul Khotimah I Made Arimbawa I Made Arimbawa I Made Arimbawa Ihsanpuro, Surya Iryana Ilham Alamsah Ilham Alamsyah Indrayani, Lilin Irdatus Sholeha Irfan Albana Irfin, Zakijah Ismayati, Maya Istiqomah Rahmawati Jayyid Zuhdan Jihan Nafila Wibowo Karima, Nur Kenji Sakai Kenji Sonomoto KENJI SONOMOTO Khamil, Achri Isnan Khotimah , Husnul Lestari, Afrila Tutut Dwijati Lieke Riadi Lizda Johar Mawarani M. Zikrillah Maharani, Regita Gustiayu Pramisti Mahfud Mahfud Medy, Nabil Septian Megasari, Tri Elok Setya Meta Fitri Rizkiana Ming Gao Ming Gao Mohammad Abdul Aziz Fajar Mohammad Nashir Idham Kholid Mohammad Nazarudin Ali Muhammad Rizalluddin Mutiara Rengganis Nurul Putri Azhari Nailufhar , Lili Niki Etruly Nova Chintya Kurniawati Nugroho, Imam Wahyu Beny Nur Fadhilah Nur Fadhilah Nur Fadhilah Nur Fadhilah Nur Karima Nurtsulutsiyah Nurtsulutsiyah Pertiwi, Urania Noor Lintang Prastika, Andika Ramadana, Ifan Ramadhani, Salsabila Amania Rekha Aliyya Isma Rizki Fitria , Darmayanti Rizki Fitria Darmayanti Rizki Fitria Darmayanti Rohmah, Ika Putri Nikmatur Ruri Agung Wahyuono Sakai, Kenji Salsabila, Putri Ayu Sangadji, Ningsi Lick Satrio, Dendy Shofia Khoirunissa, Dita Sholeha, Irdatus Siska Nuri Fadilah Siska Nuri Fadilah Siska Nuri Fadilah Siska Nuri Fadilah Sjarief Widjaja Susilowati Susilowati Tantular Nurtono Tao Zhao Tao Zhao Tashiro, Yukihiro Tri Dwinanda Nursoliha Tri Widjaja Tyas , Hesti Lipuring Wardani, Salza Belila Kusuma Wardhani, Maharani Tri Wibowo, Jihan Nafila Yakub Hendrikson Manurung Yakub Hendrikson Manurung Yolanda Putri, Ditta Kharisma Yukihiro Tashiro Zakia Ainun Salsabila Zikrillah, M. Zuhriah Mumtazah