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Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Buah Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata D.) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Asam Urat Pada Mencit Putih Jantan (Mus musculus) Humaira Fadhilah; Riris Andriati; Ahmad Mukhlis Handono
Edu Masda Journal Vol 4, No 1 (2020): Edu Masda Journal Volume 4 Nomor 1
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v4i1.55

Abstract

Gout is an inflammatory process that occurs because of the accumulation of uric acid crystals around the joint tissue due to serum uric acid levels that exceed its solubility. Hyperuricemia is defined as serum uric acid concentration that exceeds 7 mg / dl. In pumpkin fruit there are chemical constituents such as saponins, flavonoids and tannins Flavonoid activity in pumpkin functions as a decrease in uric acid levels by inhibiting the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme, some of which can inhibit the enzyme xantin oxidase enzymes as antioxidants (Wahyuni, s., and Wahyu, DS, 2010). to determine the effect of 96% ethanol extract of pumpkin on decreasing uric acid in mice (Mus musculus) .The study was conducted using experimental method. Data used in this study were the rate of decrease in uric acid levels in mice. Conclusion 96% ethanol extract of Yellow Pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata D.) has the ability to reduce uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus) in cons entration of 5% (6.1 ± 1.01), concentration of 10% (7.8 ± 1.58), concentration of 20% (4.7 ± 0.51). It is suggested that further research needs to be done to increase the dose concentration to find out more effects that affect the decrease in uric acid in mice.Keywords: Cucurbita moschataDecreased  urin acid Mice (Mus musculus)PumpkinUrin AcidABSTRAKPenyakit Gout merupakan suatu proses inflamasi yang terjadi karena penumpukan kristal asam urat pada sekitar jaringan sendi akibat kadar asam urat serum yang melebihi kelarutannya. Hiperurisemia didefinisikan sebagai konsentrasi asam urat dalam serum yang melebihi 7 mg/dl. Labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata)  dipercaya secara tradisional dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat. Pada buah labu kuning terdapat kandungan kimia seperti saponin, flavonoid dan tanin Aktivitas flavonoid pada labu kuning berfungsi sebagai penurunan kadar asam urat dengan cara menghambat kerja enzim xantin oksidase, beberapa flavonoid selain dapat  menghambat enzim enzim xantin oksidase juga bersifat sebagai antioksidan (Wahyuni, s., dan Wahyu, D.S., 2010). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak etanol 96%  labu kuning terhadap penurunan asam urat pada mencit (Mus musculus). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen, Data yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah angka penurunan kadar asam urat pada mencit. Kesimpulan  ekstrak etanol 96% Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata D.) memiliki kemampuan untuk menurunkan kadar asam urat pada mencit (Mus musculus) pada konsentrasi 5% (6,1 ±1,01),  konsentrasi 10%(7,8±1,58), konsentrasi 20% (4,7±0,51). Disarankan penelitian selanjutnya perlu dilakukan peningkatan konsentrasi dosis untuk mengetahui efek yang lebih berpengaruh terhadap penurunan asam urat pada mencitKata Kunci: Cucurbita moschataPenurunan asam uratMencit (Mus musculus)Labu kuningAsam urat
Aktifitas Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.) Sebagai Antiinflamasi Ditinjau Dari Berbagai Literatur Humaira Fadhilah; Karunia Rachmani; Nurihardianti Hajaring
Edu Masda Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2021): Edu Masda Journal Volume 5 Nomor 1
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v5i1.120

Abstract

Inflammation is a normal protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, damaging chemicals, or microbiological substances. Steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have many side effects, so there are many anti-inflammatory developments originating from natural ingredients, especially in plants. Plants that are scientifically proven to have anti-inflammatory properties, namely turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) The method used in this literature study is a review of various journals published online, with the keyword turmeric as an anti-inflammatory, reviewed one by one and then the journals obtained are collected and information created by summarizing the content and then comparing the journals to be used as references. The results showed that turmeric tested had anti-inflammatory activity. The strength of the anti-inflammatory effect is shown by the carrageenan induction method which inhibits endema in rat feet and inflammation in the liver using the method of induction by diethylnitrosamine in this plant varies, depending on the dose. Compounds that are considered to provide anti-inflammatory activity are curcumin class compounds because they can inhibit the formation of prostagladin, thromboxan, and prostagycycline by inhibiting the activity of the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Curcumin also inhibits the formation of leuketrien compounds by inhibiting the activity of the lipoxygenase enzyme.
Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Profilaksis Cefazolin Pada Pasien Operasi di Rumah Sakit Premier Bintaro Humaira Fadhilah; Nurul Chasanah; Ridwan Ruswendi
Edu Masda Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2019): Edu Masda Journal Volume 3 Nomor 2
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v3i2.35

Abstract

 Prophylactic antibiotics are antibiotic used by patients who have not been infected but are thought to have the chance to get an infection or if an infection will have an adverse effect on the patient. The use of prophylactic antibiotics is needed because it is proven to prevent or reduce the incidence of infection. Inaccurate selection of antibiotic, indication, dosage, time of administration, duration of administration, and route of administration causes inappropriate treatment infections with antibiotic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of prophylactic antibiotics cefazolin in surgical patients at the premier bintaro hospital in the period of july – December 2017. This study is non experimental with retrospective data collection and analyzed with quantitative descriptive. This research was carried out at premier bintaro hospital from april until may. Samples were taken by purposive sampling method. Samples are medical record of surgery patients who use cefazolin as prophylactic antibiotic, with 231 samples. Data collection instrument uses a checklist of accuracy of the use prophylactic antibiotic filled by researcher. The result showed the highest presentation of the age patients was adult age (18-40 ) year is 45,9%, right indication of the use 100%, right dosis 99,1%, right time administration 77,5%, right duration administration 93,5%, and right route administration 100 %. The conclusion of this study is stil inaccuracies in the administration of prophylactic antibiotic cefazolin in surgical patients in term of dosage, time of administration, and duration of administration.
STUDI LITERATUR EFEKTIVITAS TANAMAN TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA SAYAT Humaira Fadhilah; Fenita Purnama Sari Indah; Syucita Febriza
Edu Masda Journal Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Edu Masda Journal Volume 6 Nomor 1
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v6i1.143

Abstract

Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien Terhadap Pelayanan Kefarmasian Di Instalasi Farmasi Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Bhineka Bakti Husada Humaira Fadhilah; Nurlita Nurlita; Ida Listiana
Edu Masda Journal Vol 4, No 2 (2020): Edu Masda Journal Volume 4 Nomor 2
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v4i2.103

Abstract

Pharmacy service in the hospital must be prioritised to patient safety which is based on the paradigm of patient oriented, where pharmacist has a role not only focusing on medicine but also on patients. The good quality of pharmacy service can be seen from patients satisfaction. The objective of this research is to determine patient satisfactions level of outpatient pharmacy installation in Bhineka Bakti Husada Hosiptal. The research used non-experimental research design by descriptive. The number of sampel taken in this research was 100 respondent. The patients satisfactions level was calculated by the result of questionnaires which assessed from 5 dimentions. The satisfactions level analysis was conducted through calculation on the average of performance and expectancy.The research showed that deployment of service given in the installation pharmacy outpatient Bhineka Bakti Husada Hospital with level of conformity satisfaction and expectations > 75% of dimensions 91,6% reliability, 91,5% responsiveness, 92,57% assurance, 89,68% emphaty and 90,27% tangible. The results of this research show that patients are satisfied with the service provided in the installation  pharmacy outpatient Bhineka Bakti Husada Hospital.
Waktu Tunggu Pelayanan Resep Pasien Rawat Jalan di Rumah Sakit Umum Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2018 Humaira Fadhilah; Devi Novita Indriyani; Riris Andriati
Edu Masda Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2019): Edu Masda Journal Volume 3 Nomor 1
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v3i1.26

Abstract

 One of the pharmaceutical care standard in hospital is waiting time. The prescribed service waiting time is the time period under which the prescription begins to be delivered by the patient to the patient receiving the drug. The purpose of this research is to know the waiting time of prescription service at Pharmaceutical Installation of South Tangerang City General Hospital compared with minimum service standard of Hospital based on Health Minister Decree No. 129 / MenkesSK / II / 2008. This research is descriptive research, the researcher only make observation to prescription service waiting time. The research was conducted in Pharmaceutical Installation RSU South Tangerang City in March 2018. The sample in this research is recipe served from outpatient in march 2018. Sampling technique in this research is total sampling. The sample obtained 129 consisting of 97 non-prescribed recipes and 32 prescription recipes. From this study, the average total waiting time of prescription service was 48.37 minutes for non-prescribed recipes and 173.38 minutes for prescription recipe. The average waiting time for non-prescribed and concocted prescription services did not meet the minimum hospital service standards pursuant to Kepmenkes RI. 129 of 2008.
Kerasionalan Penggunaan Obat Jantung Coroner Pada Pasien Jantung Koroner Dewasa Rawat Jalan Di RSU Kota Tangerang Selatan Periode Agustus – Oktober 2018 Humaira Fadhilah; Sriwulan Ayuningtyas; Riris Andriati
Edu Masda Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2018): Edu Masda Journal Volume 2 Nomor 2
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v2i2.17

Abstract

ABSTRAKPenyakit jantung koroner (PJK) merupakan penyebab utama dan pertama dari seluruh kematian, yakni sebesar 26,4%, angka ini empat kali lebih tinggi dari angka kematian yang disebabkan oleh kanker (6%) dan disebabkan adanya penyempitan dan penyumbatan pembuluh darah yang mengalirkan darah ke otot jantung. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk Mengetahui kerasionalan penggunaan obat jantung koroner pada pasien jantung koroner dewasa di instalasi rawat jalan RSU Kota Tangerang Selatan Periode Agustus – Oktober Tahun 2017. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan penelitian berupa deskriptif dengan pendekatan Retrospektif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode Simple Random Sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 85 rekam medis pasien dari populasi 582 rekam medis pasien. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik pasien berdasarkan usia yang terbanyak pada kelompok usia 56-65 tahun sebanyak 32 pasien (37,65%). Karakteristik pasien berdasarkan Jenis kelamin penggunaan obat jantung koroner terbanyak adalah laki-laki sebanyak 62 pasien (72,94%). Persentase kerasionalan penggunaan obat meliputi tepat indikasi (100%), tepat obat (100%), tepat dosis (94,12%), dan tepat pasien (100%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa kerasionalan penggunaan obat jantung koroner pada pasien jantung koroner dewasa di instalasi rawat jalan di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Tangerang Selatan 94,12% sudah rasional. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat, PJK, Rawat Jalan.  ABSTRACTCoronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause and the first of all deaths, which is 26.4%, this figure is four times higher than the number of deaths caused by cancer (6%) and due to the narrowing and blockage of blood vessels that drain blood to the heart muscle, so the heart muscle will lack blood. The objectif of this research is to know rationality of coronary heart drug usage in adult coronary heart patient at outpatient installation of RSU Kota Tangerang Selatan Period August - October 2017. This research is done in a descriptive research design with Retrospective approach. The sampling is done by using Simple Random Sampling method with sample of 85 patients in total from 582 patients. Based on a research about drugs evaluation on adult coronary heart disease patients in outpatient installation of public hospital in south tangerang within August-October 2017, it shows that a characteristic of patient in terms of age are coming from age of 56-65 years old with 32 patients (37.65%). A characteristic of patient in terms of gender are coming from male with 62 patients (72.94%). The rationality percentage of drug usage covers precise indications (100%), precise drugs (100%), pricise dose (94.12%), and pricise patient (100%). The conclusion of this research is the rationale of coronary heart drug use in adult coronary heart patients in outpatient treatment at Tangerang Selatan Regional General Hospital 94.12% has been rational. Keywords: Evaluation of drug use, CHD, Outpatient
Perilaku Ibu Balita Membawa Anaknya Menimbang Ke Posyandu Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Keranggan Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2018 Lela Kania Rahsa Puji; Humaira Fadhilah; Monica Amanda
Edu Masda Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2018): Edu Masda Journal Volume 2 Nomor 2
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v2i2.18

Abstract

ABSTRAKCakupan penimbangan balita dapat diukur dengan kunjungan secara rutin di Posyandu untuk menimbang balita. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif analitik studi kolerasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Responden penelitian ini adalah 107 ibu balita di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Keranggan Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2018. Hasil analisa data dengan chi-square dengan nilai p sebesar 0,000 (p<0,005), menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan, sikap, jarak ke Posyandu, Pembinaan dari Tenaga Kesehatan, dukungan keluarga, dukungan kader, dukungan tokoh masyarakat dengan Perilaku Ibu Balita Membawa Anaknya Menimbang ke Posyandu di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Keranggan Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2018. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan (1) 8,1% pernyataan kuesioner terendah pada pengetahuan ibu balita dengan kategori perilaku kurang baik, (2) 33,8% sikap ibu balita dengan kategori kurang baik, (3) 30,8% jarak ke Posyandu dengan kategori jarak jauh, (4) 24,4% pembinaan dari Tenaga Kesehatan pada ibu balita dengan kategori tidak aktif, (5) 53,8% ibu balita yang tidak memiliki dukungan keluarga, (6) 30,0% ibu balita yang tidak memiliki dukungan kader, (7) 12,8%  ibu balita yang tidak memiliki dukungan dari tokoh masyarakat. (8) Ada hubungan antara pengetahuan, dukungan kader dan dukungan tokoh masyarakat dengan nilai P value  = (0,001), P value  = (0,050), dan P value  = (0,001) terhadap perilaku ibu balita membawa anaknya menimbang ke Posyandu di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Keranggan Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2018. Disarankan agar masyarakat terutama ibu balita mendapatkan informasi yang lebih detail tentang perilaku membawa balita untuk berkunjung ke Posyandu dari Tenaga Kesehatan, kader dan tokoh masyarakat sekitar. Kata kunci            : Perilaku, Ibu Balita, Posyandu ABSTRACTThe coverage of weighing can be measured by visits regularly to Posyandu for weigh toddler weight. This research use descriptive analytic design of correlation study with cross sectional approach. The respondents of this study were 107 respondents in the Work Area of Puskesmas Keranggan Tangerang Selatan 2018. The result of data analysis with chi-square with p value  of 0.000 (p <0,005) indicated that there was a correlation between knowledge, attitude, distance to Posyandu, Health Personnel, family support, cadre support, support of community leaders with Toddler Behavior Carrying its Children Considering to Posyandu in the Working Area of Puskesmas Keranggan Tangerang Selatan 2018. Based on the research result, it is concluded (1) 8.1% statement of the lowest questionnaire on the knowledge of the less behaviour. (2) 33.8% attitude on mother of toddler with bad attitude, (3) 30.8% distance to Posyandu with long distance category, (4) 24,4% coaching from health manpower on mother of toddler with inactive category (5) 53.8% of mothers who did not have family support, (6) 30.0% of mothers who did not have kader posyandu support, (7) 12.8% of mothers who did not have support from community leaders. (8) There is correlation between knowledge, kader posyandu support and support of public figure with value of Pvalue = (0,001), Pvalue = (0,050), and Pvalue = (0,001) to mother behavior of toddler bringing child weighing to Posyandu in work area of Puskesmas Keranggan Tangerang Selatan 2018. It is recommended that the community, especially mothers of toddlers, get more detailed information about the behavior of bringing toddlers to visit Posyandu from Health Workers, kader and local community leaders. Keywords              : behaviour, mother of toddler, Posyandu
Kerasionalan Penggunaan Obat ISPA pada Anak di Instalasi rawat Jalan RSU Kota Tangerang Selatan Tahun 2016 Humaira Fadhilah; Fitri Azani Ahmad; Mochammad Hasan
Edu Masda Journal Vol 2, No 1 (2018): Edu Masda Journal Volume 2 Nomor 1
Publisher : STIKes Kharisma Persada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52118/edumasda.v2i1.9

Abstract

ABSTRAK Penggunaan obat di pusat pelayanan kesehatan terutama pada pasien anak yang terdiagnosis ISPA perlu mendapatkan perhatian agar tidak terjadi ketidakrasionalan penggunaan obat. Banyak pengobatan yang diterima anak tidak sesuai dengan kondisi anak tersebut, sehingga hal ini dapat mengakibatkan penggunaan obat yang tidak rasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran rasionalitas penggunaan obat-obat ISPA di Rumah Sakit Umum Tangerang Selatan khususnya pada Poli Anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan retrospekif, dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 69 resep pasien anak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rasionalitas penggunaan Obat-obat ISPA di RSU Kota Tangerang Selatan pada Januari sampai Desember 2016 pada masing–masing kriteria yaitu Tepat Diagnosa 100%, Tepat Indikasi Penyakit 100%, Tepat Pemilihan Obat 100%, Tepat Dosis  96,5%, dan Tepat Cara Pemberian obat 99,4%. Berdasarkan Dosis, dikatakan tidak tepat dosis karena pemberian dosis tidak disesuaikan dengan umur, dan berat badan anak , seperti cetirizine sirup untuk anak 4 tahun menggunakan dosis 1 x sehari ½ sendok teh tetapi cetrizine sirup yang tertera pada resep tertulis penggunaan sirup 1 x sehari ¾ sendok teh hal ini menandakan bahwa dosis yang diberikan kurang dari dosis yang dianjurkan. Tepat Cara Pemberian diperoleh hasil 99,4%, hasil tidak diperoleh 100%. Dikatakan tidak tepat cara pemberian obat karena obat yang diberikan tidak sesuai dengan cara pemberiannya, seperti dalam resep tertulis obat iliadin (Oxymetazoline) nasal spray yang seharusnya pemberian ditulis seperti di berikan dengan cara disemprotkan ke hidung 2 sampai 3 kali sehari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap  69 pasien ISPA yang dirawat jalan di RSU Kota Tangerang Selatan selama periode Januari-Desember 2016 dapat disimpulkan bahwa kerasionalan penggunaan obat ISPA dapat dilihat berdasarkan kriteria tepat dosis sebanyak 96,5%, tepat cara pemberian obat sebanyak 99,4%, tepat indikasi cara pemilihan obat sebanyak 100%, tepat diagnosis sebanyak 100% dan tepat cara pemilihan obat sebanyak 100%. Kata Kunci: rasionalitas, obat ISPA, kondisi psikologis ABSTRACT The use of drugs in health care centers, especially in pediatric patients diagnosed with ARI need to get attention in order to avoid drug irrationality. Many of the medications that the child receives do not fit the child's condition, so this may lead to irrational drug use. This study aims to find out the rationality of the use of ARD drugs at Tangerang Selatan General Hospital, especially in Pediatric Poly. This research uses descriptive method with retrospective approach, in this research as many as 69 recipes of pediatric patients. The results of this study indicate that the rationality of the use of ARD Drugs at RSU Tangerang Selatan City in January to December 2016 on each criteria that is 100% Diagnose Diagnose, Precise Indication of 100% Disease, Picking 100%, Right Dose 96.5% , and Appropriate Method of Medication 99.4%. Based on the dosage, it is said that the dosage is not appropriate because the dose is not adjusted for age, and the child's weight, such as cetirizine syrup for 4-year-old children using a dose of 1 x daily ½ teaspoon but cetrizine syrup listed on the prescription written use of syrup 1 x daily ¾ spoon tea this indicates that the dose given is less than the recommended dose. The Right Way of Giving obtained 99.4% results, the results are not obtained 100%. It is said that the drug is not appropriate because the drug given is not appropriate with the way it is given, as in the written recipe of iliadine drug (Oxymetazoline) nasal spray which should be written as given by sprayed to the nose 2 to 3 times a day. Based on the result of research that has been done to 69 patients of street-treated ARI in South Tangerang City General Hospital during January-December 2016 period, it can be concluded that the rationale of ISPA drug use can be seen based on 96.5% exact dosage criteria, 4%, the exact indication of how the selection of drugs as much as 100%, 100% accurate diagnosis and the right way of drug selection as much as 100%.Keywords: rationality, ARD drug, psychological condition
UJI STABILITAS FISIK FORMULASI SEDIAAN LIP BALM YANG MENGANDUNG EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH LABU KUNING (Curcubita moschata D.) Sheila Meitania Utami; Humaira Fadhilah; Mita Nur Malasari
HERBAPHARMA : Journal of Herb Farmacological Vol 3 No 2 (2021): Volume 3 Nomor 2 Desember 2021
Publisher : STIKes Muhammadiyah Kuningan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55093/herbapharma.v3i2.265

Abstract

Bibir merupakan salah satu bagian wajah yang penampilannya mempengaruhi persepsi estetika wajah. Ekstrak etanol buah labu kuning (Curcubita moschata D.) telah diakui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan menggunakan metde DPPH. Pada penelitian ini, 2%, 4% dan 8% ekstrak etanol buah labu kuning diformulasikan dalam bentuk lip balm karena berguna untuk melindungi dan menjaga kelembaban bibir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui stabilitas fisik formulasi sediaan lip balm yang mengandung ekstrak etanol buah labu kuning. Uji stabilitas fisik dilakukan uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, suhu lebur dan cycling test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol buah labu kuning dapat diformulasikan dalam sediaan lip balm yang memiliki susunan yang homogen, pH yang sesuai (5,8-6,3), suhu lebur yang baik (55-59 ) dan stabil selama cycling test. Sediaan lip balm ekstrak etanl buah labu kuning dengan konsentrasi 8% memiliki stabilitas fisik yang paling baik.