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All Journal VALENSI Jurnal Penelitian Saintek Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi SAINS DAN MATEMATIKA JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Alotrop Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Kimia Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia Greensphere: Journal of Environmental Chemistry
Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono
Chemistry Department, Faculty Of Sciences And Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH., Tembalang, Semarang|Diponegoro University|Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Education Engineering Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology

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Isolation of Endophytic Pseudomonas Strains from Papaya Leaves and Their Extracellular Enzyme Production and Antioxidant Profile Sarjono, Purbowatiningrum Ria; Choirunnisa, Nur Fadilla; Triwijayanti, Yunita; Salsabila, Salsabila; Asy’ari, Mukhammad; Ngadiwiyana, Ngadiwiyana; Ismiyarto, Ismiyarto; Prasetya, Nor Basid Adiwibowo; Andriani, Yosie
Jurnal Kimia Valensi Jurnal Kimia VALENSI, Volume 11, No. 1, May 2025
Publisher : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jkv.v11i1.40921

Abstract

Endophytic bacteria, symbiotic microorganisms residing in plant tissues, produce bioactive compounds similar to host plants, such as antioxidants. These antioxidants are crucial in combating free radicals linked to degenerative diseases. This study isolates and characterizes two endophytic bacterial strains from papaya leaves, exploring their enzymatic and antioxidant activities. Two isolates of endophytic bacteria from papaya leaves were obtained, F1-A and F1-B. F1-A endophytic bacteria are types of monobacilli, Gram-positive bacteria. F1-B endophytic bacteria are types of Bacilli. Using 16S rRNA analysis, both isolates were predicted to belong to the Pseudomonas bacterial strain. Research on optimizing their growth under various temperatures and pH conditions showed that both isolates grow best at 37°C. F1-B provides a better opportunity as a source of industrial enzymes because it can excrete amylase, urease, cellulose, and protease enzymes compared to F1-A, which can only produce amylase and protease enzymes. Nevertheless, F1-A can act as a potent antioxidant with an IC50 of 34.18 ppm compared to F1-B, which has an IC50 value of 292.31 ppm. The IC50 value of the F1-A isolate was not much different from the IC50 of quercetin, which was 12.50 ppm. The ability of F1-A as an antioxidant is also influenced by the results of phytochemical screening, which can contain more secondary metabolites than F1-B. These results highlight the potential of Pseudomonas strains as sources of industrial enzymes and natural antioxidants, warranting further investigation.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Cinamaldehyde/AgNp Schiff Base Composite Huda, Muhammad Badrul; Rinaryadi, Kemilau Permata Hati; Ngadiwiyana, Ngadiwiyana; Christwardana, Marcelinus; Sarjono, Purbowatiningrum Ria; Ismiyarto, Ismiyarto
Jurnal Kimia Valensi Jurnal Kimia VALENSI, Volume 11, No. 1, May 2025
Publisher : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jkv.v11i1.45121

Abstract

Chitosan is a material that has antibacterial properties. Chitosan was modified with cinnamaldehyde to form chitosan Schiff base, which acts as a capping agent in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Schiff base product was modified again into a silver nanoparticle Schiff base composite to improve its ability as a capping agent and improve its antibacterial properties. This study aims to synthesize a chitosan-cinnamaldehyde/AgNP Schiff base composite (CCSB/AgNP) as an active ingredient with excellent antibacterial properties. The first stage was the synthesis of a chitosan-cinnamaldehyde Schiff base. In the second stage, the synthesis of the chitosan/AgNP composite was carried out by adding STPP with sonication and a water bath. The third stage involved synthesizing of the CCSB/AgNP composite using the same method as the second stage employing both heating and non-heating as well as sonication and non-sonication. The product was characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, mapping, and AAS. Antibacterial tests were performed on the synthesized product using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. Chitosan has a molecular weight of 338080 g/mol and a degree of deacetylation of 65.09%. The Schiff base product of chitosan-cinnamaldehyde is a brownish-yellow solid with a yield of 76.9% (w/w) and a degree of substitution of 87.02%. The presence of Ag was confirmed by EDX mapping, which revealed mass percentages of 0.26%, 1.00%, and 3.97% for C/AgNP-1, C/AgNP-2, and CCSB/AgNP-2, respectively. The chitosan/AgNP product has a yield of 97% (w/w) and an SPR effect at 439 nm. The synthesis of CCSB/AgNP obtained a dark green solid with a yield of 87% (w/w) and an SPR effect at 433 nm. The antibacterial activity test yielded the highest percentage reduction in the number of bacteria in CCSB/AgNP at 3 days of observation at 95.1%, and 7 days at 94.1%. 
Synthesis of Antibacterial Coating Film Based on Eugenol-Allyl Eugenol Copolymer with Chitosan-Gelatin Ngadiwiyana, Ngadiwiyana; Dzahabiyyah, Hana Putri; Ismiyarto, Ismiyarto; Sarjono, Purbowatiningrum Ria
Jurnal Kimia Valensi Jurnal Kimia VALENSI, Volume 10, No. 2, November 2024
Publisher : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jkv.v10i2.40944

Abstract

The development of coating film materials based on biopolymers and active antibacterial compounds has attracted attention in the food industries. Food packaging biopolymers can be increased antibacterial properties by adding compound modification of natural ingredients such as eugenol-allyl eugenol copolymer (PEAE). The aims of this study were to synthesize a coating film based on chitosan-gelatin with PEAE and test its antibacterial properties. PEAE synthesis was carried out by polymelirization reaction with the (BF3O(C2H5)2) as catalyst and characterized by FTIR, molecular weight, and solubility. Synthesis of chitosan-gelatin coating films with variations in PEAE concentration of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 3.75% and characterization includes FTIR, SEM, TS, E%, and contact angle. Antibacterial activity is carried out by the turbidimetry method. PEAE was synthesized with the results in the form of brown solids with 94.91% yield, molecular weight of 9,553.98 da, and the melting point of 95-98 °C. Chitosan-Gelatin films with the addition of PEAE produce a thin yellowish film, with a sequential decreased tensile strength, and the percentage value of extension increases with the increase in PEAE concentration. The best antibacterial activity in the film PEAE 2.5, with the percentage of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of 99.71% and 98.39% respectively.
Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Salicylaldehyde–Chitosan Schiff Base and Its Antibacterial Assay Umi Shofiyatun Ni’mah; Kamilia Hijriani Zain; Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana; Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.252-264

Abstract

Antibacterial materials are essential for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and chitosan has received considerable attention due to its intrinsic antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, the limited hydrophilicity and moderate mechanical strength of pristine chitosan restrict its broader application. In this study, chitosan was chemically modified through Schiff base formation with salicylaldehyde, followed by modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG), to enhance its physicochemical properties while maintaining detectable antibacterial performance. The objectives of this research were to synthesize Salicylaldehyde–chitosan Schiff base and PEG-modified Salicylaldehyde–chitosan Schiff base, to characterize their structural and physical properties, and to evaluate their antibacterial performance. The molecular weight of chitosan was determined by viscometry, and the degree of deacetylation was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The chitosan used exhibited a molecular weight of 147,926 g/mol and a degree of deacetylation of 67%. Schiff base formation was carried out by refluxing chitosan with salicylaldehyde at 60°C for 3 hours, using various molar ratios. The highest degree of substitution (68.75%) and yield (41.08%) were obtained, with the moderate yield attributed to incomplete conversion and material loss during purification steps. Structural confirmation was achieved through FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy by the appearance of characteristic imine (C=N) absorption bands. Subsequent modification with PEG at room temperature for 24 hours yielded 40.49%. The PEG-modified material exhibited significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, as indicated by a swelling ratio of 333.33% and a reduced contact angle of 63.04°. Antibacterial activity evaluated by the disc diffusion method showed inhibition zones of 9 mm against Escherichia coli and 10 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, which are modestly higher than those of the solvent control under the tested conditions. These results suggest that PEG modification improves the hydrophilicity of the chitosan-based Schiff base material while maintaining measurable antibacterial activity, indicating potential for further development in antimicrobial and biomedical materials.
Effect of Clove Flower Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Addition on the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon citratus) Enny Fachriyah; Safira Kaltsum Annuru; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto; Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 5 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 5 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.5.361-372

Abstract

Indonesia, as a tropical country, possesses substantial potential for the development and utilization of essential oils, particularly those derived from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and clove flowers (Syzygium aromaticum). Lemongrass essential oil is rich in citral and exhibits notable antibacterial activity; however, its antioxidant activity is relatively low. In contrast, clove essential oil is predominantly composed of eugenol, a compound recognized for its strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of clove essential oil addition on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of lemongrass essential oil. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Biological activities were assessed by determining total phenolic content, antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated that the addition of clove essential oil increased the total phenolic content and enhanced both the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of lemongrass essential oil. Among the tested combinations, the 1:2 (lemongrass) ratio exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 14.400 mg/L, which was substantially lower than that of lemongrass essential oil alone (262.28 mg/L). In the antibacterial assay, the 2:1 ratio showed the strongest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the 1:1 ratio was more effective against Escherichia coli. These findings indicate that the addition of clove essential oil enhances the biological activities of lemongrass essential oil, resulting in additive effects on both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Therefore, the combination of lemongrass and clove essential oils shows promise as a natural source of antibacterial and antioxidant agents.
Co-Authors Afiina Putri Monita Agus Subagio Agustina L. N. Aminin Agustina L.N. Aminin Annisa Nur Aini Annisa Rachma Asy'ari, Mukhammad Asy’ari, Mukhammad Aulia Anggraeni Aulia Anggraeni Budi Putri Ayu Choirunnisa, Nur Fadilla Damar Nurwahyu Bima Desy Fitrya Syamsumir Dewi Kusrini Dewi Nuritasari Dini Kurnia Wisatya Dwi Hudiyanti Dwi Susilo Dyah Iswantini Dzahabiyyah, Hana Putri Enny Fachriyah Enny Fachriyah Enny Fachriyah Enny Fachriyah Enny Fachriyah Enny Fachriyah Hafizdah Fadillah Hasim - Hendra Dwipa Rifky Mahardika Huda, Muhammad Badrul Ifan Bagus Haryanto Ifsantin Nihaya Ina Noprastika Ismiyarta Ismiyarta Ismiyarto Ismitarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Ismiyarto Kamilia Hijriani Zain Khikmah Khikmah Kunti Nadiyatan S. Muthia Laksmitasari, Nuraini Dwi Liswinda Zafirah Rahmatia Lolyta Sari Br Tampubolon Mahreta Suhartanti Marcelinus Christwardana Maulida Indriyaning Ratri Melly Wahyuningsih Moch Syaiful Alam Moh. Mulyadi Mohamad Syahmie Samsudin Mukhammad Asy’ari Mukhammad Asy’ari Mumtazati, Qonita Ngadiwiyana M.Si. S.Si. Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana Nies S Mulyani Nies S. Mulyani Nies Suci Mulyani Nies Suci Mulyani Niken Windi Saputri Noor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya Nor Basid AP Nor Basyid A. Prasetya Nur Amaliyah Okky Triana Pandelaki, Elmi Christi Julia Rahmad Budiharjo Rinaryadi, Kemilau Permata Hati Safira Kaltsum Annuru Salsabila, Salsabila Sandi Sutopo Aribowo Sesika Novari Sofiana Nur Aziiza Sulasiyah Sulasiyah Sumardjo, Damin Sumariyah Sumariyah Suyanti Suyanti Syahnindita Dyah Ajeng Wartari Triwijayanti, Yunita Umi Shofiyatun Ni’mah Wati, Mei Riska Wirnia S Setyani Wirnia Sinar Setyani Wuryanti Wuryanti Wuryanti Wuryanti Yanidya Tanjihah Ardiansyah Yosie Andriani Yosie Andriani Yuga Pratama