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The Role of Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Ibn Khaldun in the Philosophy of History Budi Sujati; Ajid Thohir; Dedi Supriadi; Agus Permana
Gunung Djati Conference Series Vol. 62 (2026): Education and Social Humanities Conference (ESHCo)
Publisher : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

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Abstract

The philosophy of history is a branch of philosophy that attempts to understand and explain the course of human history through various theoretical approaches. In this context, Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Ibn Khaldun played a very important role in shaping the historical thought that has developed to this day. Saint Augustine, with his main work De Civitate Dei, introduced the view of history as a journey towards the kingdom of God, linking theological beliefs with worldly developments. Thomas Aquinas, with his rational and theological approach, developed a theory of history that sought to harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophical thought, particularly Aristotle, and explained the role of reason in understanding human history. On the other hand, Ibn Khaldun, as a Muslim thinker, made a major contribution with his theory of historical science in the Muqaddimah, where he viewed history as a dynamic process influenced by social, economic, and cultural factors, and developed the concept of asabiyyah, which explains the relationship between group solidarity and changes in society. These three figures, although from different backgrounds, present a rich and profound view of the dynamics of human history, which informs various perspectives on the roles of religion, reason, and social factors in historical development.
The Representation of Women in Muhammad Husain Haikal's Novel Zainab: A Semiotic Study Muhammad Zidane Alfarizi; Dedi Supriadi
Gunung Djati Conference Series Vol. 62 (2026): Education and Social Humanities Conference (ESHCo)
Publisher : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

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Abstract

This study aims to dismantle the representation of women in Muhammad Husain Haikal’s novel Zainab through a semiotic approach. As the first modern novel in Arabic literature, Zainab does not merely present a romantic narrative but serves as a critical portrait of the Egyptian social structure in the early 20th century. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing Roland Barthes’ semiotic framework which focuses on three levels of signification are denotation, connotation, and myth (ideology). Data were collected through close-reading and note-taking techniques, followed by an in-depth analysis to establish the connection between linguistic signs and socio-cultural realities. The findings reveal that the figure of Zainab is represented through five primary constructions 1) Economic exploitation through an asymmetric wage system, 2) The myth of institutionalized suffering through the symbol of the weary body, 3) Critique of domestic authority regarding forced marriage, 4) The commodification of women within the feudal marriage market, and 5) The synthesis of female suffering with the homeland through an ecofeminist perspective. These results uncover that Haikal employs the female figure as a medium to challenge patriarchal ideology and the feudal system (Izbah) that constrains female agency. Consequently, this study reaffirms the position of the novel Zainab as a social manifesto demanding humanitarian transformation and gender justice amidst the tensions between tradition and modernity