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MEMAHAMI HAKIKAT DAN KARAKTERISTIK PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI DALAM UPAYA MENJAWAB TANTANGAN ABAD 21 SERTA OPTIMALISASI IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM 2013 Sudarisman, Suciati
Jurnal Florea Vol 2, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Jurnal Florea

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Abstract

Education in 21st century is very relevant to the purpose of education in Indonesia. Global era and the integration of technology in education, helped accelerate the synergy of knowledge across disciplines, thus giving birth to a new field. Learning aimed at creating an atmosphere of active, critical, analytical, and creative in solving problems through the development of thinking skills. Science (biology) essentially contains four elements are scientific processes, the product (scientific knowledge), attitudes (scientific attitudes), and technology. Processes in science implies manner or scientific activity for natural phenomena to describe the product obtained in the form of science facts, principles, laws, or theories. Science (biology) containing six elements are active learning, discovery / inquiry activity approach, scientific literacy, constructivism, science, technology, and society, and the existence of truth.There are two things that can be done by LPTK in optimizing the implementation of Curriculum 2013 are: 1) Strengthening understanding of the biology teacher candidates about the nature and characteristics of biology teaching; 2) Creating an academic situation so that prospective biology teachers have insight and knowledge about the importance of the role of science (biology) and as well as the direction of learning in the future. Learning aimed at creating an atmosphere of active, critical, analytical, and creative in solving problems using science process skills Kata kunci: Implementation of K-13, Education in 21st century
MODEL PROSTAD PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI UNTUK MEMBERDAYAKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR DAN INTERAKSI KELOMPOK PESERTA DIDIK Sudarisman, Suciati
Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Vol 19, No 1 (2014): Jurnal Pengajaran MIPA
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18269/jpmipa.v19i1.427

Abstract

Model kooperatif sudah banyak diterapkan dalam pembelajaran biologi dalam dekade terakhir ini. Meski model tersebut cenderung berorientasi pada produk, namun karakteristiknya yang menonjolkan pada dinamika kelompok, cukup efektif diterapkan terutama untuk mengatasi rendahnya keterlibatan peserta didik akibat pembelajaran biologi yang bersifat verbal, monoton dan membosankan. Di dalam perkembangannya, pembelajaran (biologi) kini cenderung diarahkan kepada learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, dan learning to live together. Sebagai implikasinya, pembelajaran biologi seyogianya relevan dengan konstruktivisme yang tidak hanya berorientasi pada produk, tetapi yang lebih penting adalah proses. Melalui proses ilmiah peserta didik dibimbing untuk dapat melalui pengalaman langsung untuk menemukan konsep (produk) secara mandiri melalui kegiatan inkuiri. Namun dalam aplikasinya pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri cenderung membuat peserta didik kurang nyaman, karena dituntut untuk fokus dan berpikir tingkat tinggi dalam menemukan solusi pemecahan masalah. Akibatnya banyak menyita energi terutama ketika peserta didik harus melakukan proses inkuiri, sehingga terkesan pembelajaran biologi sulit, melelahkan dan kurang menarik. Model PROSTAD (PROblem Solving dan STAD) merupakan integrasi antara pembelajaran berbasis pemecahan masalah (problem solving) dengan model kooperatif tipe STAD. Melalui model PROSTAD diharapkan dapat mengakomodasi pembelajaran biologi yang menyenangkan, tetapi tetap dapat dapat mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi peserta didik.Kata kunci : pembelajaran biologi, model PROSTAD
PEMBELAJARAN IPA DENGAN METODE EKSPERIMEN MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN HOME DAN CLASSROOM SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL DITINJAU DARI SIKAP ILMIAH DAN RASA INGIN TAHU Rahmawati, Lilis; Sudarisman, Suciati; Suparmi, Suparmi
Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 6, No 2 (2013): Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sebelas Maret Un

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v6i2.2648

Abstract

ABSTRAK-Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode eksperimen menggunakan pendekatan Home dan Classroom Science Process Skill, sikap ilmiah, rasa ingin tahu dan interaksinyaterhadap prestasi belajar Biologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, populasi penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas IX SMP Negeri 6 Surakarta tahun pelajaran 2011/2012. Sampel diperoleh dengan teknik cluster random sampling terdiri dari 2 kelas IX E dan IX G. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode tes untuk mendapatkan data prestasi belajar kognitif, metode angket untuk mendapatkan informasi rasa ingin tahu, sikap ilmiah dan prestasi belajar afektif dan psikomotor, serta observasi untuk pendukung prestasi afektif dan psikomotor. Data dianalisis menggunakan anava tiga jalan dengan desain faktorial2 x 2 x 2 dan frekuensi sel tidak sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1. metode eksperimen menggunakan pendekatan Home dan Classroom Science Process Skill memberikan pengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar; 2. tidak ada pengaruh antara sikap ilmiah terhadap prestasi belajar; 3. tidak ada pengaruh antara rasa ingin tahu terhadap prestasi belajar; 4. tidak ada interaksi antara pendekatan Home dan Classroom Science Process Skill dan sikap ilmiah terhadap prestasi belajar; 5. tidak ada interaksi antara pendekatan denganrasa ingin tahu dengan prestasi belajar; 6. tidak ada prestasi interaksi antara sikap ilmiah dan rasa ingin tahu terhadap prestasi belajar; 7. tidak ada interaksi antara metode eksperimen, pendekatan Home dan Classroom Science Process Skill, sikap ilmiah, dan rasa ingin tahu terhadap prestasi belajar.
PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI MODEL POE (PREDICTION, OBSERVATION, EXPLANATION) MELALUI LABORATORIUM RIIL DAN LABORATORIUM VIRTUIL DITINJAU DARI AKTIVITAS BELAJAR DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR ABSTRAK Wahyuni, Sawitri Epi; SUDARISMAN, SUCIATI; Karyanto, Puguh
Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 6, No 1 (2013): Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sebelas Maret Un

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v6i1.3916

Abstract

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran model POE melalui laboratorium riil dan laboratorium virtuil ditinjau dari aktivitas belajar dan kemampuan berpikir abstrak terhadap hasil belajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain faktorial 2x2x2. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Plupuh Sragen. Sampel penelitian ditentukan secara acak dengan teknik cluster random sampling terdiri dari dua kelas. Kelas eksperimen I diberi perlakuan menggunakan laboratorium riil terdiri dari 32 siswa dan kelas eksperimen II diberi perlakuan menggunakan laboratorium virtuil terdiri dari 32 siswa. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik tes untuk data hasil belajar kognitif, psikomotor dan kemampuan berpikir abstrak, angket untuk data aktivitas dan hasil belajar afektif, lembar observasi untuk data psikomotor dan afektif. Uji hipotesis penelitian menggunakan anava tiga jalan sel tak sama dengan bantuan software SPSS 17. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa: (1) hasil belajar pembelajaran POE melalui laboratorium riil lebih tinggi daripada laboratorium virtuil, baik aspek kognitif, psikomotor, maupun afektif; (2) siswa dengan aktivitas belajar tinggi memiliki hasil belajar yang lebih baik daripada siswa dengan aktivitas belajar rendah; (3) siswa dengan kemampuan berpikir abstrak tinggi memiliki hasil belajar yang lebih baik daripada siswa dengan kemampuan berpikir abstrak rendah; (4) terdapat interaksi antara pembelajaran model POE melalui laboratorium riil dan laboratorium virtuil dengan aktivitas belajar terhadap hasil belajar; (5) tidak terdapat interaksi antara pembelajaran model POE melalui laboratorium riil dan laboratorium virtuil dengan kemampuan berpikir abstrak terhadap hasil belajar; (6) terdapat interaksi antara aktivitas belajar dan kemampuan berpikir abstrak terhadap hasil belajar; (7) tidak terdapat interaksi antara pembelajaran model POE melalui laboratorium riil dan laboratorium virtuil, aktivitas belajar, dan kemampuan berpikir abstrak terhadap hasil belajar.
Pengembangan Modul Berbasis POE (Predict, Observe, and Explain) Disertai Roundhouse Diagram untuk Memberdayakan Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Kemampuan Menjelaskan Siswa Kelas X SMA Negeri 5 Surakarta (Penelitian dan Pengembangan Materi Pencemaran Lingkungan Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014) NURAINI, NITA; KARYANTO, PUGUH; Sudarisman, Suciati
Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 7, No 1 (2014): Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sebelas Maret Un

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v7i1.2836

Abstract

The objective of this development research was to know: 1) a product- learning module based POE (Prediction, Observation and Explanation) with Roundhouse Diagram (RD) to empowering 10th grade student’s science process skills and student’s explaining abilities of State Senior High School 5 Surakarta; 2) the feasibility of module based POE with RD to empowering 10th grade student’s science process skills and student’s explaining abilities of State Senior High School 5 Surakarta; 3) the effectiveness of module based POE with RD to empowering 10th Grade student’s science process skills and student’s explaining abilities of State Senior High School 5 Surakarta. This research used Research and Development (R&D) method which refers to the development of Borg and Gall modification. The sample used in the research development are early: 1) field trial sample consisting of 6 validators; 2) The main field trial sample consisting 10 students and 1 teacher; 3) operational field trial sample consisting of 32 students. The intsrumen used in the research are questionnaire, observation, interview and test. The operational field trial used one group pretest-posttest design. Science process skills and explaining abilities data are tested by paired t-test and counted by normalized N-gain. Based on the results of research it can be concluded that: 1) the development of module based on POE with RD using a modified Borg and Gall’s development model through some steps that are research and collecting information, planning, develop a preliminary form of the product, preliminary field testing, the main product revision, playing field testing, product revision operations, field operations, final product revition, dissemination and implementation; 2) the feasibility of module based on POE with RD which is developed at the trial is categorized as good by the expert, very good by the practitioners and good by the students as well; 3) the effectiveness of module based on POE with RD is significantly increased as medium categorized in empowering science process skills and high categorized in empowering the ability to explain.
MODEL PROSTAD PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI UNTUK MEMBERDAYAKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR DAN INTERAKSI KELOMPOK PESERTA DIDIK Sudarisman, Suciati
Jurnal Pengajaran MIPA Vol 19, No 1 (2014): JPMIPA: Volume 19, Issue 1, 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18269/jpmipa.v19i1.36156

Abstract

ABSTRAKModel kooperatif sudah banyak diterapkan dalam pembelajaran biologi dalam dekade terakhir ini. Meski model tersebut cenderung berorientasi pada produk, namun karakteristiknya yang menonjolkan pada dinamika kelompok, cukup efektif diterapkan terutama untuk mengatasi rendahnya keterlibatan peserta didik akibat pembelajaran biologi yang bersifat verbal, monoton dan membosankan. Di dalam perkembangannya, pembelajaran (biologi) kini cenderung diarahkan kepada learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, dan learning to live together. Sebagai implikasinya, pembelajaran biologi seyogianya relevan dengan konstruktivisme yang tidak hanya berorientasi pada produk, tetapi yang lebih penting adalah proses. Melalui proses ilmiah peserta didik dibimbing untuk dapat melalui pengalaman langsung untuk menemukan konsep (produk) secara mandiri melalui kegiatan inkuiri. Namun dalam aplikasinya pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri cenderung membuat peserta didik kurang nyaman, karena dituntut untuk fokus dan berpikir tingkat tinggi dalam menemukan solusi pemecahan masalah. Akibatnya banyak menyita energi terutama ketika peserta didik harus melakukan proses inkuiri, sehingga terkesan pembelajaran biologi sulit, melelahkan dan kurang menarik. Model PROSTAD (PROblem Solving dan STAD) merupakan integrasi antara pembelajaran berbasis pemecahan masalah (problem solving) dengan model kooperatif tipe STAD. Melalui model PROSTAD diharapkan dapat mengakomodasi pembelajaran biologi yang menyenangkan, tetapi tetap dapat dapat mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi peserta didik. ABSTRACTCooperative models has been widely applied in the study of biology in the last decade. Although these models tend to be product-oriented, but the characteristics that highlight the dynamics of the group, quite effectively applied primarily to address the lack of involvement of the students due to the biology of verbal learning, monotonous and boring. In it’s development, teaching (biology) is now likely to be directed at learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, and learning to live together. As an implication, biology learning should relevant to constructivism is not just product-oriented, but more important is the process. Through a scientific process to be guided learners through direct experience to find a concept (product) independently through inquiry. But in inquiry-based learning applications tend to make the students less comfortable, because it is required to focus and higher-order thinking in finding solutions to solving the problem. As a result, student become tiring, especially when the students have to do the inquiry process, so impressed biology learning difficult, tiring and less interesting. PROSTAD models (PROblem Solving and STAD) is an integration between problem solving based learning with STAD cooperative models. Through PROSTAD models are expected to accommodate the learning biology fun, but still be able to develop higher-order thinking skills of learners.
Pengembangan Modul Biologi berbasis Reasoning and Problem Solving disertai Concept Mapping Tipe Network Tree pada Materi Pencemaran Lingkungan untuk Memberdayakan Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Kemampuan Mengevaluas ALQURIYAH, YUSROH; SUDARISMAN, SUCIATI; PRAYITNO, BASKORO ADI
Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 7, No 2 (2014): Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sebelas Maret Un

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v7i2.2934

Abstract

The objectives of this research and development are to investigate: 1) characteristic of biology module based on reasoning and problem solving (RPS) with network tree concept mapping (CM); 2) feasibility of biology module based on RPS with network tree CM to empower science process skills and evaluation abilities; 3) effectiveness of biology module based on RPS with network tree CM toward science process skills; and 4) effectiveness of biology module based on RPS with network tree CM toward evaluation abilities. This research used the Research and Development (R&D) which referred to the model claimed by Borg & Gall (1983) with some modifications. The samples of the research included those of preliminary field testing which involved 7 validators, those of main field testing that involved 10 students, and those of operational field testing which involved 32 students. The operational field testing used the one group pretest and posstest design. The data of research were gathered through questionnaire, observation, interview, and test. The data of science process skills and evaluation abilities were tested by means of paired sample t-test and calculated by using normalized gain score. The results of research showed that: 1) the characteristics of biology module based on RPS with network tree CM are as follows: (a) the development uses the model claimed by Borg & Gall with some modifications (research and information collecting, planning, development of preliminary form of product, preliminary field testing, main product revision, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field, final product revision, and dissemination and implementation); (b) module developed by RPSsyntax(read and think, explore and plan, select strategy, find and answer, dan reflect and extend);(c) module with network treeCM as a techniques  of expansion and strengthening concept; (d) the learning activities in the module can empower science process skills and evaluation abilities; 2) the score of feasibility of biology module based on RPS with network tree CM is 3.27, which is in the very good category; 3) the biology module based on RPS with network tree CM is effective to empower science process skills as indicated by the N-gain score of 0.58, which is in the moderate category; and 4) the biology module based on RPS with network tree CM is effective to empower evaluation abilities as signified by the N-gain score of 0.30, which is in the moderate category.
PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN CTL (CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING ) MELALUI MEDIA FLIPCHART DAN VIDEO DITINJAU DARI KEMAMPUAN VERBAL DAN GAYA BELAJAR Andarini, Tri; Masykuri, M.; Sudarisman, Suciati
Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 6, No 2 (2013): Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sebelas Maret Un

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v6i2.2658

Abstract

ABSTRAK-Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendekatan pembelajaran CTL melalui media flipchart dan media video, kemampuan verbal, gaya belajar dan interaksinya terhadap prestasi belajar siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2011 - Juni 2012 dengan menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Pacitan tahun pelajaran 2011/2012. Sampel penelitian terdiri atas 4 kelas terbagi menjadi dua kelompok yang diambil secara cluster random sampling. Kelompok I terdiri kelas X3 dan X8 menggunakan media flipchart dan kelompok II terdiri kelas X2 dan X9 menggunakan media video. Data gaya belajar, prestasi afektif, dan psikomotor dikumpulkan dengan metode angket, serta data prestasi kognitif, dan kemampuan verbal dengan metode tes. Data dianalisis dengan ANAVA tiga jalan dengan desain faktorial 2x2x2 dengan menggunakan software SPSS 18. Berdasarkan analisis data disimpulkan bahwa: 1) ada pengaruh pembelajaran pendekatan CTL melalui media flipchart dengan video terhadap prestasi belajar; 2) ada pengaruh kemampuan verbal terhadap prestasi belajar; 3) ada pengaruh gaya belajar terhadap prestasi belajar; 4) tidak ada interaksi antara pembelajaran pendekatan CTL melalui media flipchart dengan video dengan kemampuan verbal terhadap prestasi belajar; 5) tidak ada interaksi antara pembelajaran pendekatan CTL melalui media flipchart dengan video dengan gaya belajar terhadap prestasi belajar; 6) terdapat interaksi antara kemampuan verbal dengan gaya belajar terhadap prestasi belajar; dan 7) tidak ada interaksi antara pembelajaran pendekatan CTL melalui media flipchart dengan video, dengan kemampuan verbal, dan gaya belajar terhadap prestasi belajar.
Pengembangan Modul Pencemaran Lingkungan Berbasis Problem Posing Disertai Spider Concept Map untuk Memberdayakan Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Kemampuan Menganalisis Siswa SMAN 1 Sumberlawang WAHYONO, WAHYONO; SUDARISMAN, SUCIATI; SUTARNO, SUTARNO
Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 7, No 2 (2014): Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sebelas Maret Un

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v7i2.2936

Abstract

The research and the development of the modules aims to know: 1) The characteristic of environmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map; 2) The procedure of developing environmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map; 3) The feasibility of environmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map to empower students’ science process skills and students’ analyze abilities; and 4) Effectiveness of environmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map to to empower students’ science process skills and students’ analyze abilities. The method used in the research is Research and Development (R&D) modification of Borg & Gall (Tim Puslitjaknov, 2008: 10-11). The subject used in preliminary field test consisting of 10 students’, the main field subject consisting of 10 students’ and opeational field subject consisting of 32 students’ SMAN 1 Sumberlawang. The instruments used in the research, mainly: questionaire, observation, interview and test. The operational field was conducted using one group pretest-postest design. Students’ science process skills and students’ analyze abilities were tested by paired sample t-test and counted by normalized gain score. The results of the research can be concluded that: 1) The characteristic of vironmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map, mainly: aspect of students’ science process skills and students’ analyze abilities, science literate abilities (be able to understand, read, write and think in terms of science); 2) The development of environmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map used modification Borg & Gall, mainly: preliminary research, planning, developing the initial products, preliminary field test, major product revision, main field test, the operational product revision, operational field, revision of the final product, the dissemination and the implementation of the product; 3) The feasibility of environmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map average obtained is 3,51 that’s “very good” categories; and 4) The environmental pollution module based on problem posing with spider concept map is effective to empowering students’ science process skills with 0,60 N-gain score that’s “middle” categories and empowering students’ analyze abilities with 0,57 N-gain score that’s “middle” categories.
Efektivitas Implementasi Pembelajaran Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Diintegrasikan dengan predict – observe – explain (POE) terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Ditinjau dari Kreativitas dan Kemampuan Inferensi Siswa WAHYUNI, DWI; SUDARISMAN, SUCIATI; Sugiyarto, Sugiyarto
Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 7, No 1 (2014): Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sebelas Maret Un

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v7i1.2828

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to know the influence of PBL model, POE model and integrated PBL-POE towards students’ achievement, overviewed from students’creativities and students’ inference abilities.This research achievement used students’ creativities and students’ inference abilities method with factorial design 3x2x2. The research population is grade XI science class student SMA Negeri 1 Bojonegoro. Sample research is decided randomly with cluster random sampling technics. In 2013/ 2014 academic year, it consisted of three classes. Experiment class I was given PBL model treatment consist of 32 students, experiment class II was given POE model treatment consists of 32 students and experiment class III was given integrated PBL-POE treatment and consists of 32 students. Data accumulation used technic test for cognitive study result, questionnaire for affective study result, psycomotor, creativity and inferency ability. Hyphothesis research test uses anova which three ways cell is not equel with help of software SPSS 18. The research result: 1) There is influence from integrated PBL-POE towards students’ achievement in cognitive, affective, psychomotor; 2) There is creativity influence towards students’ achievement; 3) There is no influence for students’ inferency abilities towards students’ achievement; 4) There is no learning model interaction with creativity low and high category influence towards students’ achievement; 5) There is learning model interaction with students’ inference abilities low and high category influence towards students’ achievement; 6) There is influence from interaction between creativity and students’ inferency abilities toward students’ achievement; 7) There is no influence from interaction between PBL model with students’ creativity and students’ inference abilities towards students’ achievement