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All Journal AL KAUNIYAH e-Journal Pustaka Kesehatan Pharmaciana: Jurnal Kefarmasian Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (IKESMA) STOMATOGNATIC- Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Majalah Obat Tradisional INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Science and Technology Indonesia Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas Jurnal Pengabdian UNDIKMA International Journal of Islamic and Complementary Medicine Journal of Agropharmacy
Lina Winarti
Bagian Farmasetika Program Studi Farmasi Universitas Jember
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Optimization of Hydrolyzed Pumpkin (Cucurbita Moschata) Starch as Natural Superdisintegrant in Promethazine HCl Sublingual Tablets Winarti, Lina; Asrofi, Muhammad; Lubis, Maralodia Almira; Lestari, Tirtawati Putri; Sari, Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala; Irawan, Eka Deddy; Febryanto, Hery Diar; Afthoni, Muhammad Hilmi; Eryani, Mikhania Christiningtyas
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.502-514

Abstract

Acid hydrolysis of pumpkin starch is a feasible strategy for developing novel pharmaceutical excipients, particularly natural superdisintegrants for sublingual and orally disintegrating tablet formulations. Given the requirement for extremely rapid tablet disintegration in sublingual dosage forms, selecting an efficient disintegrant is a critical formulation parameter. However, native pumpkin starch exhibits limited disintegration efficiency and generally requires high concentrations, which may adversely affect tablet hardness and friability. This study aimed to optimize the acid hydrolysis process of pumpkin starch and to evaluate the performance of the optimized hydrolyzed starch as a natural superdisintegrant in Promethazine HCl sublingual tablets. A factorial design was used to examine the impact of varying hydrolysis durations (3-9 days) and hydrochloric acid concentration (5-9%) on the physicochemical characteristics of the modified starch. The optimized hydrolyzed starch demonstrated a near-neutral pH (5.17 ± 0.03), acceptable moisture content (LOD 10.20 ± 0.44%), and excellent flow properties, as indicated by a low angle of repose (23.96°) and Carr’s index (9.99%). Scanning electron microscopy revealed increased surface irregularity and porosity, while FTIR analysis indicated enhanced exposure of hydroxyl groups, consistent with partial depolymerization of the starch polymer. The amylose content increased to 35.17%, accompanied by improved water uptake and swelling capacity. The effective pore radius (25.03 ± 0.35 µm) and swelling index (70.25 ± 0.57) were markedly higher than those of native pumpkin starch (12.27 µm and 44.30 ± 0.85, respectively), although slightly lower than crospovidone (27.65 µm and 99.97 ± 0.13). Incorporation of the hydrolyzed starch into Promethazine HCl sublingual tablets resulted in formulations with adequate mechanical strength (hardness 3.35 ± 0.05 kg), low friability (0.53 ± 0.04%), rapid disintegration (49.18 ± 0.75 s), and high drug release (96.79 ± 0.13%). These performances were comparable to those of crospovidone and superior to formulations containing native pumpkin starch. The improved tablet characteristics were primarily attributed to enhanced porosity and swelling capacity induced by acid hydrolysis. Overall, optimized hydrolyzed pumpkin starch demonstrates considerable potential as a sustainable, biodegradable, and cost-effective natural superdisintegrant for fast-disintegrating pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Co-Authors Ameliana, Lidya Arafika, Whendy Waliya Atik Fitriyani Atik Fitriyani, Atik Barikah, Kuni Zu’aimah Dwi Nurahmanto Eka Deddy Irawan Erlia Narulita Eryani, Mikhania Christiningtyas Evi Umayah Ulfa Evi Umayah Ulfa Febrianti, Riska Ayu Fransiska Maria Christianty Gazzali, Amirah Mohd Hanif, Mohammad Ainul Fakhruddin Helmi Nur Laili Hery Diar Febryanto Irsalina Triastutik Khairunnisa, Icha Kiswara, Nur Hanifah Alim Kuswati Kuswati Lestari, Tirtawati Putri Lubis, Maralodia Almira Ludfillah, Rayyan Zhafir Lukman Hakim Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala Sari Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumalasari Muhammad Asrofi, Muhammad nafisah isnawati Nugroho, Agung Endro Nurahmanto, Dwi Nuri Nuri Nuri Nuri Paramayuda, Farukh Refayani , Ema Prastiwi Rohma, Hilda Khoirunnisa Roja, Talidah Alqibtiyah Ronny Martien Ronny Martien Ronny Martien Ronny Martien Ruma Kumala Sari, Lusia Oktora S Sismindari Sismindari . Sismindari . Siti Muslichah Suwaldi Suwaldi Viddy Agustian Rosyidi Wantiyah Wantiyah Wardhani, Firdha Aprillia Yulian, Ria