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Yunita Djamalu
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Pengembangan Sistem Aerasi Hemat Energi pada Tambak Pesisir untuk Menurunkan Beban Nutrien dan Mencegah Eutrofikasi Perairan Laut: Kajian Literatur Naratif Terintegrasi Teknik Mesin dan Teknik Lingkungan pada Konteks Pesisir–Mangrove Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Desember)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v2i1.31

Abstract

Mechanical aeration is essential in intensive coastal aquaculture (particularly shrimp ponds) to maintain dissolved oxygen (DO) and sustain high stocking densities, yet it frequently dominates farm electricity consumption. Concurrently, feed-derived nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulate in pond water and sediments and may be exported through water exchange and harvesting effluents, potentially intensifying coastal eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and hypoxia. This narrative literature review integrates mechanical engineering viewpoints (aerator typologies, oxygen transfer performance metrics such as SOTR/SAE, mixing/circulation behavior, and energy demand) with environmental engineering outcomes (nutrient transformations, water-quality variables, and effluent nutrient loads) and extends the discussion to receiving ecosystems at the coast–mangrove interface. Energy-focused assessments highlight large variability in aeration energy intensity and identify avoidable over-aeration as a major inefficiency source. Beyond demand reduction, renewable/off-grid supply becomes relevant in remote coastal settings; techno-economic optimization of floating PV/battery systems indicates feasible and reliable aeration power under day- and night-aeration scenarios. Environmental evidence links pond effluents to elevated nutrients and chlorophyll-a in adjacent coastal waters, motivating designs that evaluate effluent loads alongside DO control. Mangrove studies further indicate complex ecological consequences of nutrient enrichment and redox-driven nitrogen fate (denitrification vs DNRA) that determines whether nitrogen is removed as N₂ or retained as bioavailable NH₄⁺. The review proposes an integrated “mechanical performance–water quality–effluent load–receiving ecosystem” framework and recommends a practical minimum set of reporting metrics to align aeration innovations with energy efficiency and eutrophication risk reduction.
Produksi Syngas Bersih dari Gasifikasi Biomassa dan Limbah (2023–2026): Intensifikasi Reaktor, Pengendalian Tar/Partikulat, Kondisioning Impuritas, dan Integrasi ke Hidrogen serta Sustainable Aviation Fuel Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v1i2.32

Abstract

Biomass and waste gasification is positioned as a pillar of the energy transition because it can convert renewable carbonaceous materials into syngas that can be directed toward electricity and heat generation, hydrogen production, synthetic fuels, and high-value chemicals. The main challenge of industrialization is no longer merely producing syngas, but producing clean syngas that meets downstream catalyst thresholds: tar, particulates, alkali species, Cl/S/N compounds (e.g., NH₃), and variability in the H₂/CO composition often become bottlenecks in terms of cost and reliability. This review synthesizes literature from the Plain Text and RIS corpus up to 2026 to construct an updated taxonomy: (i) reactor intensification through in-situ cleaning concepts (SiC membranes combined with biochar or structured catalysts), (ii) in-situ versus ex-situ catalytic strategies for tar conversion, (iii) conditioning of trace impurities (e.g., NH₃) and their implications for downstream catalysts, (iv) sorption-enhanced gasification (SEG) and integrated carbon capture concepts, (v) system modeling, techno-economic assessment, and scale-up strategies for fuel pathways (SAF, drop-in diesel, e-fuels), and (vi) the role of digital technologies (AI/ML/IoT/digital twins) in value-chain optimization. The synthesis reveals a strong 2024–2026 trend toward integrated intensification, namely reactors that combine particulate separation and tar cracking at high temperatures (≈800 °C) to avoid cooling stages that trigger tar condensation and corrosion, accompanied by strategies to mitigate catalyst deactivation. Downstream, the gasification–FTS pathway remains dominant for aviation fuel production; however, alternative configurations are emerging (gasification → olefins → oligomerization) along with partial electrification to improve carbon efficienc.   The proposed top-tier research agenda includes the design of coking-resistant reactor–catalyst systems, syngas quality metrics based on catalyst thresholds, and hybrid physics–ML optimization frameworks that can be applied operationally.
PEMANFAATAN ABU TERBANG CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED (CFBFA) SEBAGAI PENGIKAT RENDAH KARBON: SINTESIS, MEKANISME HIDRASI–GEOPOLIMERISASI, STABILITAS VOLUME, DURABILITAS, DAN APLIKASI KONSTRUKSI (LITERATURE REVIEW) Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v1i2.33

Abstract

Fly ash from circulating fluidized bed boilers (CFBFA) is increasingly emerging as a potential low-carbon binder feedstock in response to the growing need for decarbonization in the cement industry and improved management of solid waste from power plants. However, the large-scale utilization of CFBFA is still constrained by its unstable composition (e.g., free CaO and SO₃), heterogeneity of mineral phases, and the risk of expansion and durability degradation when system design fails to control gypsum/ettringite formation and pore evolution. This review develops a comprehensive synthesis of recent literature from 2022–2026 derived from the extracted corpus (DATA and REF RS files), mapping: (i) the characteristics of CFBFA (phases, reactivity, morphology, and their implications for water demand and admixture compatibility); (ii) the main utilization pathways—blended/low-clinker cement, multi-waste binders (red mud–carbide slag–slag–gypsum), geopolymers (low-Ca vs. high-Ca), aerated/autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), and value-added products such as sintered/non-fired ceramsite, foamed fillers, and grouts; (iii) performance mechanisms—hydration product transitions (AFt, C-(A)-S-H, N-A-S-H), microstructural densification, and porosity control; and (iv) durability (sulfate resistance, freeze–thaw, carbonation) and environmental issues (heavy-metal leaching and environmental footprint/LCA).    Key findings indicate that the success of CFBFA-based systems depends strongly on calcium–sulfate chemical engineering and pore engineering (e.g., foam/void management), as well as co-binder synergy that balances early reactivity with long-term stability. The review concludes with a research agenda focused on standardization, element/gel-ratio-based design, and long-term validation under field conditions.
Digitalisasi dan Intensifikasi Proses Termokimia Biomassa dan Limbah menuju Syngas Bersih, Hidrogen, dan Bahan Bakar Cair Rendah Karbon: Tentang Pemodelan Multiskala, Pengendalian Emisi, Katalis, Membran, dan Optimasi Sistem (Literature Review): Digitalisasi dan Intensifikasi Proses Termokimia Biomassa dan Limbah menuju Syngas Bersih, Hidrogen, dan Bahan Bakar Cair Rendah Karbon: Tentang Pemodelan Multiskala, Pengendalian Emisi, Katalis, Membran, dan Optimasi Sistem (Literature Review) Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v1i2.34

Abstract

Energy transition and the strengthening of the circular economy are accelerating the utilization of biomass and waste as energy sources and feedstocks for low-carbon liquid fuels. However, the implementation of thermochemical conversion processes (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification) remains constrained by feedstock heterogeneity, the complexity of bed and freeboard phenomena, tar and particulate formation in syngas, ash–slagging–corrosion issues, and uncertainties in catalyst performance during downstream processes. This review presents a critical synthesis of literature from 2020–2026 provided in two data packages (a collection of recent abstracts and a structured reference database), focusing on the integration of multiscale modeling, process intensification, and digitalization to produce clean syngas, hydrogen, and liquid fuels (including SAF and e-fuels). First, we map advances in devolatilization/pyrolysis modeling, fixed-bed/grate CFD, DEM–CFD approaches, and data-driven operational optimization to reduce NOx emissions and improve efficiency in boilers, furnaces, and MSW incinerators. Second, we discuss syngas cleaning technologies and tar upgrading (in-situ, ex-situ, plasma-catalysis), membrane-reactor-based intensification strategies (SiC/ceramic) that integrate tar reforming and particulate retention, as well as the development of Fe–K biochar catalysts for tar and NH₃ reduction. Third, we review syngas conversion pathways to liquid fuels (Fischer–Tropsch, olefin-to-oligomerization, bio-aromatics) and e-fuels (SOEC, Power-to-X), including gas purity requirements, catalyst deactivation mechanisms (water, NH₃, phosphorus), and techno-economic implications. Finally, we propose a research agenda toward end-to-end digital twin systems and fouling-/poisoning-resistant process intensification, accompanied by recommendations for performance metrics that link feedstock quality, reactor operation, gas conditioning, product output, cost, and environmental impacts.
REKAYASA BIOCHAR LIMBAH BIOMASSA BERBASIS STRUKTUR–FUNGSI UNTUK REMEDIASI, KATALISIS, DAN SISTEM ENERGI BERKELANJUTAN: RomiDJ Djafar; Yunita Djamalu; Syaiful Umela
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v3i2.40

Abstract

Biochar and porous carbons derived from biomass waste have evolved from simple carbon materials into multifunctional engineering platforms for environmental remediation, catalysis, energy storage, and low-carbon fuel production. This review synthesizes 50 publications from 2021–2026, emphasizing recent evidence on relationships among feedstock, conversion pathways, pore architecture, surface chemistry, mass transfer, and application performance. Pyrolysis temperature cannot be treated as a single determinant of quality; performance emerges from interactions among hierarchical structure, active groups, mineral phases, heteroatoms, and mechanical stability. Three-dimensional micro-computed tomography extends conventional analysis by visualizing pore evolution and adsorption dynamics in space and time. For Cu(II) adsorption, mesopores govern access and intraparticle diffusion, while surface chemistry determines final capacity. Biological modification, magnetization, sulfidation, and bimetal loading improve selectivity or activity but introduce leaching, passivation, and production burdens. In energy systems, biomass carbon serves as solid fuel, electrode, catalyst, and anaerobic-digestion additive, with benefits governed by densification, conductivity, dosage, and process integration. A hierarchical feedstock–process–structure–mechanism–performance–sustainability framework is proposed. Priorities include operando characterization, real-matrix and continuous-flow testing, standardized stability metrics, integrated life-cycle and techno-economic assessment, and explainable artificial-intelligence modeling. This framework supports a transition from empirical optimization toward predictable, safe, and scalable material design.
REKAYASA RANTAI NILAI BIOCHAR DARI LIMBAH BIOMASSA: INTEGRASI PIROLISIS TERDISTRIBUSI, DENSIFIKASI, COFIRING, DAN PEMANFAATAN INDUSTRI UNTUK DEKARBONISASI SIRKULAR: REKAYASA RANTAI NILAI BIOCHAR DARI LIMBAH BIOMASSA: INTEGRASI PIROLISIS TERDISTRIBUSI, DENSIFIKASI, COFIRING, DAN PEMANFAATAN INDUSTRI UNTUK DEKARBONISASI SIRKULAR RomiDJ Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v2i2.41

Abstract

The conversion of biomass waste into biochar and densified solid fuels has become increasingly important because it links residue management, fossil fuel substitution, and industrial decarbonization. This review examines 57 unique publications from 2020–2026 identified through two bibliographic extractions and prioritizes 49 studies that remained relevant after deduplication and thematic screening. The analysis is organized according to the value chain: feedstock characteristics; pyrolysis and torrefaction; densification and binder selection; combustion and cofiring; biological–thermochemical process integration; and non-energy applications. The synthesis shows that conversion temperature is the primary parameter controlling biochar yield, fixed-carbon content, calorific value, porosity, thermal stability, and reactivity. Densification improves bulk density, mechanical strength, storage, and feeding performance. However, binder type and dosage create trade-offs among calorific value, ash content, emissions, water resistance, and cost. Recent evidence has expanded the role of biochar beyond household fuel to include power-plant cofiring, blast-furnace injection, use as a reducing agent and foaming material in the DRI–EAF route, graphitized carbon materials, and distributed pyrolysis systems incorporating bio-tar and heat recovery. Nevertheless, climate benefits are not automatically achieved because they depend on biomass sources, process energy requirements, avoided open burning, particulate emissions, PAHs, NOx, heavy-metal transfer, and end-use choices. This review proposes a decision-making framework based on feedstock–process–product compatibility, performance normalization per unit of energy, quality verification against applicable standards, and multiobjective optimization. Priority research areas include machine-learning-based predictive models, low-ash binders, dust-safety management, long-term industrial validation, and techno-economic and life-cycle assessments comparing energy, material, and carbon-sequestration pathways. Biochar should therefore be regarded not as a single product but as a circular carbon platform that must be designed according to the local application context.
PENINGKATAN PERFORMA DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL (DSSC) BERBASIS TiO2 MESOPORI DAN PEWARNA ALAMI ANTOSIANIN: PENGARUH SURFAKTAN DAN WAKTU ADSORPSI Sarinah Pakpahan; Yunita Djamalu; Fuad Pontoiyo
Journal Of Renewable Energy Engineering Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Journal Of Renewable Energy Engineering (Oktober)
Publisher : Program Vokasi-Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56190/jree.v4i2.108

Abstract

ABSTRACT Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on natural dyes offer a low-cost alternative, but their efficiency remains limited. This study examined the influence of TiO2 photoanode pore structure on DSSC performance. Mesoporous TiO2 was synthesized by CTAB-assisted coprecipitation (TiO2–CTAB) and compared with TiO2 prepared by the same route without CTAB. Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor) extract, expected to be rich in betacyanins, was used as the sensitizer, and cells with an active area of 1 cm² (n = 3) were tested under a 150 W halogen lamp at 100 mW/cm². XRD showed pure anatase with Scherrer crystallite sizes of 10.0 and 9.1 nm without and with CTAB, respectively. N2 physisorption revealed type IV isotherms; CTAB only slightly changed the BET surface area (95.1 vs. 98.3 m²/g) but increased the total pore volume by 47% and the average pore diameter from 6.4 to 9.1 nm. UV-Vis spectra indicated comparable approximate band gaps (≈2.9–3.0 eV) and stronger visible-light scattering for TiO2–CTAB. On CTAB-free TiO2, efficiency increased with dye soaking time, reaching 1.25% at 6 h. At 6 h, the TiO2–CTAB photoanode achieved 1.83% (Jsc = 6.50 mA/cm², Voc = 0.52 V, FF = 0.54), 46% higher than CTAB-free TiO2. The improvement was dominated by Jsc and is attributed to larger, more accessible mesopores rather than a larger surface area, whereas the slightly lower FF suggests higher electron-transport resistance in the more porous, low-temperature-processed film. These results indicate that pore-structure engineering is a promising route for improving natural-dye DSSCs.   ABSTRAK Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) berbasis pewarna alami menawarkan biaya yang rendah, tetapi efisiensinya masih terbatas. Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh struktur pori fotoanoda TiO2 terhadap kinerja DSSC. TiO2 mesopori disintesis melalui kopresipitasi berbantuan CTAB (TiO2–CTAB) dan dibandingkan dengan TiO2 yang disintesis dengan prosedur identik tanpa CTAB. Ekstrak bayam merah (Amaranthus tricolor) yang diperkirakan kaya betasianin digunakan sebagai sensitizer, dan sel dengan luas aktif 1 cm² (n = 3) diuji di bawah lampu halogen 150 W pada intensitas 100 mW/cm². Hasil XRD menunjukkan fase anatase murni dengan ukuran kristalit Scherrer 10,0 nm tanpa CTAB dan 9,1 nm dengan CTAB. Fisisorpsi N2 menunjukkan isoterm tipe IV; CTAB hampir tidak mengubah luas permukaan BET (95,1 dan 98,3 m²/g), tetapi meningkatkan volume pori total sebesar 47% dan diameter pori rata-rata dari 6,4 menjadi 9,1 nm. Spektrum UV-Vis menunjukkan perkiraan celah pita yang sebanding (≈2,9–3,0 eV) dan hamburan cahaya tampak yang lebih kuat pada TiO2–CTAB. Pada TiO2 tanpa CTAB, efisiensi meningkat seiring waktu perendaman hingga 1,25% pada 6 jam. Pada waktu perendaman yang sama, fotoanoda TiO2–CTAB mencapai efisiensi 1,83% (Jsc = 6,50 mA/cm², Voc = 0,52 V, FF = 0,54), atau 46% lebih tinggi daripada TiO2 tanpa CTAB. Peningkatan ini didominasi oleh Jsc dan dikaitkan dengan pori yang lebih besar dan lebih mudah diakses, bukan dengan luas permukaan yang lebih besar, sedangkan FF yang sedikit lebih rendah mengindikasikan resistansi transpor elektron yang lebih tinggi pada film yang lebih porus dan diproses pada suhu rendah. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa rekayasa struktur pori fotoanoda berpotensi meningkatkan kinerja DSSC berbasis pewarna alami.
EVALUASI KINERJA PENGERING IKAN TIPE EFEK RUMAH KACA DENGAN RAK ALUMINIUM BERLUBANG DAN MONITORING BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) Gabriel Stella Sinay; Yunita Djamalu; Arifin Matoka
Journal Of Renewable Energy Engineering Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Journal Of Renewable Energy Engineering (Oktober)
Publisher : Program Vokasi-Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56190/jree.v4i2.111

Abstract

ABSTRACT  Open-sun fish drying is highly weather dependent and exposes products to environmental contamination. This study evaluated the operational and thermal performance of a greenhouse-effect fish dryer equipped with perforated aluminum trays and an Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system. A three-day field test (28–30 June 2026) was conducted using one batch of 10 oci fish with an initial mass of 1,031 g. Dryer-chamber and chimney temperatures were measured using PT100 resistance temperature detectors, while ambient temperature and relative humidity were monitored using DHT11; data were processed by ESP32 and displayed through Blynk. Sample mass was recorded during active drying (09.00–15.00 WITA), and incoming solar energy was estimated from NASA POWER daily irradiation. The mean chamber temperature was 45.57 °C, 7.39 °C above the mean ambient temperature (38.18 °C), while the mean chimney temperature was 47.96 °C. Sample mass decreased to 319 g (69.06% reduction), with 610 g lost during 18 h of active drying and 102 g during overnight intervals; the mean active-period mass-loss rate was 33.89 g/h. Estimated drying and dryer efficiencies were 8.10% and 8.34%, respectively. The monitoring system provided all scheduled observations, but the efficiency values should be interpreted as conservative estimates because full-day irradiation was used for a six-hour active drying interval. The system is operationally feasible for monitoring-assisted solar drying, but validated moisture-content measurements, calibrated sensors, direct irradiance measurements, and replicated control tests are required before product quality or the specific benefit of perforated trays can be established.   ABSTRAK Penjemuran ikan secara terbuka sangat bergantung pada cuaca dan berisiko menyebabkan kontaminasi produk. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kinerja operasional dan termal pengering ikan tipe efek rumah kaca (ERK) yang dilengkapi rak aluminium berlubang dan sistem monitoring berbasis Internet of Things (IoT). Uji kinerja lapangan dilakukan selama tiga hari (28–30 Juni 2026) menggunakan satu batch berisi 10 ekor ikan oci dengan massa awal 1.031 g. Temperatur ruang pengering dan cerobong diukur menggunakan RTD PT100, sedangkan temperatur dan kelembapan relatif lingkungan dipantau dengan DHT11; data diproses oleh ESP32 dan ditampilkan melalui Blynk. Massa sampel dicatat selama pengeringan aktif (09.00–15.00 WITA), sementara energi surya masuk diestimasi dari iradiasi harian NASA POWER. Temperatur ruang pengering rata-rata mencapai 45,57 °C atau 7,39 °C di atas temperatur lingkungan (38,18 °C), sedangkan temperatur cerobong rata-rata 47,96 °C. Massa sampel turun menjadi 319 g atau berkurang 69,06%; sebanyak 610 g hilang selama 18 jam pengeringan aktif dan 102 g selama jeda malam, dengan laju penurunan massa rata-rata 33,89 g/jam pada periode aktif. Efisiensi pengeringan dan efisiensi alat hasil estimasi masing-masing sebesar 8,10% dan 8,34%. Sistem monitoring menyediakan seluruh titik pengamatan terjadwal, tetapi nilai efisiensi perlu dipahami sebagai estimasi konservatif karena iradiasi satu hari penuh digunakan untuk interval pengeringan aktif enam jam. Sistem menunjukkan kelayakan operasional untuk pengeringan surya berbantuan monitoring, namun pengukuran kadar air tervalidasi, kalibrasi sensor, pengukuran iradiasi langsung, dan uji kontrol berulang tetap diperlukan sebelum mutu produk atau kontribusi khusus rak berlubang dapat disimpulkan.
INTEGRASI ENERGI TERBARUKAN PADA SMART MICROGRID: OPTIMASI, FLEKSIBILITAS, RESILIENSI, DAN KECERDASAN BUATAN Yunita Djamalu; Ervan Hasan Harun; Aswin; Fuad Pontoiyo
Journal Of Renewable Energy Engineering Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Journal Of Renewable Energy Engineering (Oktober)
Publisher : Program Vokasi-Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56190/jree.v4i2.112

Abstract

ABSTRACT High renewable energy penetration is transforming smart microgrids from local generation systems into cyber-physical energy platforms that must coordinate planning, storage, flexible demand, electric vehicles, multi-energy coupling, market interactions, resilience, and intelligent control. This review synthesizes 56 Scopus-indexed records published in 2024-2026, all supplied in the reference extraction file, using a structured integrative review and thematic evidence synthesis. The literature was organized into six research fronts: joint sizing and energy-management co-design; flexibility portfolios based on batteries, hydrogen, pumped hydro, shared storage, and electric vehicles; transactive and multi-microgrid coordination; uncertainty-aware control and artificial intelligence; resilience and cybersecurity; and multi-energy sector coupling. The evidence shows a clear shift from isolated techno-economic sizing toward multi-objective, multi-time-scale, degradation-aware, and increasingly adaptive control. Recent studies also demonstrate that energy-management strategy can reshape the optimal physical design of a microgrid, while shared storage, peer-to-peer exchange, vehicle-to-grid, and hydrogen expand system flexibility beyond conventional batteries. However, the literature remains fragmented across planning and real-time control, physical and cyber resilience, technical optimization and market fairness, as well as simulation and field validation. The most defensible research gap is therefore not the absence of optimization algorithms, but insufficient end-to-end integration among co-design, uncertainty management, user behavior, lifecycle impacts, cybersecurity, and deployment constraints. A next-generation smart-microgrid framework is proposed to connect physical assets, sensing, forecasting, intelligent energy management, flexibility markets, multi-criteria objectives, and implementation feedback. Three linked priorities emerge: end-to-end multi-horizon co-design with degradation-aware flexibility, safe and explainable AI validated through HIL, field, and multi-site testing, and integrated physical-cyber resilience; market fairness and lifecycle governance are treated as cross-cutting constraints. ABSTRAK Penetrasi energi terbarukan yang semakin tinggi mengubah smart microgrid dari sistem pembangkitan lokal menjadi platform energi siber-fisik yang harus mengoordinasikan perencanaan, penyimpanan, beban fleksibel, kendaraan listrik, kopling multi-energi, interaksi pasar, resiliensi, dan kendali cerdas. Artikel ini mensintesis 56 rekaman terindeks Scopus periode 2024-2026 yang seluruhnya berasal dari file ekstraksi referensi yang disediakan, menggunakan tinjauan integratif terstruktur dan sintesis bukti tematik. Literatur dikelompokkan ke dalam enam frontier: co-design antara sizing dan energy management; portofolio fleksibilitas berbasis baterai, hidrogen, pumped hydro, shared storage, dan kendaraan listrik; koordinasi transaktif dan multi-microgrid; kendali sadar ketidakpastian dan kecerdasan buatan; resiliensi dan keamanan siber; serta kopling multi-energi. Bukti menunjukkan pergeseran dari sizing tekno-ekonomi yang terpisah menuju optimasi multi-objektif, multi-skala waktu, sadar degradasi, dan semakin adaptif. Studi terbaru juga menunjukkan bahwa strategi energy management dapat mengubah desain fisik optimal microgrid, sementara shared storage, peer-to-peer exchange, vehicle-to-grid, dan hidrogen memperluas fleksibilitas melampaui baterai konvensional. Meskipun demikian, literatur masih terfragmentasi antara perencanaan dan kendali real-time, resiliensi fisik dan siber, optimasi teknis dan fairness pasar, serta simulasi dan validasi lapangan. Gap utama bukan kekurangan algoritma optimasi, melainkan belum kuatnya integrasi end-to-end antara co-design, pengelolaan ketidakpastian, perilaku pengguna, dampak siklus hidup, cybersecurity, dan kendala implementasi. Review ini mengusulkan kerangka smart microgrid generasi berikutnya dan memprioritaskan tiga agenda yang saling terkait: co-design multi-horizon dengan valuasi fleksibilitas sadar degradasi, safe dan explainable AI yang divalidasi melalui HIL, lapangan, dan multi-lokasi, serta integrasi physical-cyber resilience; fairness pasar dan tata kelola siklus hidup diperlakukan sebagai constraint lintas tema.
Co-Authors Abd Rasyid Salim Abdul Rahim Alpandi Dama Arifin Matoka Astri Mulya Sukarti Kaino Aswin Burhan Liputo Burhan Liputo Burhan Liputo Burhan Liputo Burhan Liputo Dayuwanto Harun Dimas Ishak Ervan Hasan Harun Eska Hiola Evi Sunarti Antu Fitriyan Giu Fuad Pontoiyo Gabriel Stella Sinay Gobel, Leni Haeril Ikram Haris Abdullah Hariyanto Upingo Upingo Harlan Djabal Harun Doe Hendra Pangalima Iqrima Staddal Jamhari Jamhari Jefrin H. Antungo Jikri Utalinggi Jumiati Ilham Lanto Mohamad Kamil Amali lilis karim Liputo, Burhan Mahmud Bahsoan Max Kurniawan Moch. Sabri Entengo Moh. Riyandi Badu Mohamad Rizki Buheli Muhamad Adi Sukur Muhammad Zahri Abdul Rahim Rehan Mukmin Rian Kadir Rian Kadir Riandi Badu Riklan Tahapali Rion Djafar Riyandi Badu Rizki Mohamad Romi Djafar Romi Djafar Romi Djafar RomiDJ Djafar Roys Pakaya Sahlan Buako Sarinah Pakpahan Satria Wati Pade Siradjiddin Haluti Siradjuddin Haluti Sjahril Botutihe Sunandar Udjaili Syaiful Umela Syaiful Umela Syaiful Umela Syamsu Akuba Udjaili, Sunandar Umela, Syaiful Wahyudin van Gobel Zulkifli Ismail Zulzain Ilahude  Abd. Karman