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Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy)
Published by Universitas Tadulako
ISSN : 24427284     EISSN : 24428744     DOI : https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (E-ISSN: 2442-8744) (p-ISSN: 2442-7284), is an open access journal (print and e-journal) focusing on the scientific works in the field of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. The articles of this journal are published every six months, that is March and October (2 issues per year). This journal is developed by Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Tadulako University and has been identified in Crossref with the DOI Number : 10.22487/j24428744. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) has been accredited by Kemenristekdikti as Sinta 3 starting from Volume 5 No 1 2019.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 247 Documents
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The Antigangrene Activity of Transdermal Patch of Insulin Leaves (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) to Diabetic Gangrene on White Rats: Aktivitas Antigangren Patch Transdermal Daun Insulin (Smallanthus sonchifolius) terhadap Gangrene Diabetik pada Tikus Putih Lucia Hendriati; Fecky Fernando Fredericktho; Iwan Sahrial Hamid; Teguh Widodo; Suryo Kuncorojakti
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): (March 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i1.16076

Abstract

Background: Diabetic gangrene is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus caused by neuropathy, blood vessel disorders, and infection by Staphylococcus aureus. S.sonchifolius leaves contains flavonoid as hypoglycemic agents and sesquiterpene lactones as antibacterial. Unfortunately, oral administration of S. sonchifolius leaves infusion causes kidney toxicity. Objective: The aimed of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the transdermal patch of S. sonchifolius leaves ethanol extract on gangrene wound healing with macroscopic parameters and neoangiogenesis of gangrenous wounds in white rats that have been induced by diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: This study used 4 treatment groups: positive control (Bevalex® cream), negative control (patch without S. sonchifolius leaves extract), F1 (S. sonchifolius leaves patch without enhancer), and F2 (S. sonchifolius leaves patch with Tween 60 as enhancer). The dose of S. sonchifolius leaves given was 400 mg/kg BW. Alloxan-induced diabetic rat feet were injected with S. aureus to form gangrene. Observations were made on the 7th and 14th days. Results: Based on the Wagner-Meggit scale on macroscopic observations, administration of a transdermal patch of S. sonchifolius leaves accelerates gangrene healing. The statistical results of neoangiogenesis on the 7th and 14th days showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the positive control, F1, and F2 to the negative control. F2 showed the highest angiogenesis on day 7 (114.00 ± 5,00) and 14 (161.00 ± 5.29) compared to all groups. Tween 60 as enhancer increase the number of angiogenesis. Both F1 and F2 did not show a significant difference to the positive control. Conclusion: S. sonchifolius leaves ethanol extract patch accelerated the diabetic gangrene healing process based on macroscopic and neoangiogenesis observation on the 7th and 14th days. Toxicity examination in white rats are needed before clinical study in human.
Vitamin C elicits protection against cylophosphamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rat animal model: Vitamin C Memproteksi Terhadap Nefrotoksisitas Yang Diinduksi Siklofosfamid Pada Hewan Model Tikus Alifah Dwi Yulianti; Yulia Yusrini Djabir; Prihantono Prihantono
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): (March 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i1.15992

Abstract

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CPD) causes renal cell toxicity due to its toxic metabolites. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of vitamin C at 125 mg/kgBW, 250 mg/kgBW, and 500 mg/kgBW doses based on the biomarker level of urea, creatinine, parameter of urinalysis and renal histopathology. Material and Methods: The experimental animals consisted of 25 rats (Rattus norvegicus) that were divided into 5 treatment groups: healthy control, placebo (water for injection + CPD 250mg/kgBB), and 3 vitamin C treatment groups (125, 250, or 500 mg/kgBW + CPD 250mg/kgBB). Results: The results of blood biomarker, urine analysis, and histopathological analysis showed that CPD induced nephrotoxicity characterized by an increase in urea levels from 21.79 mg/l to 156.65 mg/l, creatinine from 0.375 to 0.717 mg/l, urine protein from 0 to 2.7, with histopathological damage scores from mild to severe (scores 1-3). In the treatment groups, the average damage score was 1-2 (mild score). However, of the three doses used, only the 500 mg/kg dose had significantly improved biomarkers compared to the placebo group, including the urea, creatinine, and urine protein levels, as well as histopathological scores (p<0.05). Conclusions: Vitamin C at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW was able to prevent the increase of urea, creatinine, and urine protein levels, however, a higher dose (500 mg/kg) was required to provide optimal protection against renal structural damage caused by cyclophosphamide.
Direct Medical Costs and Accordance of INA-CBG's Claims on Covid-19 Patients at Anutapura Hospital: Biaya Medis Langsung dan Kesesuaian Klaim Tarif INA-CBG’s pada Pasien Covid-19 di RSU Anutapura Muhamad Rinaldhi Tandah; Khusnul Diana; Arya Dibyo Adisaputra; Shella Monica; Fatimah Azzahrah
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): (March 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i1.16073

Abstract

Background: The pandemic Covid-19 has had an impact on various aspects of life, both socially and economically. One of the government's responsibilities is in financing the treatment of Covid-19 patients, which is stated in the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number HK.01.07/MENKES/5673/2021 regarding technical instructions for claiming the cost of Covid-19 services. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the average direct medical costs and according to the INA-CBGs rates for Covid-19 patients and the effect of length of stay, severity and comorbidities on the total cost from a hospital perspective. Material and Methods: This study was an observational descriptive study, used a sample of patients diagnosed with Covid-19 inpatients at Anutapura Hospital Palu in 2020. The sample was used 134 patients, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data collected includes patient characteristics, direct medical costs (consultation fees, visits, rooms, medical procedures, medical devices, examinations and drugs) and INA-CBGS rates. Results: the Covid-19 patients were hospitalized for 14 days (65.67%) with severe severity (92.54%), patients without comorbidities (comorbidities) (74.63%) and included in the group with INA-CBGs code was A-4-13-III (92.54%). The average direct medical cost of the patient was Rp. 5,371,333, with the largest cost being the room fee, which was 32.57% of the total cost. The average INA-CBG's tariff was Rp. 123,019,851. Conclusions: The INA-CBGs tariff was higher than direct medical costs with a difference of Rp. 117,648,518. The results of the linear regression test, it was found that there was a partial or simultaneous effect between length of hospitalization, severity and incidence of comorbidities on total direct medical costs.
Optimization of Soya Phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 As A Preparation of Diclofenac Sodium Transfersome Vesicles Using Design-Expert: Optimasi Fosfatidilkolin Kedelai dan Tween 80 Sebagai Penyusun Vesikel Transfersom Natrium Diklofenak Menggunakan Design- Expert Wa Ode Sitti Zubaydah; Rina Andriani; Suryani Suryani; Astrid Indalifiani; Sitti Raodah Nurul Jannah; Devi Hidayati
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): (March 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i1.16085

Abstract

Background: Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely prescribed for inflammation and pain. However, when used orally, diclofenac sodium has poor bioavailability because it undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver, so only about 50% of the drug reaches systemic circulation. Therefore, the transdermal delivery system, in this case, transfersome nanovesicles, was chosen as an alternative to overcome these problems. Transfersome is a lipid vesicle with the best deformability in penetrating the skin layer among other nanovesicles. Transfersomes consist of active substances, phospholipids, surfactants, and other ingredients. The composition of phosphatidylcholine as a phospholipid and tween 80 as a surfactant is a variable that can affect the optimization of the transfersome formula. Therefore, the ratio of phospholipids and surfactants should be varied to obtain the most stable transfersome formula with high drug entrapment efficiency. Optimization as an approach to get the best combination of a formula can be done in a more efficient way using software called Design-Expert. This software is used to help carry out experimental designs, such as determining the optimum formula for a preparation. Objectives: This study aims to determine the ratio of soya phosphatidylcholine as a phospholipid and tween 80 as a surfactant in the optimum formula of diclofenac sodium transfersome vesicles using Design-Expert and to determine the characteristics of the resulting transfersome vesicles. Material and Methods: Optimizing the transfersome Diclofenac Sodium formula using the factorial design 22 with soya phosphatidylcholine and tween 80 factors, particle size response, and entrapment efficiency. The thin layer hydration method carried out the process of making diclofenac sodium transfersome. Results: The results obtained from this study, namely the optimum formula based on Design-Expert, obtained a ratio of soya phosphatidylcholine and tween 80 of 4.5%: 0.5%. The results of the characterization of the optimum formula obtained a particle size of 224.3 nm, a zeta potential of -57.1 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 99.85%. Conclusions: The results of the characterization of the diclofenac sodium transfersome have met the specifications required for each test.
Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase Activity by Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) to Prevent Hypercholesterolemia: Inhibisi HMG-CoA Reduktase Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L) Untuk Mencegah Hiperkolesterolemia Tien Tien; Nishar Rakhman Ardiansyah; Carla Wulandari Sabandar; Laode Kardin; Pranita Aritrina
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): (March 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i1.16086

Abstract

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a condition of total cholesterol level >200 mg/dL and LDL >130 mg/dL. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-ethylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase is an enzyme that has a role in cholesterol biosynthesis. Hence, inhibition of this enzyme led to the decrement of cholesterol level. The extract of Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) is known to contain flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, phenolic, and alkaloids. Flavonoids work by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase activity, so that mevalonate cannot be formed and thus decrease the cholesterol synthesis. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the effect of Kersen leaves extract (M. calabura L.) in inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase activity in vitro. Material and Methods: The study is a true experimental study with a post-test-only control group design. The independent variables were ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane extracts of Kersen leaves. Moreover, the percentage inhibition of the enzyme was the dependent variable. The test was conducted in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with pravastatin as a positive control. Results: The inhibitory effects of ethanol, methanol, n-hexane extracts of Kersen leaves, and pravastatin towards HMG-CoA reductase activity were 85.56%, 59.75%, 92.03%, and 99.58%, respectively. Post Hoc One-Way ANOVA showed that the p-values of pravastatin with ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane extracts were 0.687, 0.048, and 0.931, respectively. The n-hexane and ethanol extracts were potent for inhibiting the enzyme activity (p>0.05) comparable to pravastatin. Conclusion: The n-hexane and ethanol extracts of Kersen leaves could serve as a natural source of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to prevent hypercholesterolemia.
Antifertility Effect of Sirih Leaf (Piper betle L.) Ethanol Extract on Male Wistar Rats Spermatogenesis: Efek Antifertilitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) Pada Spermatogenesis Tikus Wistar Jantan Melviana Lubis; Widia Syahfitri
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023): (March 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i1.16029

Abstract

Background: Currently, there are still very limited male contraceptive options. The ideal male contraceptive is still needed and ideally has the characteristics of having sufficient effectiveness, fully reversible and safe for long-term use. Several studies have been conducted to explore Piper betle as a contraceptive. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of 96% ethanol extract of sirih leaf (Piper betle L.) in reducing rat spermatogenesis quality, which includes the number, concentration, motility and morphology of male rat sperm. Material and Methods: This study used a posttest design with 28 white male rats. The rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of 7 rats. Group I was a control group. The test groups were group II, III, IV, and V, and each received an ethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves with various dosages of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, for 30 days. On day 31, all mice were sacrificed and analyzed for sperm count and concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology. Results: The administration of 96% Piper betle leaves ethanol extract (PBEE) decreased the number and concentration of rats sperm, decreased progressive sperm motility and reduced the proportion of normal morphological rat sperm. PBEE at 800 mg/kg BW dose showed the greatest decreasing effect among all doses (p = 0.01). Conclusions: PBEE has contraceptive ability with a mechanism to reduce sperm count and concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology.
Association Between Antidiabetic Pattern with Medication Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Buleleng Hospital: Hubungan Antara Pola Penggunaan Antidiabetik dengan Kepatuhan Pengobatan Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit Swasta Buleleng Bali Ratnasari, Pande Made Desy; Ardeliani, I Gusti Ayu Indira; Yuliawati, Agustina Nila; Kurnianta, Putu Dian Marani
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 2 (2023): (October 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i2.15908

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease which requires long-term therapy. Medication adherence plays an important role for therapeutic success in patients with T2DM. Antidiabetic usage pattern might involve with some problems related to medication adherence. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between antidiabetic usage pattern with medication adherence. Material and Methods: This observational study was conducted cross-sectionally involving 90 participants of T2DM outpatient at Private Hospital in Buleleng Bali during July-September 2020. Patients were included if aged ≥18 years, received the same antidiabetic for three months before the study, signed informed consent, and provided with complete medical record data. Patients were excluded if appeared to be unwell, pregnant or breastfeeding. Demographic data and antidiabetic usage patterns were collected retrospectively based on the patient's medical records. Probabilistic Medication Adherence Scale (ProMAS) questionnaire was used to assess medication adherence. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The results showed that 55.6% patients were male, aged 46-65 years (61.1%), education predominantly by elementary school (37.8%), had suffered from DM for 5-10 years (46.7%), with comorbidities (50%), and without complications (77.8%). The antidiabetic usage pattern was dominated by a combination of two antidiabetics (53.3%). Most patients (42.2%) showed moderate-high medication adherence. There was no statistically significant association between antidiabetic usage pattern and medication adherence (p=0.275). Conclusions: A higher rate of medication adherence was found in patients taking combination of two antidiabetics compared to combination of three or four antidiabetics.
Technique Development in Improving the Solubility of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs (BCS II and IV): a Review Study: Pengembangan Teknik dalam Meningkatkan Kelarutan Obat yang Larut Buruk dalam Air (BCS Kelas II dan IV): Studi Review Reza Pahlevi, Muhamad; Sopyan, Iyan; Gozali, Dolih
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 2 (2023): (October 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i2.15969

Abstract

Orally active drugs are currently available on the market. API should have adequate solubility and permeability to enhance its therapeutic efficacy when administered orally and obtain optimum bioavailability. Almost 40% of New Chemical Entities had limited solubility or fell into BCS class II and IV. Our review aims to summarize and discuss the development of methods and characterization for increasing the solubility of poorly aqueous drugs from papers published in Google Scholar, NCBI, Science direct, Researchgate, and MDPI. We checked that the methods used such as solid dispersion, cocrystal formation, and coamorphous can increase the solubility of API which has an impact on increasing bioavailability. The successful formation of solid dispersions, cocrystals and coamorphs can be confirmed by the characterization of PXRD, DSC and SEM. In conclusion, drug solubility is an important aspect of pharmacological effects. Drugs with high solubility can provide fast solubility rates and high bioavailability, reducing the dose administered. Solid dispersion, cocrystals, and coamorphous techniques, have succeeded in increasing the solubility of BCS class II and IV drugs.
COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus at RSU South Tangerang-Indonesia: Clinical Profile and Treatment Strategies: COVID-19 dan Diabetes Mellitus di RSU Tangerang Selatan-Indonesia: Profil Klinis dan strategi pengobatan Hasanah, Nur; Ismaya, Nurwulan Adi; Tulandi, Silvester Maximus; Permatasari, Putri Indah; Wafa, Wafa; Hakim, Amelia Nurul
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 2 (2023): (October 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i2.15989

Abstract

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the risk factors for COVID-19. This causes the morbidity and severity of COVID-19 patients to be higher in patients with diabetes. Objectivity: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of treatment therapy for COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes at the South Tangerang City General Hospital. Material and methods: This study used a descriptive design with a quantitative approach and retrospective data collection. Sampling was done by Total Sampling with a total sample of 127 patients from 234 patients. Result: The characteristics of COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes were dominated by the male gender (55.1%), with an age range of 46-55 years (38.6%), high school education (43.3%), and have a private employee type of work (55.1%). The symptoms of COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes were cough (89.8%), with a length of stay for patients 7–14 days (72.4%).Treatment for COVID-19 with comorbid diabetes was antibiotics azithromycin (26.0%), antiviral remdesivir (62.2%), methylprednisolone (73.2%), acetylcysteine (85.0%), vitamin C (89.8%), and the antidiabetic group that is often used is insulin novorapid (41.7%). Conclusion: The results of laboratory examinations showed that COVID-19 treatment therapy is effective in reducing the amount of virus in the blood, which is indicated by an increase in the PCR value (p-value <0.001), lowering blood sugar levels (which is characterized by a decrease in blood sugar levels when (p-value <0.001) ), and reduce hypercoagulation which is characterized by a reduction in the value of D-dimer (p-value < 0.005).
Standardization of Ethanol Extract of Dioscorea alata L. Variety of Paoateno from Banggai Islands District, Central Sulawesi: Standarisasi Ekstrak Etanol Dioscorea alata L. Varietas Paoateno Asal Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan Sulawesi Tengah Ismail, Ihwan; Khumaidi, Akhmad; Putri, Ayu Dinawati; Primadia, Rizki; Syamsidi, Armini; Khaerati, Khildah
Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) Vol. 9 No. 2 (2023): (October 2023)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i2.16065

Abstract

Background: Standardizing herbal medicines is crucial for assessing their quality and effectiveness. Objectives: This study aims to determine non-specific and specific standardization parameters for medicinal plants. Non-specific parameters include drying shrinkage, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, total bacteria, total mold, and metal limits (Pb, Hg, and Cd). Specific parameters involve organoleptic examination, identification of chemical content in extracts, dissolved compounds in specific solvents, total flavonoid content, and qualitative testing of anthocyanin content in the extract. Materials and Methods: An experimental laboratory approach was employed to extract Dioscorea alata L using 96% ethanol, which was later concentrated through a rotary evaporator to obtain a viscous extract. Specific and non-specific parameters were determined using standardized techniques. Results: The extract yielded 3.32% of the initial substance. Drying shrinkage was 19.7769±1.2682%, and specific gravity was 0.6192±0.1476 gram/ml for 5% m/v and 0.5101±3.9591 gram/ml for 10% m/v. Ash content was 0.6793%, with acid insoluble ash content at 0.1895%. Heavy metal contamination for Hg was 0.47 ppm, but undetected for Pb & Cd). The total plate number was 27 x 103 colonies/g, and negative Escherichia coli contamination. The mold count was 39 x 101 colonies/g. Additional specific parameters included the organoleptic properties of the viscous extract (purple color, characteristic odor, and sweet taste), water-soluble compound content (15.63%), ethanol-soluble compound content (14.73%), and a flavonoid content of 76.669 mg EQ/100 mg. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of Dioscorea alata complies with the standard requirements established by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency. It presents as a viscous extract with a distinct odor, purple-black color, and sweet taste. The extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenolic compounds, with a total flavonoid content of 76.669 mg. Furthermore, it tested positive for anthocyanins.

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