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INDONESIA
Jurnal Biologi Tropis
Published by Universitas Mataram
ISSN : 14119587     EISSN : 25497863     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology
Jurnal Biologi Tropis (ISSN Cetak 1411-9587 dan ISSN Online 2549-7863) diterbitkan mulai tahun 2000 dengan frekuensi 2 kali setahun oleh Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi PMIPA FKIP Universitas Mataram, berisi hasil penelitian dan ulasan Ilmiah dalam bidang Biologi Sains.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 2,520 Documents
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The Effectiveness of Betel Leaf (Piper betle) Extract on the Growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis Pauzan, Pauzan; Mentari, Ika Nurfajri; Kurniawan, Ari
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4a (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10604

Abstract

Staphylococcus epidermidis, a gram-positive bacterium typically found on the skin, can cause infections, particularly in individuals with implanted medical devices. Due to its ability to resist standard antibiotics and create biofilms, finding new antibacterial solutions is crucial. Betel leaves (Piper betle) are recognized for containing active components like flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, and essential oils, suggesting they could act as natural antibacterial agents. This research sought to assess how well green betel leaf extract inhibits S. epidermidis growth in a controlled laboratory setting. The research involved a laboratory-based experiment utilizing a completely randomized design. The disc diffusion method on Nutrient Agar media was employed to test three extract concentrations (40, 60, and 80 mg/disk), using erythromycin as a positive control and DMSO as a negative control. Each treatment was repeated four times. The diameter of the inhibition zones was measured following a 24-hour incubation period at 37°C. The Shapiro–Wilk normality test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD test were used to analyze the data collected. The findings revealed that the concentrations of 60 and 80 mg/disk exhibited substantial antibacterial effects, producing an average inhibition zone of 14.25 mm, which was significantly different from the negative control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, green betel leaf extract is effective at suppressing the growth of S. epidermidis and shows promise as a source for developing a natural antibacterial treatment.
Pest Diversity Classification for Insectiside Application Frequency Treatment on Melon Plants Febriyanti, Salsabila Salma; Risnawati, Risnawati
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4b (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4b.10660

Abstract

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the high-value horticultural commodities with continuously increasing market demand. However, its productivity is often hindered by major pest attacks such as aphids (Aphis gossypii), fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.), and armyworms (Spodoptera sp.). This study aims to analyze the effect of the frequency of insecticide application containing the active ingredient deltamethrin on pest attack intensity and melon plant growth parameters, pest classification. The study was conducted at UG Techno Park, Cianjur, from February to June 2025 using a nested completely randomized block design (CRBD) with the Inthanon and Madesta varieties. The treatments included insecticide application every 7 days, every 14 days, and no application (control). The results showed that insecticide application every 7 days reduced pest attack intensity to 12.25%. The Madesta variety performed best with a pest attack intensity of 11.04% and fresh harvest weight reaching 1.743.75 grams per plot. The combination of insecticide application strategies and CNN-based classification has proven effective in improving pest identification accuracy and supporting precise and sustainable pest control.
Application of An Agroecological Approach to Dryland Sustainable Food House Systems to Increase Productivity and Environmental Sustainability: A Literature Review Pramesthi, Ardi Yoga; Susilowati, Lolita Endang; Suwardji, Suwardji; Mulyati, Mulyati
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4b (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4b.10698

Abstract

Altieri, M. A. (2018). Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture. CrC press. Bader, C. L., Moeller, N. I., Grard, B., Wezel, A., Féret, S., Andreotti, F., & Vandenbroucke, P. (2026). Philanthropic Funding for Agroecology in Europe–Opening the (black) box of sustainable food system actors. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 50(1), 164-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2025.2489416 Bahua, M. I., Musa, N., & Irsan, L. M. (2024). Pengelolaan rumah pangan lestari dalam pencegahan stunting pada rumah tangga petani. Jurnal Abditani, 7(2), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.31970/abditani.v7i2.372 Bedmutha, K. (2025). Organic Farming and Its Environmental Benefits: A Comprehensive Review. British Journal of Agroecology and Environmental Studies, 2(1), 16-24.  https://doi.org/10.61424/bjaes.v2i1.432 BKP. (2018). Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L). Badan Pangan Nasional. https://badanpangan.go.id/blog/post/kawasan-rumah-pangan-lestari. Darsono, W., Putri, E. I. K., & Nahrowi, N. (2016). Prioritas Wilayah Pengembangan Ternak Ruminansia di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya The Priority Region of Ruminant Development in Tasikmalaya District. Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan, 4(3), 356-363. 10.29244/jipthp.4.3.356-363 Dutta, B., Goswami, A., Medhi, B. K., & Deka, K. (2024). Soil Health and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture. In Role of Agronomy in Cultivating a Sustainable Food Future (pp. 19-28). Cornous Publications LLP. 10.37446/edibook092024/19-28. Fitri, M. A., & Usni, M. (2024, October). Systematic Literature Review: Pertanian Berbasis Agroekologi Untuk Mendukung Pertanian Berkelanjutan. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembangunan Dan Pendidikan Vokasi Pertanian (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 427-436). https://doi.org/10.47687/snppvp.v5i1.1125 Gupta, S. (2025). A Review on the Role of Agroecology in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. British Journal of Agroecology and Environmental Studies, 2(1), 38-48.  https://doi.org/10.61424/bjaes.v2i1.433 Harto, YB. (2019). Indigofera, Pakan Ternak Berkualitas Tinggi. Jagad Tani Edisi Oktober 2025. Hidayat, M. (2023). Peran Petani Milenial terhadap Transformasi Pertanian di Indonesia. Journal Reseacrh Gate. 1(1): 1-6. file:///C:/Users/limlo/Downloads/PeranPetaniMilenialTerhadapTransformasiPertaniandiIndonesia.pdf JD09. (2023). Pekarangan Pangan Lestari RW 03 Cilangkap Bakal Panen Perdana Pekan Depan. Berita Depok. https://berita.depok.go.id/pekarangan-pangan-lestari.   Kamara, A. Y., Omoigui, L. O., Kamai, N., Ewansiha, S. U., & Ajeigbe, H. A. (2018). Improving cultivation of cowpea in West Africa. Achieving Sustainable Cultivation of Grain Legumes, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, Volume 2, 235-252. https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2017.0023.30 Kerr, R. B., Postigo, J. C., Smith, P., Cowie, A., Singh, P. K., Rivera-Ferre, M., ... & Neufeldt, H. (2023). Agroecology as a transformative approach to tackle climatic, food, and ecosystemic crises. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 62, 101275. 10.1016/j. cosust.2023.101275. Lestari, D. (2020). Siklus Nitrogen Beserta Penjelasannya. Siswapedia. https://www.siswapedia.com/siklus-nitrogen-beserta-penjelasannya.  Mauverne, R. and Conches, CD., 2008. Agricultural Ecosystems, Fact and Trends. World Business Council Sustainable Development - IUCN. Novanda, RR., Muflihani AR., Priyono BS., Nabiru M., Irnad, Apriani R., Ulma RO., & Defliyanto. (2024). Pekarangan dengan Prinsip Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari di Desa Pantai Indah Pulau Baai Kota Bengkulu. Dharma rafflesia : Jurnal Ilmiah Pengembangan Dan Penerapan IPTEKS. 22(1), 27–39.https://doi.org/10.33369/dr.v22i1.34333 Puspitasari, Y., Suriyanti, S., & Nontji, M. (2022). Lama fermentasi dan volume effective microorganism-4 (EM4) dalam pembuatan pupuk organik padat berbahan dasar serbuk gergaji kayu dan kotoran ayam. AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian, 3(2), 124-135. https://doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v3i2.254 Ririn. (2012). Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan di Kelompok Wanita Desa Mirigambar Dusun Miridudo Kecamatan Sumbergempol. BPS Sumbergempol, Tulungagung, Jawa Timur. https://bppsumbergempol.blogspot.com.  Silici, L. (2014). Agroecology: What it is and what it has to offer. Issue Paper 14629IIED. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. https://oer.uinsyahada.ac.id/files/original/864701ec4ff28c5e46a3b1e398a5b2bd.pdf Soeharsono. (2008). Bionomika Ternak. Bandung (ID): Widya Padjadjaran. Somashekar, K. S., Abhishek, G. J., Kumar, V., Tiwari, A., Lakra, T. S., & Chauhan, B. (2024). Agroecology principles, practices and their impact on sustainable food systems. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 16(9), 249-260. 10.9734/ejnfs/2024/v16i91544. Susanti, W. I., Cholidah, S. N., & Agus, F. (2024). Agroecological nutrient management strategy for attaining sustainable rice self-sufficiency in indonesia. Sustainability, 16(2), 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020845. Tampubolon, B., Harjanti, D. T., Adlika, N. M., & Christanto, L. M. H. (2020). Pemanfaatan lahan gambut menjadi lahan potensial untuk menjaga ketahanan pangan di Kalimantan Barat. Geodika: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu dan Pendidikan Geografi, 4(2), 182-191. https://e-journal.hamzanwadi.ac.id/index.php/gdk/article/view/2765 Titisari, PW. (2024). Dasar – Dasar Ekologi Pertanian. Cetakan 1. Penerbit Uir Press. Tomich, T. P., Brodt, S., Ferris, H., Galt, R., Horwath, W. R., Kebreab, E., ... & Yang, L. (2011). Agroecology: A review from a global-change perspective. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36(1), 193-222. 10.1146/ annurev-environ-012110-121302. Uddin, M. B., & Antriyandarti, E. (2025). Strategies to overcome the declining trend of young farmers: A comprehensive review of agricultural development issues. Journal of Agrosociology and Sustainability, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.61511/jassu.v3i1.2025.1820.  Vikas, & Ranjan, R. (2024). Agroecological approaches to sustainable development. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8, 1405409.  10.3389/fsufs.2024.1405409.  Wezel, A., Bellon, S., Doré, T., Francis, C., Vallod, D., & David, C. (2009). Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 29(4), 503-515. 10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_3      Wihardjaka, A. (2018). Penerapan model pertanian ramah lingkungan sebagai jaminan perbaikan kuantitas dan kualitas hasil tanaman pangan. Jurnal pangan, 27(2), 155-164.    https://doi.org/10.33964/jp.v27i2.376
From Genes to Therapy: The Role of Candidate Gene SNP Polymorphisms in the Implementation of Personalized Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sofia, Siti; Malau, Jekmal; Damara, Dandy Satria; Purbasari, Dwi
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4a (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10721

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder shaped by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences. Research in genomics reveals that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in specific genes can elevate the risk of this condition and may lead to differences in how individuals react to diabetes medications, potentially positioning them as indicators for risk and treatment outcomes in personalized healthcare. This review aims to explore the contributions of SNPs in candidate genes, particularly TCF7L2 rs7903146, KCNJ11 rs5219, KCNQ1 rs2237892, SLC30A8 rs11558471, IRS1 rs1801278, CDKAL1 rs7754840, and MTNR1B rs10830963, contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. responses to therapy, and their possible roles as clinical markers. A narrative review was carried out by searching literature on PubMed, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar using keywords like “type 2 diabetes mellitus,” “SNP,” and “pharmacogenomics.” English-language articles from 2015 to 2025 that examined connections between genetic variations and either disease risk or treatment responses in humans were included. The findings suggest that these polymorphisms largely impair beta-cell function or disrupt insulin signaling, increasing the likelihood of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some SNPs are also tied to varied reactions to insulin-based drugs, although metformin typically demonstrates more uniform effectiveness across different genotypes. In summary, SNPs in candidate genes hold promise as tools for risk assessment and personalized treatment choices, but extensive, multi-ethnic prospective studies are essential before they can be integrated into standard clinical practice.
Innovation in Making Cassava Opak-Opak with The Addition of Chicken Eggs on Nutritional Profile Mulyani, Anisa; Bulkaini, Bulkaini; Yulianto, Wahid
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4a (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10729

Abstract

The North Lombok Regency Government continues to strive to increase cassava production. One effort to increase productivity is by creating a typical North Lombok food, namely opak-opak. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional profile of cassava opak-opak with the addition of broiler chicken eggs. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications, with the addition of eggs of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% for each kilogram of cassava starch. The results showed significant changes in several chemical parameters of the product composition. Increasing the percentage of eggs from 0% (P0) to 15% (P3) had a significant effect on the moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein content of the final product. The moisture content decreased significantly after the addition of eggs at concentrations of 5% and 10% (P1 and P2), with values of approximately 2.89%, respectively, lower than the control without eggs (P0) which reached 4.26%. In the treatment with 15% eggs (P3), the water content increased again to 3.79%. The addition of eggs to the production of cassava opak-opak significantly affected the chemical composition (water content, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein). Overall, the addition of 5% eggs per kilogram of cassava starch was the optimal formulation for producing opak-opak with the best chemical, functional, and sensory qualities.
The Association Between BRCA1 Expression and ER/PR Status in Breast Cancer Patients in NTB Wulandari, Baiq Nurhandini; Padauleng, Novrita; Lestari, Rizka Vidya; Kumaladewi, Baiq Ratna
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4a (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10745

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in Indonesia, including in Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) plays an important role in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. Altered BRCA1 expression has been associated with the biological characteristics of breast cancer, including estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, both of which are crucial markers in determining molecular subtypes and predicting responses to hormonal therapy. However, previous studies regarding the association between BRCA1 expression and ER/PR status have shown inconsistent results. This study employed a cross-sectional design involving 50 patients who met the inclusion criteria, namely invasive breast carcinoma patients who had not received chemotherapy. BRCA1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemical staining, with a cut-off of BRCA1 positivity defined as >20% nuclear staining. ER/PR status was obtained from patients’ medical records archived in the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of NTB Provincial Hospital in 2022–2023. Data processing and analysis were performed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Breast cancer patients in NTB demonstrated a balanced distribution of BRCA1 expression, with 50% positive and 50% negative. The majority of patients had ER/PR-positive expression (50%). Among patients with negative BRCA1 expression, 32% were classified as ER/PR-positive subtype. There was no significant association between BRCA1 expression and ER/PR status in breast cancer patients in NTB (p = 0.842). There is no significant association between BRCA1 expression and ER/PR status in breast cancer patients in NTB.
Narrative Review: The Effect of Inulin on the Growth of Bifidobacterium in the Human Intestine Nurzamani, Salsabila; Kasasiah, Ahsanal
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4b (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4b.10754

Abstract

Bifidobacterium is an important probiotic bacterium that plays a key role in maintaining gut microbiota balance and supporting digestive health. Inulin has been widely studied as a prebiotic due to its ability to stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium through fermentation in the colon. This study aims to summarize recent scientific evidence regarding the effects of inulin supplementation on the increase of Bifidobacterium populations in humans. This study aims to summarize recent scientific evidence regarding the effects of inulin supplementation on the increase of Bifidobacterium populations in humans. This article was prepared using a narrative review method based on literature searches conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, and Google Scholar. A total of nine original research articles that directly reported the effects of inulin supplementation were included. The findings consistently show that inulin increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium, improves gut microbiota balance, and enhances the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate. These changes are also associated with improvements in metabolic markers among several populations, including obese children, prediabetic patients, and individuals with PCOS. Overall, inulin demonstrates strong bifidogenic effects, although individual responses may vary depending on dosage, duration of intervention, and physiological conditions.
Rhizosphere Microbiome of Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Analyzed Using Oxford Nanopore 16S Sequencing Nate, Selvia Pinte; Lubis, Syafrina Sari
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4b (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4b.10763

Abstract

The rhizosphere microbiome plays a key role in nutrient cycling, soil structure, and plant health in Coffea arabica. This study analyzed the bacterial community composition of Arabica coffee rhizosphere soil from Tawar Miko, Aceh Tengah, using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore platform. Taxonomic profiling revealed ten dominant phyla, including Pseudomonadota (43.77%), Acidobacteriota (18.17%), Planctomycetota (11.23%), Actinomycetota (5.81%), Myxococcota (4.08%), Bacteroidota (3.35%), Bacillota (2.86%), Thermodesulfobacteriota (2.69%), and Nitrospirota (2.26%). At the genus level, the most abundant taxa were Vicinamibacter (8.61%), Bradyrhizobium (4.14%), Brevitalea (4.03%), Pseudolabrys (2.64%), Nitrospira (2.26%), Acidibacter (1.97%), Streptomyces (1.76%), Sandaracinobacter (1.70%), and Paraburkholderia (1.57%). Species-level assessment indicated that Bradyrhizobium sp. was the most abundant, followed by Vicinamibacter sp., Brevitalea sp., Nitrospira sp., Paraburkholderia sp., Pseudolabrys sp., and Acidibacter sp., while low-abundance species (<3%) included Streptomyces sp. and Sandaracinobacter sp. These dominant species contribute to nitrogen fixation, nitrite oxidation, organic matter degradation, hydrocarbon metabolism, and natural biocontrol activity. The balanced distribution across taxa indicates a stable and functionally complementary microbial community that supports soil health and enhances the growth of Arabica coffee in highland agroecosystems.
Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Creative Economic Ecotourism in Tesbatan, Amarasi District, Kupang Regency Marpaung, Sutan Sahala Muda; Oktaviani, Eva; Rusadi, Nusrah; Kurniawan, Hendra; Syah, Firman; Rina, Timotius Ragga; Asalang, Protus Hyasintus; Pratiwi, Gadis Kartika
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4b (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4b.10768

Abstract

The Tesbatan region, located in the Amarasi District of Kupang Regency, is rich in biodiversity and local cultural heritage, making it a potential hub for ecotourism development. This study aims to develop a comprehensive strategy for biodiversity conservation and creative economic ecotourism to promote sustainable growth in the region. The primary objective is to combine conservation efforts with local economic empowerment through creative industries such as handicrafts, traditional cuisine, and cultural performances. This research utilizes a systematic approach that includes field surveys, literature reviews, and the application of tools like MICMAC, MACTOR, and ISM for data analysis. Data was collected through observations, interviews, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with local stakeholders. The study identifies key variables, influences, and stakeholders involved in the management of biodiversity and ecotourism. The findings suggest that integrating biodiversity conservation with ecotourism and creative economic activities can enhance both environmental sustainability and local community welfare. The proposed strategies involve strengthening local institutions, promoting participatory resource management, and developing integrated ecotourism attractions. In conclusion, this research provides a practical framework for managing Tesbatan’s natural and cultural assets sustainably, fostering both environmental protection and socio-economic development.  
Analisys of Lead content in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Taliwang Lake Khairuddin, Khairuddin; Yamin, M.; Kusmiyati, Kusmiyati; Sedijani, Prapti
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4b (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4b.10772

Abstract

Research on heavy metals is important to be done to protect consumers from dangerous impact especially on human beings. The purpose of this study was to determine the Lead (Pb) content in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) taken from Rawa Taliwang Lake. Specifically, the benefit of this study is to protect consumers who consume Tilapia from Lead heavy metal contaminants. Data collection for the tilapia species in this study was carried out in water bodies within the Taliwang Lake area. There were 2 data collection stations, namely on the east and west sides of the lake. Gill nets were used to catch tilapia. Fish samples were caught as many as 4 fish for each station. Next, each fish sample was put into a plastic bag and then stored in a sample box. The fish samples were then analyzed at the West Nusa Tenggara Health, Testing and Calibration Laboratory Center. The data analysis method was carried out by taking muscle tissue from the fish and then analyzing the Pb heavy metal content using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentration of Lead in fish tissue was measured after adding concentrated Na2SO4 and CuSO4, which were heated at 350ºC for 2-3 hours until the solution was clear. The conclusion of this study is that the heavy metal content of Pb in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is <0.5 ppm.  

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