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Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
ISSN : 2549385X     EISSN : 26215985     DOI : 10.21580/wjc
Core Subject : Science,
Chemistry
Walisongo journal of chemistry is a peer reviewed and open access journal published by Chemistry Department, faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Walisongo Semarang. This journal covering all areas of chemistry including inorganic, organic, physic, analytic, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry publish two issues annually (July and October). Article which accepted in this journal was written by Bahasa and English.
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Articles 227 Documents
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COMPARATIVE GC–MS CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF Citrus hystrix DC. ESSENTIAL OILS FROM DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS Ramadhan, Dwi Sapri; Warsito, Warsito; Azzahra, Vina Octavia; Wardana, Dian; Fahmi, Jam’an; Safitri, Wulan Dwi
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.28063

Abstract

Essential oils from Citrus hystrix DC. are known for their rich bioactive composition, particularly citronellal, which has extensive applications in the fragrance and pharmaceutical industries. However, comparative studies on the chemical and physicochemical properties of oils extracted from different plant parts remain limited. This study investigated essential oils obtained by steam distillation from leaves (LEO), twigs (TEO), and a leaf–twig mixture (LTMEO). The oils were characterized using GC–MS and FTIR analyses, alongside measurements of density, refractive index, and yield. LTMEO yielded a yellow, aromatic oil with a density of 0.856 g/mL, a refractive index of 1.439, and a yield of 0.60%, consistent with the quality requirements of SNI 9231:2023. GC–MS profiling identified citronellal as the dominant compound, with concentrations of 83.88% in LEO, 69.88% in LTMEO, and 46.47% in TEO. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of aldehyde functional groups, consistent with the high citronellal content. Minor constituents such as linalool (5.24–8.91%), isopulegol (0.47–2.95%), β-citronellol (2.03–12.22%), and citronellyl acetate (4.28–6.48%) were also detected, potentially affecting citronellal isolation. Overall, the findings highlight C. hystrix DC. leaves as the most promising source of citronellal for industrial applications.
ENHANCED BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM RICE STRAW THROUGH NAOH PRETREATMENT AND MOLASSES CO-SUBSTRATE ADDITION Setyowati, Widiastuti Agustina Eko; Ningtyas, Arin Ika; Zai, Fila Delfia; Mulyani, Sri; VH, Elfi Susanti; Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi; Utomo, Suryadi Budi; Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.28200

Abstract

  This study investigates the effects of rice straw pretreatment using sodium hydroxide and the addition of molasses as a co-substrate on biogas production through anaerobic fermentation. The pretreatment process involved immersing rice straw in sodium hydroxide solutions at three different concentrations for twenty-four hours, while molasses was added at varying levels to evaluate its effect on the fermentation process. Compositional changes in the lignocellulosic biomass were analyzed using the Chesson–Datta method, which revealed significant alterations in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents. The lowest sodium hydroxide concentration produced moderate delignification while retaining a relatively high cellulose content, indicating its potential as the optimal pretreatment condition. Molasses addition consistently increased biogas production as dosage levels rose, with the highest yield observed at the maximum molasses concentration. The combined application of the lowest sodium hydroxide concentration and the highest molasses level resulted in the maximum biogas yield, demonstrating improved substrate biodegradability and fermentation efficiency. These findings highlight the practical potential of integrating NaOH pretreatment with molasses co-substrate addition to enhance the conversion efficiency of lignocellulosic agricultural waste into renewable energy through anaerobic fermentation.
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DYNAMICS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM Sauropus androgynus AS CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITORS Aisyah, Aisyah; Utami, Wiji; Faadila, Ayu
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.28912

Abstract

Inflammation is a biological response to injury that can become chronic and lead to various immunological disorders in humans. Bioactive compounds in Sauropus androgynus exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity, including anti-inflammatory effects. This study employed a computational approach involving Lipinski’s Rule of Five, protein network analysis, molecular docking, ADMET prediction, molecular dynamics simulations, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for electronic structure elucidation. Among the tested compounds, corchoionoside C and afzelin demonstrated the strongest inhibitory potential against the COX-2 enzyme, with binding energies of −9.57 and −9.14 kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the S. androgynus bioactive compound–COX-2 complexes exhibited minimal fluctuation and remained highly stable throughout the simulation, supporting their potential biological activity. DFT HOMO–LUMO analysis further indicated the capability of corchoionoside C and afzelin to interact with biological targets such as COX-2 through polar or electrostatic interactions. These findings are expected to provide a scientific foundation for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents with promising pharmacological profiles and reduced adverse effects.
NaOH-MODIFIED ACTIVATED CARBON FROM CORNCOBS AS A HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION IN ULTRASOUND-ENHANCED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF USED COOKING OIL Santana, Rosanina Kartika; Aliyatulmuna, Adilah; Nazriati, Nazriati; A'yun, Amalia Qurrata
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.28915

Abstract

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel composed of fatty acid methyl esters that can be synthesized from renewable sources and offers lower combustion emissions compared to fossil fuels. In this study, biodiesel was produced via a transesterification reaction using a basic heterogeneous catalyst derived from corncob carbon, which was activated and surface-modified with NaOH to create active catalytic sites. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of Na₂CO₃ and Na₂O, while SEM-EDX revealed a porous surface morphology with uniformly distributed sodium. Used cooking oil (UCO) served as the triglyceride source after undergoing degumming, neutralization, and adsorption processes to reduce free fatty acid (FFA) content. The transesterification reaction was conducted in an ultrasonic water bath using the reflux method at 60°C with an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:12. The optimum reaction conditions were achieved using 0.5 wt% catalyst and a reaction time of 120 minutes, yielding 73.15% biodiesel. The quality of the biodiesel produced under optimum conditions was evaluated based on density, viscosity, acid value, and calorific value, which were 857 kg/m³, 3.8743 cSt, 0.2504 mg KOH/g, and 11,168 cal/g, respectively. These values comply with the quality requirements specified in SNI 04-7182-2015. GC-MS analysis confirmed that the major components of the biodiesel were methyl oleate and methyl palmitate. The utilization of corncob waste as a sustainable catalyst support, combined with alkali modification and ultrasonic enhancement, offers improved catalytic efficiency under mild operating conditions. This eco-friendly catalyst demonstrates strong potential for green catalytic processes in renewable energy development.
INORGANIC OXIDE SYNTHESIS FROM ACEH BOVINE BONE USING THE PRECIPITATION METHOD FOR BIOMASS TRANSESTERIFICATION Amlia, Nisa; Ramli, Muliadi; Rossani, Ratu Balqis; Mitaphonna, Rara; Lubis, Surya; Idris, Nasrullah; Saiful, Saiful; Fathurrahmi
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v8i2.28937

Abstract

Inorganic oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Aceh bovine bone were successfully prepared using the precipitation method, with pH variations of 8 and 10 adjusted using NH₄OH as the precipitating agent and pH regulator. The resulting nanocatalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX, and their catalytic activity was evaluated through the transesterification of RBDPO. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂), calcium oxide (CaO), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as the main components in catalysts synthesized at pH 8 and pH 10. SEM micrographs revealed spherical particle morphologies, while EDX analysis showed calcium as the dominant element, with contents of 55.44% and 57.19%, respectively. The average crystallite sizes, calculated using the Debye–Scherrer equation, were 31.63 nm (CB-P8C) and 31.31 nm (CB-P10C). Catalytic activity tests demonstrated that the catalyst synthesized at pH 10 exhibited higher performance, achieving a biodiesel yield of 98.11%, compared to 92.66% for the catalyst synthesized at pH 8. Quality assessment of both biodiesel samples confirmed that their acid values, density, and viscosity met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 04-7182-2015). This approach highlights a sustainable pathway for converting biowaste into efficient catalysts for green fuel production.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF β-SITOSTEROL FROM ACANTHOSTRONGYLOPHORA INGENS SPONGE AND ITS ANTICANCER ACTIVITY USING AN IN SILICO APPROACH Ajuk Sapar; Riska Mardiyanti; Nur Asmi; Nunuk Hariani Soekamto; Millenia Millenia; Nurmasyita Nurmasyita; Nurmalah Syam
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v9i1.28570

Abstract

This study reports the isolation of β-sitosterol from the methanol extract of the sponge Acanthostrongylophora ingens, collected from the Spermonde Islands. The methods employed in this study included extraction, phytochemical testing, toxicity assessment, and chromatographic fractionation. Characterization of the isolate was performed using FTIR and GC-MS techniques. Isolate I-3 showed characteristic absorption bands corresponding to functional groups associated with β-sitosterol, and its molecular mass was confirmed at 414 g/mol. The potential anticancer activity was evaluated using an in silico approach. The toxicity test results indicated that the methanol extract exhibited high toxicity, with an LC₅₀ value of 24.831 µg/mL. Furthermore, the in silico molecular docking analysis d emonstrated a strong interaction between β-sitosterol and the target protein, with the lowest binding energy recorded at −11.49 kcal/mol. This significant value suggests that β-sitosterol has excellent interaction potential with the active site of the target protein, highlighting its promising candidacy as an anticancer agent.
PURIFICATION OF CRUDE GLYCEROL USING KOH-ACTIVATED CORNCOB CARBON AND ITS UTILIZATION AS A MOISTURIZING AGENT IN LIQUID SOAP Amalia Qurrata A’yun; Adilah Aliyatulmuna; Rosanina Kartika Santana; Felda Mufarrihati
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v9i1.28939

Abstract

The purification of crude glycerol was carried out through an antisolvent treatment process followed by adsorption. The antisolvent treatment was performed using methanol, while adsorption was conducted using corncob biomass waste. Corncob carbon was activated with 20% KOH, followed by calcination at 400°C for 2 hours. The IR spectrum of the activated carbon showed the presence of -C=C and -C-H functional groups. The diffraction pattern of the activated carbon, with peaks at 2θ ≈ 23.3° and 41.3°, indicated an amorphous structure and an imperfect crystalline graphite structure. The antisolvent treatment process involved the addition of methanol to crude glycerol at a ratio of 3:1, followed by vacuum filtration and evaporation. The adsorption process was carried out using 0.5 g of activated carbon for 75 minutes, producing glycerol with a glycerol content of 96.29%, water content of 3.21%, ash content of 6.05%, and free fatty acid content of 0.21%. These results were in accordance with SNI 06-1564-1989 concerning crude glycerol and SNI 06-2570-1992 concerning technical glycerol. The IR spectrum of glycerol showed characteristic peaks corresponding to -O-H and -C-H groups. The obtained glycerol was used as a moisturizing agent in liquid soap. The resulting liquid soap had a pH range of 5.20-5.67 and an FFA content range of 0.57-0.60, which complied with SNI 2588:2017 concerning liquid hand soap.
EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS FROM BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION WASTE WITH POTENTIAL AS PEST CONTROL AGENTS BY LC-MS/MS Etyn Yunita; Sumarlin La Ode; Dhea Aprilliyani; Yudi Harsono; Pamungkas Riski Ferdian; Anang Setiawan Achmadi; Nurhasni Nurhasni; Mia Azizah
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v9i1.30800

Abstract

Bioethanol production generates waste by-products that may contain various valuable chemical compounds, many of which have not yet been fully explored or utilized. Among these by-products, liquid waste, commonly known as vinasse, is one of the most frequently processed and reused forms. This study aimed to extract and identify compounds from bioethanol production waste, particularly those with potential as pest control agents. Chemical profiling was conducted using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analysis of samples extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water revealed several putative bioactive compounds with pesticidal activity. Notable identified compounds included DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) (m/z = 192.1388), loliolide (m/z = 197.1178), (S)-reticuline (m/z = 330.1705), 3,5,6-trihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (m/z = 206.0712), and cuscohygrine (m/z = 225.1983). These compounds are known to exert various biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and insect-repellent effects, each operating through distinct mechanisms. However, further functional validation through field implementation studies is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of their application, particularly regarding the presence of DEET in the samples.
EFFECTS OF DILUTION AND AGITATION ON EUCALYPTUS PELLITA ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION Kemas Muhammad Bagus; Muhammad Rifqi Syaghaf; Lia Cundari
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v9i1.31088

Abstract

Eucalyptus pellita essential oil is commonly extracted by hydrodistillation; however, this process has limited efficiency due to heat and mass-transfer constraints. Process parameters, such as solvent loading and agitation, offer promising but understudied opportunities for process intensification to improve oil yield and quality. This study aimed to analyze the interactive effects of the leaf-to-solvent mass ratio and agitation speed on the extraction yield and chemical profile of E. pellita essential oil obtained through hydrodistillation. Extraction was performed using 150 g of chopped E. pellita leaves with particle sizes of 0.1–0.5 cm at 100°C for 4 hours under atmospheric pressure. The independent variables were leaf-to-solvent mass ratios of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8, and agitation speeds of 300, 600, and 900 rpm. The extracted oil was quantified based on yield and chemical composition. The chemical profile of the essential oil was characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that solvent proportion had a more significant effect than agitation speed. The 1:8 ratio produced the highest oil mass of 0.62 g and yield of 0.41%. GC–MS analysis identified α-pinene, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), L-α-terpineol, caryophyllene, and bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane as the major components. This study demonstrates the decoupled effects of solvent ratio and agitation in E. pellita hydrodistillation, revealing the solvent ratio as a chemical driver of compositional selectivity and agitation speed as a physical driver of system homogeneity. This distinction provides a targeted strategy for simultaneously optimizing extraction yield and oil quality.
EFFECTS OF CASEIN AND ISOCYANATE CONCENTRATIONS AS CROSSLINKERS IN THE FINISHING PROCESS OF GOAT LEATHER FOR SHOE UPPERS Nais Pinta Adetya; Nur Mutia Rosiati; Sofwan Siddiq Abdullah; Emiliana Anggriyani; Laili Rachmawati; Mustafidah Udkhiyati; Abimanyu Yogadita Restu Aji; Ikmal Khalala
Walisongo Journal of Chemistry Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Publisher : Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v9i1.31481

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between casein, used as a crosslinker, and binders in the leather coating process and to evaluate the quality of leather produced using casein crosslinkers compared with conventional isocyanate crosslinkers. The research methodology consisted of three stages: preparation and characterization of the crosslinkers, finishing of crust goat leather, and final testing. The FTIR spectrum of casein indicated the presence of stretching vibrations associated with functional groups related to coating performance. Leather quality was evaluated through color fastness to rubbing and leather softness tests. From a chemical reaction perspective, casein shows potential as a crosslinker when used in combination with isocyanate crosslinkers. PUD binders do not directly form covalent bonds with casein through –OH groups under normal conditions; however, strong physical interactions through hydrogen bonding can occur. In the presence of a crosslinker such as isocyanate, covalent reactions may take place, forming a stronger urethane/urea network. The rubbing fastness of all leather samples, except C1 (10 parts casein) and I3 (30 parts isocyanate), met the SNI standard.

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