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Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University Jalan Veteran (Kampus Sumbersari) Malang 65145 Tel. (0341) 569117ext 156, 173 ; Fax. (0341) 564755 Website : http://www.pji.ub.ac.id Email :pji@ub.ac.id
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INDONESIA
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 2461114X     EISSN : 2461114X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia (PJI) is an online journal which is published twice a year by Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University. The articles published in PJI cover the themes of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Technology, and Natural Product Pharmacy/Chemistry.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 155 Documents
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Evaluasi Parameter Mutu Ekstrak Air Daun Tahongai (Kleinhovia hospita Linn) kuncoro, Hadi; Nur Sopiati, Mutia; Rashif Rijai, Hifdzur; Agustina, Risna
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.6

Abstract

Tahongai (Kleinhovia hospita Linn) is a medicinal plant that has various properties. This study aims to determine standardization parameters the tahongai aqueous extract. The research method was carried out by macroscopic and microscopic observations on Tahongai powder, then extracted by infusion method. The aqueous extract was then subjected to organoleptic determination, identification of secondary metabolites, determination of water soluble content and determination of water content, heavy metal contamination determination, and microbial contamination test. The result for determination of standardization parameter were: yield of the infusion was 10.38961%. Organoleptic test showed solid form, medium characteristic odor, black color and bitter taste. Identification of secondary metabolites showed a group of secondary metabolites of saponins and triterpenoids. Determination of the water soluble extract content 11.648% and the water content 10.328%. Heavy metal contamination Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and As respectively were <0.0001; <0.0001; 0.9167; 49.2815; <0.0001 and 44.1774 mg/Kg. Then on microbial contamination, the result was 8.8 x 103 colonies/g. Based on PERKABPOM No. 12 of 2014, the water extract of tahongai meets the minimum quality requirements for heavy metal content and microbial contamination.
Insurance, Policy, Knowledge Level and Epidemiology As Factors Affecting Demand And Supply of Pharmaceutical Product Cahaya, Noor; Pramestutie, Hananditia Rachma; Hati, Anita Kumala; Untari, Eka Kartika; Utami, Pinasti
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.2

Abstract

Fulfillment of drug availability is always a challenge from year to year and is determined by supply and demand issues for pharmaceutical drugs. Good management of drugs and pharmaceutical supplies is important in health services. This is related to the quality of health services and the efficiency and effectiveness of the budget. This review study aims to examine the factors that influence drug supply and demand simultaneously with a different perspective from other studies, namely, the focus is to simultaneously discuss the effects of health insurance financing schemes, registration regulations for pharmaceutical products and imports of pharmaceutical products, the level of pharmacist knowledge, changes in disease patterns, disasters, and wars on drug supply and demand. The research design that was used in this study is a narrative review. The data sources that were used are PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria in this study are all research related to the demand for pharmaceutical supplies and drugsthat will be reviewed in the study, either in the form of original research, reviews, or reports. The results obtained articles consisting of 8 articles related to health insurance financing, 6 articles related to registration regulation of pharmaceutical products and import of pharmaceutical products, 5 articles related to pharmacist knowledge level, 3 articles related to changes in disease patterns, and 3 articles related to disasters and wars. Based on the 25 articles that were used as data in this study, it was found that the factors that influence the supply and demand of pharmaceutical supplies are health insurance financing, regulation of registration drug processes and imports of pharmaceutical products, level of knowledge of pharmacists as pharmaceutical service providers, changes in disease patterns, disasters, politics, and war.
The Sensitivity of Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, and Flusitosin to Fungal Pathogens Isolated from Wounds of Diabetic Ulcer Patients Sari, Rafika
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.1

Abstract

A diabetic ulcer is a wound caused by infection, ulceration or destruction in people with diabetes mellitus. Mostly, diabetic ulcer found in foot. The purpose of this study was to identify pathogenic fungi in diabetic ulcers and their sensitivity to fungal drugs. The morphological determination of fungal isolates was stained with Lactophenol Cotton Blue. Determination of sensitivity using diffusion discs Kirby Bauer which are classified based on Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) with Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, and Flusitosin. Based on the results of the study found 8 types of pathogenic fungi namely Candida albicans (38.78%), Candida guilliermondii (4.08%), Candida kefyr 10.20%), Candida parapsilosis (10.20%), Fusarium solani (14.29) %), Microsporum audouinii (14.29%), Penicillium sp(2.04%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4.08%), and Trichophyton equinum (2.04%). The fungus was identified using Gideon software and the book Description of Medical Fungi. The results of the antifungal sensitivity test showed the results were sensitive to fluconazole. Amphotericin B is intermediate to Candida albicans, Candida guilliermondii, Penicillium sp. and Trichophyton sp. and is resistant to Candida kefyr and Candida parapsilosis. Flusitosin is only an intermediate against Penicillium sp. while other fungal species are immune. The conclusion of this study. The results of diabetic ulcer swabs III and IV indicate the presence of fungal colonies with species of 9 species namely Candida albicans, Candida guilliermondii, Candida kefyr, Candida Parapsilosis, Fusarium solani, Microsporum Audouinii, Penicillium sp., Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton equinum. Antifungal sensitivity tests on all pathogenic fungi showed sensitivity to fluconazole. Amphotericin Bintermediatrics against Candida albicans, Candida guilliermondii, Penicillium sp. and Trichophyton sp. while resistant to Candida kefyrand Candida parapsilosis. Flusitosin is only an intermediate against Penicillium sp. while other fungal species are resistant.
Efektivitas SNEDDS Kombinasi Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Cengkodok (Melasthoma malabathricum)-Antibiotik terhadap Bakteri Hasil Isolat dari Pasien Ulkus Diabetik Sari, Rafika; Apridamayanti, Pratiwi; Pratiwi, Liza
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.5

Abstract

Diabetic ulcer is a condition where there are neurological abnormalities and peripheral arterial vascular disease that causes infection, ulceration, and/or damage to the deepest skin tissue on the feet of people with diabetes mellitus (DM). The long duration of wound healing is due to the wrong use of antibiotics for a long time, and bacteria tend to become resistant to antibiotics. Antimicrobial compound fraction of cengkodok combined with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics for prevention and reduction of antibiotic resistance in the cause of diabetic ulcers. The drug preparation is in the form of self nanoemulsifiying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), which is the optimum combination of cengkodok leaf fraction with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics. The use of SNEDDS in this study is because the SNEDDS made from nanoemulsion formulations has small particle size, large surface absorption, and good dispersion, so that it can be evenly dispersed on the skin and penetrates the skin layer. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the formulation cengkodok leaf fraction with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics against B. cereus and S. aureususing the SNEDDS drug delivery system. The test uses the spotless diffusion method without using paper discs. The results showed that the combination of cengkodok leaf fraction with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics had better activity against B. cereus and S. aureus than cengkodok leaf fraction, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin only.
Analisis Kinerja Instalasi Farmasi RSU Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang dengan Pendekatan Balanced Scorecard Hidayati, Ika Ratna
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.9

Abstract

The Pharmacy Installation of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital has never conducted a performance measurement so it is not known how far the management has succeeded in achieving the organization's vision and goals. In addition, performance measurement is also needed to support the hospital accreditation process. This study was conducted to analyze the performance of the Pharmacy Installation of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital with a balanced scorecard approach from growth and learning perspective, internal business perspective and costumer perspective. This research was conducted in a non-experimental descriptive for growth and learning perspectives with research variables employee satisfaction, work spirit, and retention rate of IFRSU UMM employees. In the internal business perspective, the research was conducted observationally and analyzed descriptively with the research variables, dispensing time, level of drug availability, and drug information services. From the customer perspective was conducted in a non-experimental, quantitative analytical descriptive with research variables customer satisfaction and customer growth. The data was collected with retrospective and prospective methods. This research used both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data was obtained by interview. Quantitative data was obtained by questionnaires and direct observation. The results of performance research on the growth and learning perspective of employee satisfaction indicators are satisfaction with a total value of 2,724, the indicator of work spirit is high with an average total score of 3.14 and the indicator of the retention rate of IFRSU UMM employees is at a normal value with an average turnover percentage of 7.88%. The results of the performance study on the internal business perspective showed that the dispensing time indicators for regular prescriptions is 22 minutes and 32 minutes for compound prescriptions. Percentage of drug availability is 100% and the results of the evaluation study of drug information services indicators have been implemented 100%, but there are information components that are not conveyed such as dosage, side effects, duration of use, and drug storage methods. The performance customer perspective of customer satisfaction indicators with the Servqual method obtained a negative gap value indicating customers are not satisfied. Analysis using the IPA method obtained the average percentage level of conformity showed was 93,00% where the results were in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 129 of 2008 concerning Hospital MSS. Analysis of customer growth indicators showed that the percentage results in 2019 were 101,39% and in 2020 it was 100,35%, exceeding the range of good criteria. It can be concluded the performance of the Pharmacy Installation of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital is quite good, but it is necessary to optimize and improvement.
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Daun Gedi hijau (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) Dengan Metode DPPH (1,1-Difenil-2-Pikrilhidrazil) Manalu, Rosario Trijuliamos; Herdini; Danya, Fiki
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.008.01.3

Abstract

Daun gedi hijau memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan, seperti halnya dengan daun gedi merah yang secara tradisional banyak digunakan sebagai pengobatan dan dibuktikan dengan penelitian memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak dan fraksi daun gedi hijau dengan metode DPPH. Bahan uji yang digunakan adalah serbuk kering daun gedi hijau yang diperoleh dari BALITTRO (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat) Kecamatan Bogor Tengah Kota Bogor Provinsi Jawa Barat. Pembuatan ekstrak dilakukan secara maserasi dengan etanol 96%, kemudian dievaporasi menjadi ekstrak kental dengan hasil rendemen sebesar 11,14%, selanjutnya difraksinasi cair-cair berturut-turut dengan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat dan air. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (1,1-Difenil-2-Pikrilhidrazil) dengan vitamin C sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak etanol awal, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air tergolong efektif, sedangkan fraksi n-heksan tergolong tidak efektif. Fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan paling tinggi dengan nilai IC50 233 bpj.
Studi Pengaruh Jenis Bahan Pengikat Sediaan Tablet Dispersi Solid Kunyit Terhadap Profil Disolusi Ekstrak Kunyit (Curcuma domestica) Puspita, Oktavia Eka; Ebtavanny, Tamara G.; Fortunata, Fabyoke A.
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.008.01.10

Abstract

Inflamasi atau peradangan merupakan mekanisme tubuh dalam melindungi diri dari infeksi mikroorganisme seperti bakteri, virus, dan jamur. Salah satu tanaman yang masih digunakan untuk mengatasi inflamasi yaitu kunyit (Curcuma longa). Kandungan senyawa aktif dari kunyit adalah kurkumin. Kurkumin memiliki kekurangan bioavailabilitas dan kelarutan rendah. Sistem penghantaran yang digunakan untuk memodifikasi kelarutan yaitu dispersi solid dengan metode freeze-dry. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan pengikat yang digunakan terhadap disolusi kurkumin. . Bahan pengikat tablet yang digunakan yaitu PVP, Akasia, dan Amilum Pasta untuk memperbaiki sifat alir. Konsentrasi bahan pengikat yang digunakan adalah Formula 1 (PVP 5%), Formula 2 (Akasia 5%), dan Formula 3 (Amilum Pasta 10%). Pembuatan tablet menggunakan metode granulasi basah. Evaluasi granul atau In Process Control yang dilakukan meliputi moisture content, kecepatan alir, sudut istirahat, indeks kompresibilitas, rasio haussner, dan persentase fines. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi akhir tablet yaitu keseragaman ukuran, keseragaman bobot, kekerasan, kerapuhan, waktu hancur, dan disolusi. Hasil uji keseragaman ukuran, keseragaman bobot, kekerasan, dan waktu hancur telah memenuhi persyaratan. Hasil uji kerapuhan untuk semua formula tidak memenuhi persyaratan. Uji disolusi memiliki hasil fluktuatif di setiap replikasi pada masing-masing formula. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan bahan pengikat mempengaruhi hasil disolusi tablet dispersi solid kurkumin, dengan pengikat yang memiliki hasil disolusi paling tinggi yaitu Formula 1 (PVP 5%).
Ointment Formulation from Collagen Extract of Tilapia Fish Skin (Oreochromis niloticus) for Healing Burns in Mus musculus Nugroho, Romy Triadi; Saputra, Gilang; Aini, Annisa Nurul; Dewi, Aisha Andini Indira; Tarigan, Indra Lasmana
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.008.01.2

Abstract

Introduction: Burns are injuries that caused by contact with a heat source. The natural alternative burn treatment can use hydrolyzed collagen derived from aquatic ecosystems, one of them is fish.Objectives: The aim of this research was to find the optimum formulation of tilapia fish collagen extract ointment.Methods: Fish skin that has been separated was prepared using the solution of NaOH 0,1 N and Butyl Alcohol 10%.Then the fish skin was extracted using a 0.5 M acetic acid solution and precipitated with a 0.9 M NaCl solution. Then, dialysis was performed using a plastic membrane (14 KDa) in a 0.1 M acetic acid solution and distilled water to obtain a wet collagen extract which was then in the FreezeDryer to reduce the water content.Results: The collagen extract obtained was used for ointment formulations with different concentrations of collagen extract, that is 5%, 10%, and 15% and 2 additional miana plant extracts were used with collagen extract 5+5% and 10+10%. The results of the formulation were tested on burns with a diameter of 0.715 cm in mice.Conclusion: From the results of the effectiveness test, the formulation with 15% collagen extract showed effective results. Indicated by the rate of wound healing in mice observations
Systematic Literature Review: Metode Preparasi dan Rasio Komponen Chitosan dalam Microneedle Patch untuk Transdermal Delivery System Widyastuti, Ajeng; Puspita, Oktavia Eka; Sobah, Nurus
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.008.01.4

Abstract

Sistem penghantaran obat transdermal merupakan sistem penghantaran obat yang potensial untuk pemberian obat lokal dan sistemik. Namun, masih ada beberapa keterbatasan dalam system ini, terutama terkait dengan kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan penetrasi obat melalui kulit. Oleh karena itu, mekanisme penghantaran obat baru berdasarkan microneedle telah dikembangkan. Microneedles dianggap sebagai jawaban atas masalah metode sebelumnya, yaitu banyaknya obat yang tidak dapat menembus kulit untuk mencapai efek terapeutik. Dissolving microneedle, terutama kitosan, dipilih sebagai bahan penyusun karena memiliki karakteristik biodegradabilitas, biokompatibilitas, tidak beracun, polikationik, dan aktivitas antibakteri. Namun metode dan perbandingan komponen kitosan dalam pembuatan microneedle patch belum banyak diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan metode preparasi dan rasio komponen kitosan dalam microneedle patch untuk sistem penghantaran obat transdermal. Penelitian deskriptif menggunakan metode review artikel tersturuktur dilakukan pada tiga database digital: Google Scholar, Scopus, dan Crossref. 16 artikel dipilih sebagai sampel setelah proses seleksi dan critical appraisal dilakukan. Hasil sintesis dari 16 artikel akhir terpilih didapatkan bahwa micromolding menggunakan polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) merupakan metode yang paling banyak digunakan untuk fabrikasi microneedle kitosan karena memungkinkan replikasi microneedle yang tepat dan akurat sesuai dengan spesifikasi tinggi dan diameter yang diinginkan serta memungkinkan produksi secara massal. Rasio komponen kitosan yang paling banyak digunakan adalah larutan kitosan 2% (b/v) dimana serbuk kitosan dilarutkan dalam larutan asam asetat 1% (v/v). Microneedle kitosan 2% memiliki kekuatan mekanik yang lebih rendah dibandingkan konsentrasi lainnya. Namun dengan kekuatan mekanik yang lebih rendah, microneedle kitosan 2% tetap dapat disisipkan ke dalam kulit. Kesimpulannya microneedles dapat dibuat dari kitosan umumnya dengan teknik micromolding menggunakan PDMS dengan kitosan 2%. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, disarankan bagi penelitian lebih lanjut perlu ditambahkan jumlah sampel dan lama waktu penelitian serta menghubungkan efek sifat zat aktif dan komponen yang terkait metode preparasi terhadap karakteristik microneedle kitosan.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Penggunaan Antidiabetik Oral pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Rawat Jalan di RSU Haji Surabaya Rahmadanita, Fathia Faza; Maulina, Novia; Sugihantoro, Hajar; Muhimmah, Ilmiyatul; Saputra, Azian F.
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2022.008.01.5

Abstract

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Diabetes melitus adalah penyakit kronis akibat proses metabolisme dalam tubuh yang tidak normal yang ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan kadar glukosa darah melebihi batas normal dalam tubuh. Diabetes melitus membutuhkan perawatan medis secara terus-menerus sehingga biaya medis yang dikeluarkan besar. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas biaya penggunaan antidiabetik oral pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 rawat jalan di RSU Haji Surabaya. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif observasional dengan data retrospektif berupa rekam medis dan biaya pengobatan pasien rawat jalan dengan penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2 di RSU Haji Kota Surabaya Periode Juni-November 2021. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan rumus Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) dan Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Hasil: Didapatkan 70 pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan penyakit penyerta yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Penggunaan terapi antidiabetik oral monoterapi ditemukan pada 11 pasien dan pada terapi antidiabetik oral kombinasi sebanyak 59 pasien. Antidiabetik oral monoterapi yang paling banyak digunakan adalah glimepiride (8,57%), sedangkan pada antidiabetik oral kombinasi adalah kombinasi metformin dan glimepiride (17,14%). Terapi antidiabetik oral monoterapi yang paling cost-effective adalah gliklazid dengan nilai efektivitas sebesar 100%, nilai ACER sebesar Rp 1.331,15. dan nilai ICER Rp. -641,70 dan Rp. -714.52. Sedangkan terapi antidiabetik oral kombinasi yang paling cost-effective adalah kombinasi pioglitazone, metformin dan glimepiride dengan nilai efektivitas 55,56%, nilai ACER sebesar Rp 3.266,34 dan nilai ICER Rp. 1.491,54 dan Rp. 1.654,43. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan parameter ACER dan ICER, antidiabetik oral monoterapi yang paling cost-effective adalah gliklazid. Sedangkan antidiabetik oral kombinasi yang paling cost-effective adalah kombinasi pioglitazone, metformin dan glimepiride. Kata Kunci: Diabetes melitus, Cost-effectiveness Analysis, ACER, ICER

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