Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
The MOLEKUL is dedicated to fostering advancements in all branches of chemistry and its diverse sub-disciplines. It aims to publish high-quality research encompassing a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biological Activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry. By providing a platform for rigorous scientific inquiry and dissemination of knowledge, the journal strives to contribute to the understanding, innovation, and practical applications of chemistry in various fields. We encourage submissions that explore new methodologies, elucidate fundamental principles, address pressing challenges, and demonstrate the potential for real-world impact. Our journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, and perspectives from researchers, scholars, and professionals across the global scientific community, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and the advancement of chemical sciences. The scope of this journal encompasses a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on advancing knowledge and innovation in the following areas: 1. Theoretical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry: This includes theoretical studies, computational modeling, and experimental investigations related to chemical reactivity, molecular structures, spectroscopy, and the environmental fate and impact of chemicals. 2. Materials Synthesis for Energy and Environmental Applications: The journal welcomes research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials for energy storage, catalysis, solar energy conversion, pollution mitigation, and sustainable environmental technologies. 3. Isolation, Purification, and Modification of Biomolecules: Manuscripts addressing the isolation, purification, and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with their applications in areas such as biotechnology, drug discovery, and diagnostics, are of particular interest. 4. Fabrication, Development, and Validation of Analytical Methods: The journal encourages submissions focusing on the development and optimization of analytical techniques, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Topics may include method validation, sample preparation, quality control, and applications in diverse fields.
Articles
218 Documents
<![CDATA[Silver-and-Sulphur-Codoped Fe3O4/TiO2 as a Magnetically Separable Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation under Visible Light ]]>
<![CDATA[Kunarti, Eko Sri]]>;
<![CDATA[Agustiningsih, Dewi]]>;
<![CDATA[Pambudi, Fajar Inggit]]>;
<![CDATA[Rusli, Stefen]]>;
<![CDATA[Rusdiarso, Bambang]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.9508
<![CDATA[This research aimed to investigate how the addition of silver and sulphur dopants modified the TiO2 photocatalyst to enhance its responsiveness to visible light and improve its photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation. In addition, Fe3O4 was also added as a core to add magnetic properties to the photocatalyst material. The Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S materials were prepared using FeCl3.6H2O and FeSO4.7H2O as the magnetite precursors, titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as the TiO2 precursor, while AgNO3 and CH4N2S were used as the sources for silver and sulphur dopants, respectively. The synthesized materials were next characterized using FT-IR, XRD, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, SEM-EDX, TEM, and VSM. The activity of the photocatalyst was then assessed through methylene blue degradation in a closed reactor involving various contained Ag:S ratios and reusability examination. The evaluation of photocatalytic degradation results was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Afterwards, the research findings indicate that the Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S was successfully synthesized and exhibited magnetic properties with a saturation magnetization value of 5.33 emu/g. The highest photocatalytic activity (98.21%) was observed in Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S (1:1) with a band gap energy value of 2.64 eV under visible light exposure at pH 10, 120 min, 10 mg mass of the photocatalyst, and methylene blue concentration of 5 mgL-1. Furthermore, the Fe3O4/TiO2-Ag/S photocatalyst was known to perform good stability through four reuse cycles.]]>
<![CDATA[Production of High Protein MOCAF (Modified Cassava Flour) Using Papain and Lactic Acid Bacteria ]]>
<![CDATA[Afifah, DIni Nur]]>;
<![CDATA[Ma'ruf, Anwar]]>;
<![CDATA[Putri, Regita Nanda]]>;
<![CDATA[Santosa, Arif Prashadi]]>;
<![CDATA[Hamad, Alwani]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.9712
<![CDATA[Wheat is one of Indonesia's primary sources of carbohydrates. However, the need for wheat still depends on imports. So, developing local flour based on Indonesia's natural resources is necessary. One source of carbohydrates easily found in Indonesia is cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz). Although there are many in Indonesia, the diversification of cassava-based products is still limited. In this research, MOCAF flour was developed and produced by fermenting cassava tubers with lactic acid bacteria. The enzymatic activity during the MOCAF (Modified Cassava Flour) production process is believed to change the physicochemical properties of cassava so that MOCAF products have characteristics similar to wheat flour and are expected to meet the gap between the demand and availability of flour. Even though it can potentially substitute wheat, MOCAF flour only has about 1% protein content, influencing dough rheology. According to the problem, a process modification was done by adding the enzyme papain (PAP) as a support enzyme to improve the performance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In order to study the effect of the papain enzyme, variations were made on the ratio of lactic acid starter: papain enzyme (LAB: PAP) and fermentation time. The ratio of (LAB: PAP) was varied to 40:1, 40:3, 40:5, 40:7, and 40:9, while the fermentation period was varied to 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. The fermentation was conducted by using cassava varieties of Singkur aerobically. The primary starter contained Lactobacillus, sp, developed by PT. Rumah Mocaf Indonesia and the papain enzyme used have an activity of 100,000 U/g. Data analysis showed that the addition of papain enzyme doses with a ratio to the lactic acid starter of 40:7 was able to produce MOCAF with the best characteristics: protein content, starch content, and swelling power of 3.72%, 9.99%, 16.00%, respectively. The data trend of research also showed that the number of papain enzymes only significantly affects starch content and swelling power. On the other hand, fermentation time has a significant effect on these three characteristics (protein, starch, swelling power).]]>
<![CDATA[Antibacterial Test of The Essential Oil Fractions of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) Against Escherichia coli and Application as Hand Sanitizer Formulation ]]>
<![CDATA[Rastuti, Undri]]>;
<![CDATA[Lestari, Puji]]>;
<![CDATA[Hidayatullah, Rafly]]>;
<![CDATA[Habibie, Ranti Kamila]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.9773
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Hand sanitizer is an essential item during the COVID-19 pandemic, posing potential side effects when containing synthetic ingredients. Therefore, this study aimed to replace hand sanitizer formulation with Citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L.). Essential oil was fractioned into 3 components, namely F1 (67.07% of limonene), F2 (92.39% of citronellal), and F3 (62.41% of geraniol) while evaluation was conducted on antibacterial properties against E. coli. Antibacterial test was performed using the well diffusion method, showing inhibition zone diameters of 7.40, 10.76, and 8.30 mm for F1 to F3 fractions, respectively. The results showed that F2, selected as the reference for hand sanitizer formulation, had the most potential antibacterial activity and a MIC of 3.125%. Comparative test with commercial alternatives, including hedonic, characteristic, and antibacterial activity test, were conducted to assess the formulated hand sanitizer. F2 was discovered to have an inhibition zone diameter of 29.56 mm as opposed to 9.06 mm of commercial hand sanitizer. Based on hendonic test, hand sanitizer formulated with citronella oil had a distinct smell, which was less preferred than lime fragrance. Keywords: Antibacterial, Escherichia coli, and sanitizer, citronella essential oil.]]>
<![CDATA[Sesquiterpenoids from The Stem Bark of Aglaia cucullata (Meliaceae) and Their Cytotoxic Activity Against A549 Lung Cancer Cell Lines ]]>
<![CDATA[Mustaqim, Iqbal Wahyu]]>;
<![CDATA[Harneti, Desi]]>;
<![CDATA[Naini, Al Arofatus]]>;
<![CDATA[Hilmayanti, Erina]]>;
<![CDATA[Darwati, Darwati]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurlelasari, Nurlelasari]]>;
<![CDATA[Mayanti, Tri]]>;
<![CDATA[Maharani, Rani]]>;
<![CDATA[Farabi, Kindi]]>;
<![CDATA[Hidayat, Ace Tatang]]>;
<![CDATA[Supratman, Unang]]>;
<![CDATA[Fajriah, Sofa]]>;
<![CDATA[Azmi, Mohamad Nurul]]>;
<![CDATA[Shiono, Yoshihito]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.9823
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Sesquiterpenoids are a class of terpenoid compounds with a remarkable diversity of structures and biological activities. Sesquiterpenoids are primarily found in higher plants, such as the Meliaceae family's Aglaia genus. Aglaia cucullata is a species of Aglaia that is still rarely explored and can potentially contain sesquiterpenoid compounds with cytotoxic activity. Hence, the research intended to isolate sesquiterpenoids from the n-hexane extract of A. cucullata stem bark and evaluate their cytotoxic effect against A549 lung cancer cells. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated and purified from n-hexane extracts utilizing various chromatographic techniques. The structure of compounds 1 and 2 was determined by analyzing various spectroscopic methods (IR, MS, and NMR) and comparing them to previously reported spectral data. Compound 1 was identified as an isodaucane-type sesquiterpenoid, 10-hydroxy-6,10-epoxy-7(14)-isodaucane, and was first reported in Meliaceae family. Compound 2 was confirmed as an eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid, eudesm-4(15)-ene-1β,6α-dihydroxy, and was first reported in Aglaia cucullata. Cytotoxic activity of 1 and 2 were investigated in vitro against A549 lung cancer cells using the PrestoBlue assay and resulted in inactive and low cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 292.77 and 90.55 μM, respectively. Key words: Aglaia cucullata, , A549 cell lines, cytotoxic activity, Meliaceae, sesquiterpenoids.]]>
<![CDATA[Fluorescent Turn-off Probe of Ni2+ Based Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots ]]>
<![CDATA[Kamali, SIti Raudhatul]]>;
<![CDATA[Chen, Chang-Nan]]>;
<![CDATA[Agrawal, Dinesh Chandra]]>;
<![CDATA[Wei, Tai-Huei]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.9964
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT: An effective and facile method of generating nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CD) by microwave irradiation is presented in this study. A precursor, succinic acid (SA), and a nitrogen source, bis-(3-aminopropyl)-amine (BAPA), were used to obtain N-CD. A precious quantum yield (QY) of 49.0% was obtained from the preparation of N-CD, which was well-soluble in water. The N-CD material was highly selective and sensitive for the detection of nickel ion (Ni2+), with a detection limit of 0.26 μM and a linear concentration range of 5-175 μM. The quenching of the N-CD by the presence of Ni2+ was referred to formation of complexes because of the interaction of Ni2+ on the N-CD. Hence, the proposed study has great promise regarding Ni2+ detection in broad applications. Keywords: Microwave, Ni2+, nitrogen-doped carbon dots.]]>
<![CDATA[Direct Extraction and Conversion of Microalgal Lipid from Chlorella vulgaris to Biodiesel Through In Situ Process Assisted by Sonication ]]>
<![CDATA[Wulandari, Melysa]]>;
<![CDATA[Hadi, Sofijan]]>;
<![CDATA[Purkan, Purkan]]>;
<![CDATA[Sumarsih, Sri]]>;
<![CDATA[Abdulloh, Abdulloh]]>;
<![CDATA[Wahyuni, Dwi Kusuma]]>;
<![CDATA[Piluharto, Bambang]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.10042
<![CDATA[Direct extraction and conversion of microalgal lipid to biodiesel in one step process is developed to initiate an efficiently method in the biofuel production. The method that called as in-situ process had been applied in the biodiesel production from microalgae Chlorella vulgaris lipid by involving of sonication assisting. Various parameters that affect the in-situ transesterification were investigated to find the optimum conditions including power of sonication, co-solvent use, and biomass amount. The experiment was performed by acidic catalyst The use of sonication in 25kHz/270W yielded the highest biodiesel product. The apply of co-solvent n-hexane significantly increased the yield biodiesel rather than no co-solvent. The biodiesel yield of 10.39 % obtained when the process was accompanied by the n-hexane.as co-solvent with increasing level as 47% rather than without co-solvent. The in situ process in the ratio biomass - methanol 3:50 that assisted by sonication for 60 mins produced the highest biodiesel, which was 20,31 % w/w. The yield was higher than assisting with reflux or combination of reflux-sonication. The component of biodiesel yielded in the process consisting of 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic methyl ester; pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-methyl ester; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methyl ester; and eicosanoic acid-methyl ester. Joining of reflux-sonication exhibited a low biodiesel product. Disadvantage method from the combination may inhibit on lipid extraction or FAME transformation, the exact cause needs to be looked for in the future. Keywords : Biodiesel, in-situ transesterification, microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, sonication]]>
<![CDATA[Evaluating Porins OmpK35 and OmpK36 mRNA Expression in Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ]]>
<![CDATA[Sulistiyawati, Indah]]>;
<![CDATA[Wahyono, Daniel Joko]]>;
<![CDATA[Siswandari, Wahyu]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.10134
<![CDATA[Porin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression significantly influences porin permeability and reduces antibiotic penetration. Klebsiella pneumoniae has developed resistance to several antibiotics. Decreased expression levels of OmpK35 and OmpK36 porins result in changes in the porin profile and even functional loss of porins. This research aimed to analyze the relative expression of the outer membrane porins, OmpK35 and OmpK36. The research methodology involved MIC assays and quantification of OmpK35 and OmpK36 mRNA using RT-qPCR. The relative expression of OmpK35 and OmpK36 in clinical isolate K. pneumoniae is 0.8925 and 0.5877, respectively. The porin permeability of OmpK35/K36 mRNA positively correlated with the MIC values of OmpK35 (p-value = 0.029) and OmpK36 (p-value = 0.016), respectively. Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Klebsiella pneumoniae, OmpK35/K36, porin permeability]]>
<![CDATA[2-Cinnamamido-4-Methylpentanamide and N-(2-Hydroxypropanoyl)Cinnamamide: Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Docking Studies Through PBP2a Protein ]]>
<![CDATA[Rasyid, Herlina]]>;
<![CDATA[Ernawati, Teni]]>;
<![CDATA[Monoarfa, Indah Muthmainnah]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.10154
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Cinnamic acid has been found in several types of plants and has a diverse spectrum of bioactivity. Derivatization of cinnamic acid related to the improving bioactivity of a compound. Cinnamic acid can be found as an acid or in conjugated form with amides, esters, aldehydes. This research focus on the synthesis of amide derivatives of cinnamic acid to improve the bioactivity. Two compounds namely 2-cinnamamido-4-methylpentanamide (1a) and N-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)cinnamamide (1b) were carried out through amidation reaction using carbodiimide coupling reagent for 24 hours. The synthesized target compounds were characterized using FT-IR, GCMS-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The compounds were evaluated their antibacterial activity by molecular docking simulation against PBP2a (PDB ID: 1MWT) using AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools software. PBP2a is one of the main proteins in MRSA that has evolved to resist β-lactam antibiotics and was proposed to be the most likely target of MRSA. The inhibitory process of this protein works through inhibition of the bacterial cell wall. The synthesis process of 1a and 1b produced yields of 22.13% and 25.20%. Molecular docking results showed that 1a and 1b had better energy (ΔGbinding -7.33 and -6.29 kcal/mol) than Streptomycin as the control positive. The compounds of 1a and 1b had interactions on PBP2a through hydrogen bond with Asn464, Thr600, and Tyr519. This present study showed that the synthesized compounds from cinnamic acid derivatives have a potential to be used as antibacterial agents. Keywords: Amidation, antibacterial, 2-cinnamamido-4-methylpentanamide, molecular docking, N-(2-hydroxypropanoyl) cinnamamide.]]>
<![CDATA[Optimization of Hand Sanitizer Formulation with the Addition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) Essential Oil and a Combination of Essential Oils of Local Indonesian Empon-empon ]]>
<![CDATA[Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi]]>;
<![CDATA[Van Hayus, Elfi Susanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Mulyani, Sri]]>;
<![CDATA[Utomo, Suryadi Budi]]>;
<![CDATA[Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul]]>;
<![CDATA[Bilhaq, Natiq]]>;
<![CDATA[Pramesti, Anastasia Diaz]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.10186
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT: This research aimed to optimize the formulation of hand sanitizer by incorporating lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil in combination with essential oils of local Indonesian empon-empon: temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val. & van Zipj.), temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.), and temu mangga (Curcuma amada Roxb.). The optimization of hand sanitizer formulation was done based on several tests. The first was organoleptic test by observing the aroma, color, and form; the second was pH, homogeneity, and spreadability testing, and; the third was testing the antibacterial activities of each hand sanitizer formula against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The research stages encompassed isolation of essential oils, formulation and evaluation of hand sanitizers, antibacterial activities test, optimization of hand sanitizer formulation, and identification of the chemical compounds in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation using the GC-MS method. The study resulted in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation containing the essential oils of lemongrass (3%) and temu giring (3%), demonstrating very strong antibacterial bioactivities against both E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with inhibition zones measuring 29.70 mm and 60.08 mm, respectively. This hand sanitizer had a distinctive aroma, combining the scents of lemongrass and temu giring. It was in liquid form, clear, and homogeneous, with pH and spreadibility values of 5.4 and 6.4 cm, respectively. The quality complied with SNI quality standards No. 06-2588. The primary active ingredients were E-citral (22.10%), Z-citral (17.88%), and 1,8-cineol (17.63%). Keywords: Essential oil, hand sanitizer, lemongrass, temu giring, temu kunci, temu mangga.]]>
<![CDATA[Silver Nanoparticle Biosynthesis using Distimake vitifolius Extract for Enhancement of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity ]]>
<![CDATA[Tahya, Candra Yulius]]>;
<![CDATA[Karnelasatri, Karnelasatri]]>;
<![CDATA[Irawati, Wahyu]]>;
<![CDATA[Munthe, Sri Wahyu Ningsih]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.10295
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. The biological method for silver nanoparticle synthesis emphasizes green synthesis, which is faster, environmentally safer, facile, energy-efficient, and cost-effective. It provides good alternatives to physical and chemical methods. In this research, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles using D. vitifolius ethanolic extract. The 38 natural compounds of flavonoid, phenolic or polyphenol compositions have been determined by LC-MS/MS-QTOF which is carried out using UNIFI software equipped with a mass spectrum library of active substances from natural ingredients from the Waters database. Silver nanoparticle (Dv-AgNP) was characterized by using TEM and SEM where the average diameter of nanoparticle was seen <100 nm and confirmed by PSA analysis that the Z-average is 62.73 ± 0.71 nm. EDS spectrum confirmed the silver element as a major element of the particles. PI value of Dv-AgNP is 0.557, while the zeta potential is -17.37 ± 1.53 mV. Dv-AgNP can inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa (amoxicillin resistant) with an inhibition zone of 15.83 ± 2.36 mm, and K. pneumoniae with an inhibition zone is 10.03 ± 0.55 mm. These are moderate inhibitory activities. The antioxidant result of the Dv-AgNP suspension solution shows that the IC50 is 0.58 mM. The IC50 of the crude extract is 752 ppm and is categorized as very weak antioxidant activity. Keywords: Antibacterial; D. vitifolius; silver nanoparticle.]]>
