Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
The MOLEKUL is dedicated to fostering advancements in all branches of chemistry and its diverse sub-disciplines. It aims to publish high-quality research encompassing a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biological Activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry. By providing a platform for rigorous scientific inquiry and dissemination of knowledge, the journal strives to contribute to the understanding, innovation, and practical applications of chemistry in various fields. We encourage submissions that explore new methodologies, elucidate fundamental principles, address pressing challenges, and demonstrate the potential for real-world impact. Our journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, and perspectives from researchers, scholars, and professionals across the global scientific community, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and the advancement of chemical sciences. The scope of this journal encompasses a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on advancing knowledge and innovation in the following areas: 1. Theoretical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry: This includes theoretical studies, computational modeling, and experimental investigations related to chemical reactivity, molecular structures, spectroscopy, and the environmental fate and impact of chemicals. 2. Materials Synthesis for Energy and Environmental Applications: The journal welcomes research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials for energy storage, catalysis, solar energy conversion, pollution mitigation, and sustainable environmental technologies. 3. Isolation, Purification, and Modification of Biomolecules: Manuscripts addressing the isolation, purification, and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with their applications in areas such as biotechnology, drug discovery, and diagnostics, are of particular interest. 4. Fabrication, Development, and Validation of Analytical Methods: The journal encourages submissions focusing on the development and optimization of analytical techniques, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Topics may include method validation, sample preparation, quality control, and applications in diverse fields.
Articles
218 Documents
<![CDATA[Production, Characterization, and Toxicity Test of L-asparaginase from Vibrio alginolyticus Bacterial Symbiont of Green Algae Caulerpa lentillifera ]]>
<![CDATA[Kasturiasih, Ni Putu]]>;
<![CDATA[Ahmad, Ahyar]]>;
<![CDATA[Arfah, Rugaiyah A.]]>;
<![CDATA[Khairunnur, Siti]]>;
<![CDATA[Soekamto, Nunuk Hariani]]>;
<![CDATA[Taba, Paulina]]>;
<![CDATA[Hala, Yusafir]]>;
<![CDATA[Karim, Harningsih]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 3 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.8153
<![CDATA[L-asparaginase is an enzyme that can be used as an anticancer therapeutic agent. This study aimed to optimize fermentation time for production, optimization, and to test the toxicity of L-asparaginase from Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) bacterial symbiont of green algae Caulerpa lentillifera (C. lentillifera). The activity of L-asparaginase enzyme assay and the toxicity test were done by using the Nessler method and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method respectively. The results show L-asparaginase with 66 hours of fermentation time indicates the highest enzyme activity. L-asparaginase mentioned has an optimum enzyme activity of 17.99 U/mL for 30 minutes of incubation time at 37 °C, and pH 7.5. The BSLT results show LC50 value of 17.83 μg/mL indicating the enzyme is bio-toxic with high-level toxicity, which can continue for cytotoxicity tests on cancer cells.]]>
<![CDATA[Extract of Rhoeo Discolor Leaf as a Reducing and Stabilizing Agent in the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles ]]>
<![CDATA[Gusrizal, Gusrizal]]>;
<![CDATA[Sayekti, Endah]]>;
<![CDATA[Radianti, Sri]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 3 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.8249
<![CDATA[Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized using Rhoeo discolor leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. AgNPs were synthesized by adding silver nitrate to the extract of Rhoeo discolor and incubating it in a boiling water bath. The change in color of the mixture from clear to yellow indicated AgNPs formation. The synthesized AgNPs were spherical and showed an absorption peak at around 410-420 nm. The size of particles was distributed from 92 to 485 nm with an average size of 176 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.185. The stability test showed that synthesized AgNPs were stable for three months of storage at ambient temperature. The extract of Rhoeo discolor were responsible for reducing silver ion and stabilizing the synthesized AgNPs.]]>
<![CDATA[Characteristic of Natural and Acid-activated Clay From Hatu Village, Mollucas Province: FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, TEM, and BET Analysis ]]>
<![CDATA[Sekewael, Serly Jolanda]]>;
<![CDATA[Maahury, Mirella Fonda]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 3 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.8316
<![CDATA[Research on the chemical and physical characteristics of natural and acid-activated clay from Hatu Village had been carried out using FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, TEM, and BET surface area analyzer instruments. The natural clay had activated with 0.25 M sulfuric acid for 3 hours using the reflux method, then calcined with 700 Watt microwave radiation for 10 minutes. Overall, FTIR data show tetrahedral and octahedral functional groups that create clay minerals. There is a decrease in absorption intensity due to acid's influence, which dissolves cations in the octahedral and interlayer clay. The XRD analysis shows the Hatu natural clay contains montmorillonite, alumina, kaolinite, quartz, and illite minerals. Broadening and decreasing the intensity of diffraction peaks due to treatment by acid and calcination. SEM images of natural clay before and after activation-calcination shows the morphology of porous and layered material, while the mapping of the surface of natural clay shows irregular and rough material topography. The EDX spectra showed four elements with the most extensive composition: O, Si, Al, and Fe. XRF data confirmed three components that have the highest mass percent, namely SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. Dealumination occurs at 0.95% due to activation by sulfuric acid along with calcination. TEM images clearly show the multilayered silicate materials. The higher nitrogen gas uptake by activated-calcinated natural clay is proportional to the large surface area and total pore volume.]]>
<![CDATA[Sustainable Bioplastics Made from Cassava Peel Waste Starch and Carrageenan Formulations: Synthesis and Characterization ]]>
<![CDATA[Fadhallah, Esa Ghanim]]>;
<![CDATA[Assa'diyah, Indah Nurul]]>;
<![CDATA[Juwita, Nana]]>;
<![CDATA[Tullaila, Sholeha]]>;
<![CDATA[Yudistiro, Muhammad Kahfi Kharisma]]>;
<![CDATA[Zuidar, Ahmad Sapta]]>;
<![CDATA[Dameswary, Amarilia Harsanti]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.8394
<![CDATA[Plastic waste has become a global environmental problem as it is difficult to decompose and harms the environment. The alternative solution to overcome this problem is to produce biodegradable plastics made from renewable materials. Cassava peel waste contains starch that can form a thin film but has poor mechanical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to include additional substances to enhance its strength. Carrageenan is a substance that can improve bioplastic mechanical properties. This study aims to determine the characteristics of bioplastic made from cassava peel waste starch and carrageenan formulation. Nine formulations were tested in this study using the randomized complete block design factorial with the two factors of cassava peel starch (S) and carrageenan (C) concentrations, both at three levels and carried out under three replications. Bioplastics characteristics are observed in thickness, swelling, biodegradation, tensile strength, elongation, and elasticity. The formulation S2C1 (starch 20%; carrageenan 5%) produced the bioplastic with the best mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 1.1 MPa, elongation of 1.33%, and elasticity of 0.87. Meanwhile, the formulation S3C1 (starch 30%; carrageenan 5%) had the best results for swelling, thickness, and biodegradability, with a swelling value of 57.79%, thickness of 0.36mm, and 11-day biodegradability.]]>
<![CDATA[Enhancement of TiO2 Photocatalyst Using Rare Earth Oxide (La2O3) via a Simple Preparation Method for Degradation of Methylene Blue under Visible Light ]]>
<![CDATA[Natsir, Taufik Abdillah]]>;
<![CDATA[Pamungkas, Alam Reformasi Putra]]>;
<![CDATA[Aprilita, Nurul Hidayat]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.8467
<![CDATA[The modification of TiO2 using rare earth oxide (La2O3) to increase the photodegradation activity of TiO2 under visible light has been conducted. The goal of this research is to identify the influence of La2O3 on the TiO2 to the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The mixed oxide of TiO2/La2O3 was prepared using the precipitation method. The as-prepared catalyst was then calcined at 923 K. The photocatalyst was characterized using SRUV, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX. The results showed that the photocatalyst activity of TiO2/La2O3-923 under visible light in the degradation of methylene blue was higher than pristine TiO2. The decrease in bandgap energy of TiO2/La2O3-923 from 3.2 eV to 3.01 eV was not the main factor in the increase of photocatalytic activity of TiO2/La2O3-923. The optimum condition of photodegradation of MB was obtained when the ratio of TiO2/La2O3 was 5, the concentration of MB was 10 ppm, the reaction time was 300 min, and the mass of the photocatalyst was 0.25 g. The reusability of TiO2/La2O3-923 was stable up to 3 sequent runs with the MB photodegradation of more than 90%. The mechanistic study of the mixed oxide TiO2/La2O3 showed that the hydroxyl radical played an important role in its high photocatalytic. Keywords: TiO2-La2O3, photocatalyst, visible light, methylene blue]]>
<![CDATA[Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Curcuma domestica Val. Extract with Tetracycline Against Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ]]>
<![CDATA[Nasution, Halimah Raina]]>;
<![CDATA[Yuandani, Yuandani]]>;
<![CDATA[Septama, Abdi Wira]]>;
<![CDATA[Nugraha, Sony Eka]]>;
<![CDATA[Sufitni, Sufitni]]>;
<![CDATA[Khairunnisa, Nur Aini]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.8593
<![CDATA[Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are on the rise globally. MDR is facilitated by overexpression of efflux pump and permeability changes of membrane. Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic germ that causes a major problem in infection, also, there has been an increase in the incidence of resistance to various antibiotics. The present study highlights the synergistic of ethanolic extract of Curcuma domestica (EECD) rhizome with tetracycline against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDR-Ab). Assessment of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution using 96-well plates. The synergistic effect of EECD and tetracycline was determined by checkerboard method. The effect of EECD and tetracycline combination was investigated by bacteriolytic activity and inhibition of efflux pump by Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) accumulation assay. EECD presented the MIC value 250 µg/mL against MDR-Ab. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) value of EECD and tetracycline combination was 0.4, which showed their synergistic effect. Additionally, the combination of EECD and tetracycline could inhibit the efflux pump in MDR-Ab. This combination can also compromise cell integrity by altering membrane permeability thus lysing the bacteria cells. According to these results, EECD and tetracycline combination has synergistic effects at some sites of action, and thus could be used as a breakthrough to overcome infection problems due to MDR-Ab. Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, antibacterial, Curcuma domestica, multidrug-resistant, tetracycline]]>
<![CDATA[The Comparison of Tannin Fractions in Calliandra calothyrsus Leaves Utilizing Butanol-HCl4 and Protein-Precipitation Methods ]]>
<![CDATA[Subagyo, Yusuf]]>;
<![CDATA[Sumaryadi, Mas Yedi]]>;
<![CDATA[Ifani, Merryafinola]]>;
<![CDATA[Widodo, Hermawan Setyo]]>;
<![CDATA[Yusan, Rizak Tiara]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 2 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.2.8636
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Butanol-HCl4 (Bu-HCl4) and Protein-Precipitation (P-P) are methods that proposed to determine the content of free tannins, protein-bound tannins, and fiber-bound tannins. This study aims to determine the feasibility of tannin measurements by both methods and validation of Analytical Methods (VMA) evaluates specific parameters like accuracy, precision, specificity, and linearity through lab testing. The material used was twenty C. calothyrsus leaves which collected randomly from different trees. The samples were measured by both methods in triplicates for qantification and validation. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive and t-test to compare both methods. The analysis of VMA shows that the P-P method yields higher accuracy compared to the Bu-HCl method in percentage recovery rates. The quantification of free tannins, protein-bound tannin, tannin fiber, and total tannin by the Bu-HCl4 method versus the P-P method showed significantly higher values (p<0.01) for the Bu-HCl4 method: free tannins (13.44±0.54 vs. 7.11±0.16), protein-bound tannin (2.80±0.44 vs. 1.52±0.20), tannin fiber (5.20±0.45 vs. 1.00±0.21), and total tannin (21.50±0.88 vs. 9.59±0.36). The methode validation result of Bu-HCl4 and P-P methods in the accuracy was different, but the linearity test showed a good response. In conclusion, the tannin quantivication by the P-P and Bu-HCl4 can be applied for C. calothyrsus analysis. The total tannin content was higher if quantified by the Bu-HCl4 method compared to P-P. The accuracy of the P-P found higher than the Bu-HCl4 method. Keywords: Butanol-HCl4, leaves C. calothyrsus, protein-precipitation methods, tannin.]]>
<![CDATA[Encapsulation of Jeruju Leaves Ethanol Extract (Acanthus ilicifolius L.) and It's Antiinflammatory Activities Against Carrageenan-Induced Mice ]]>
<![CDATA[Tarigan, Indra Lasmana]]>;
<![CDATA[Kharisma, Tiara]]>;
<![CDATA[Bemis, Restina]]>;
<![CDATA[Sutrisno, Sutrisno]]>;
<![CDATA[Latief, Madyawati]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 3 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.8820
<![CDATA[Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaves ethanol extract contains flavonoids that function as an antiinflammatory source. So it is necessary to research to increase the utilization of ethanol extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves (A. ilicifolius L.) in encapsulations to increase the stability of antiinflammatory chemical compounds. Concentrated dyestuff extracts are often unstable, so they need to be converted into solid form, and one technique that can be done is encapsulation. Encapsulation aims to protect sensitive components of the material and reduce the degradation of active compounds in the material. The research method begins with preparing samples to be extracted with ethanol solvent, extract phytochemical screening tests, validation determination tests for the analysis method of ethanol extract levels of jeruju leaves, encapsulated formulations, encapsulated physics and chemical properties test and anti-inflammatory tests. In this research, the secondary metabolite compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Jeruju Leaves were flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, and saponins. The determination of the validation of the analysis method of ethanol extract levels of jeruju leaves was obtained by measurement using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and obtained extract levels of 1367,831 mg/g. This research used maltodextrin coating material for encapsulation formulation because it has low viscosity in many ratios, high solubility, has no taste. The freeze-dryer method was used in this study because it produces better drying quality than other drying methods. The physical property test was carried out by analysis using FTIR and SEM while the chemical properties of encapsulation obtained the highest yield proportion of 58.81%, and the highest solubility proportion of 98.76%. Anti-inflammatory testing is carried out using male mice as test animals. Anti-inflammatory testing in mice based on the Rat hind paw oedema method. The average percent inhibition of each dose administered is calculated based on the data results. The high average percent inhibition obtained for Diclofenac Na is 80%. In the research Encapsule 1:12, the 120 mg/KgBW dose had a significant percentage of inhibition of 75.55%, with Na Diclofenac dose of 10 mg/KgBW being 80%.]]>
<![CDATA[Screening The Anticancer Activity for New Schiff Bases of Natural Steroids ]]>
<![CDATA[Selman, Nawfal Abdul Samad]]>;
<![CDATA[Abbas, Layla Jasim]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 3 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.8859
<![CDATA[The significance of cholesterol and ergosterol (provitamin d2) in biological systems has prompted interest in these compounds as pharmaceuticals. It has been reported on the effective straightforward synthesis of Schiff base modifications of cholesterol aldehyde and ergosterol aldehyde and their assessment as possible agents against cancer (esophagus natural cell lines and human cancer cells). Through a process called Steglish esterification, the initial cholesterol and ergosterol are converted into their respective aldehyde derivatives, by reacting with amines such as 2-amino 6-fluoro benzothiazole, carbohydrazide, and thiosemicarbazide, these aldehyde derivatives are transformed into the appropriate Schiff base derivatives, and then their anticancer activity is checked using the MTT (Microculture Tetrazolium Assay) assay method. For the purpose of analyzing their cytotoxic effects, these compounds were tested on cancerous (SK-GT-4, human esophageal adenocarcinoma) and normal (normal cell line, Rat Embryonic fibroblast (REF)) cell lines. The MTT assay results revealed that the compounds (a1, a2, c1, c2, compound 1) were more harmful to human esophageal cancer cell line than to healthy cell line other than compounds (t1, t2, compound 2, ergosterol and cholesterol alone). Overall, our research indicated that provitamin D2 (ergosterol), a1, a2, c2, t2, compound 1, had a growth-inhibiting effect on both cell lines compared to c1, t1, compound 2, and cholesterol alone.]]>
<![CDATA[Metabolite Profiles of Sukabumi Arabica Green Coffee Beans Evaluated by 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics ]]>
<![CDATA[Hamdani, Ahmad]]>;
<![CDATA[Happyana, Nizar]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 19 No 1 (2024) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2024.19.1.8950
<![CDATA[Although Sukabumi arabica coffee is one of the famous coffees in Indonesia, however its chemical information is still limited in the literature. In this work, the metabolite profiles of arabica green coffee beans obtained from various plantations in Sukabumi, including Ciayunan, Pondok Halimun, and Selabintana were evaluated by 1H NMR-based metabolomics. In total, 19 metabolites were successfully identified, including the major and minor metabolites of the coffee. The score plot of the OPLS-DA (Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis) model was successful in classifying the metabolite profiles of the coffees based on their origins. The loading plot analysis showed that the signals belonging to fatty acids, sucrose, trigonelline, chlorogenic acid, lactic acid, and quinic acid, contributed to the classification. S-plot analysis revealed that Selabintana coffee was characterized with higher concentrations of trigonelline and sucrose, whereas Ciayunan sample had higher levels of fatty acids. Meanwhile, the metabolite profile of Pondok Halimun coffee demonstrated an intermediate characteristic between the Ciayunan and Selabintana samples. This work provided valuable scientific information for coffee development especially in West Java and generally in Indonesia. Keywords: metabolomics, multivariate data analysis, NMR, Sukabumi arabica green coffee beans.]]>
