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The Expression of mRNA LMP1 Epstein-Barr Virus from FFPE Tumour Biopsy: a Potential Biomarker of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis Wahyono, Daniel Joko; Gumilas, Nur Signa Aini; Sulistyo, Hidayat
Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education Vol 9, No 2 (2017): August 2017
Publisher : Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Semarang State University . Ro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i2.9028

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a multifactorial disease that is endemic geographically in the world. Indonesian population has a highly incidence rate that is 6.2/100,000 people year. The pathogenesis of NPC is more directly reflected by carcinoma-specific viral transcriptional activity at the site of primary tumour. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in NPC is reflected by the expression of EBV latent and lytic gene. In fact, mRNA Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) EBV expression was an important latent infection biomarker. The aim of this study was to determine a potential use of relative expression of mRNA LMP1 EBV from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumour biopsy in NPC as a tumour biomarker. This reseach design was a cross sectional study. The samples were the archived specimens of FFPE tumour biopsy from NPC WHO-3 patient which were collected from untreated patients from 2014 in the Department of Pathology Anatomy, Prof. dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital, Purwokerto. The expression of mRNA LMP1 EBV expression was determined by RT-PCR technique. The positivity of mRNA LMP1 EBV expression was 51.9%, indicating a moderate positivity. The result proved that the expression of mRNA LMP1 EBV from FFPE NPC WHO-3 tumour biopsy was a potential biomarker of NPC diagnosis. The molecular methods would improved the management of NPC, particularly in the histopathological diagnosis of NPC.

Moleculer Detection of Protozoa Trichodina spp. In Gourami (Osphromenus Gourame Lac.) Larvae with The infecting 18S rRNA Gene Marking in Exs. Residence of Banyumas, Central Java Rokhmani, Rokhmani; Setyawati, Endang Ariyani; Wahyono, Daniel Joko
Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education Vol 10, No 2 (2018): August 2018
Publisher : Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Semarang State University . Ro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.11720

Protozoa species of Trichodina spp. may be found in most hatchery centers in Banyumas, Purbalingga, and Banjarnegara. However, the determination of Trichodina spp. types is still based on its bodyâs morphological variations, not yet molecular. A research has been conducted to identify molekuler of the Trichodina spp. with the infecting 18S rRNA gene marking on the gourami larvae in Exs. Residence of Banyumas, Central Java. The research used a survey method with the samples of gourami. Amplification of 18S rRNA gene from Trichodina heterodentata was Performed using PCR technique. Primer used is Forward primer (5 â-AAC CTG GTT GAT CCT GCC ATG-3â) and Reverse primer (5 â-TGA TCC TTC TGC AGG TTC ACC TAC-3â) which produces a 600 pb amplicon of DNA. Molecular research can be a complementary identification of organisms morphologically. Amplification of the partial 18S rRNA gene may be used to identify Trichodina specifically. Gourami larvae taken from the hatchery centers in Banyumas, Purbalingga, and Banjarnegara. The results show that the detected percentage of Trichodina heterodentata genes with the infecting 18S rRNA gene marking on the gourami larvae in Central Java taken from the hatchery centers in Banyumas, Purbalingga and Banjarnegara are respectively 10%, 10%, and 45%. This research provides a benefit in mapping the presence of protozoa pathogen of Trichodina spp. in gourami hatcheries in the Former Exs. Residence of Banyumas, Central Java

WASTE BANK AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMMUNITY BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT Purwendah, Elly Kristiani; Wahyono, Daniel Joko
Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha Vol 9, No 3 (2021): September, Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23887/jpku.v9i3.40169

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui dan menganalisa bagaimana terkait pengelolaan sampah, (2) mengetahui dan menganalisa bagaimana peran bank sampah dalampengelolaan sampah, dan (3) mengetahui dan menganalisa bagaimana pengelolaan sampah yang berbasis masyarakat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, kemudian data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara yuridis kualitatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) Sistem pengelolaan sampah merupakan proses pengelolaan sampah yang meliputi 5 (lima) aspek yaitu aspek kelembagaan; pembiayaaan; pengaturan; teknik operasional; dan peran serta masyarakat, (2) Bank Sampah dalam pelaksanaanya dapat mengurangi tingginya angka sampah di masyarakat dan di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA). Sehingga, melalui Bank Sampah menjadi salah satu alternatif solusi bagi pemerintah maupun masyarakat dalam mengurangi terus meningkatnya volume sampah. (3) Pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat sebagai suatu pendekatan pengelolaan sampah yang didasarkan pada partisipasi aktif masyarakat. Pengelolaan lingkungan hidup memerlukan adanya fasilitasi dan implementasi upaya berbasis masyarakat sebagai suatu strategi pemberdayaan dan peningkatan akses mereka kepada sumber daya lingkungan hidup

The Effect Of Ethanol Extract From Lingzhi Fungi (Ganoderma Lucidum) Cianjur Isolate On Syndecan-1 Expressions In Kb CCL17 Oral Cancer Cell: Efek Ekstrak Ethanol Dari Jamur Lingzhi (Ganoderma Lucidum) Isolat Cianjur Terhadap Ekspresi Syndecan-1 Pada Sel Kanker Rongga Mulut Kb Ccl-17 Ashar, Fadli; Widodo, Haris Budi; Wahyono, Daniel Joko; Ratnaningtyas, Nuniek Ina; Nawangtantrini, Gita; Novrial, Dody; Dwiandhono, Irfan
Dentika: Dental Journal Vol. 24 No. 2 (2021): Dentika Dental Journal
Publisher : TALENTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/dentika.v24i2.4189

Intercellular adhesion plays a role in cancer formation and protein has a key potential in maintaining cell adhesion, including syndecan-1. Meanwhile, oral cancer originates from the oral epithelium, which has an invasive and metastatic level. Its treatments involving chemotherapy and radiotherapy commonly leave unfavorable side effects, hence, suitable alternatives are needed. Natural ingredients are widely used as an alternative treatment for cancer, for example, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) which has anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic properties, induces apoptosis, stimulates an immune response, inhibits the degradation of Extracellular matrix (ECM), reduces inflammation, affects cell cycles, cytotoxic, and acts as an antioxidant.This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract from Ganoderma lucidum Cianjur isolate on syndecan-1 expression in KB CCL-17 oral cell cancer. This was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design, the treatment group used G. lucidum ethanol extract with a concentration of 2.12 μg/ml (P1), 4.24 μg/ml (P2), and 8.49 μg/ml (P3), while the positive control group used cisplatin with a concentration of 11.5 μg/ml (K1). In contrast, the negative control used aquadest (K0), while syndecan-1 expression was observed using the immunohistochemical examination.The highest syndecan-1 expansion rate was found in the treatment group with a concentration of 8.49 μg/ml. A significant difference was indicated by one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) between K0 - K1, K0 - P1, K0 - P2, K0 - P3, K1 - P1, K1 - P2, K1 - P3, P1 - P2, as well as P1 and P3. The administration of ethanol extract from G. lucidum Cianjur isolate increases syndecan-1 expression in KB CCL-17 oral cell cancer.

WASTE BANK AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMMUNITY BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT Elly Kristiani Purwendah; Daniel Joko Wahyono
Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): September, Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23887/jpku.v9i3.40169

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui dan menganalisa bagaimana terkait pengelolaan sampah, (2) mengetahui dan menganalisa bagaimana peran bank sampah dalampengelolaan sampah, dan (3) mengetahui dan menganalisa bagaimana pengelolaan sampah yang berbasis masyarakat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, kemudian data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara yuridis kualitatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) Sistem pengelolaan sampah merupakan proses pengelolaan sampah yang meliputi 5 (lima) aspek yaitu aspek kelembagaan; pembiayaaan; pengaturan; teknik operasional; dan peran serta masyarakat, (2) Bank Sampah dalam pelaksanaanya dapat mengurangi tingginya angka sampah di masyarakat dan di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA). Sehingga, melalui Bank Sampah menjadi salah satu alternatif solusi bagi pemerintah maupun masyarakat dalam mengurangi terus meningkatnya volume sampah. (3) Pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat sebagai suatu pendekatan pengelolaan sampah yang didasarkan pada partisipasi aktif masyarakat. Pengelolaan lingkungan hidup memerlukan adanya fasilitasi dan implementasi upaya berbasis masyarakat sebagai suatu strategi pemberdayaan dan peningkatan akses mereka kepada sumber daya lingkungan hidup

Deteksi Virus Penyebab Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut di Rumah Sakit (Studi Pendahuluan dengan Uji Fast-Track® Diagnostik) Vivi Setiawaty; Maretra Anindya Puspaningrum; Arie Ardiansyah Nugraha; Daniel Joko Wahyono
Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Vol 28 No 4 (2018)
Publisher : Sekretariat Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22435/mpk.v28i4.257

Abstract Acute respiratory infections (ARI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and Indonesia. Information on the virus that causes ARI is still limited. The aim of this study was to detect the virus that causes ARI hospitalized cases in three sentinel surveillance hospitals of severe ARI. Laboratory testing of 30 nasal and throat swab specimens from ARI hospitalized cases at Deli Serdang Hospital, Wonosari Hospital and Kanudjoso Djati Hospital during August - September 2016. Laboratory testing were carried out at the Virology Laboratory of the Center for Biomedical Research and Development and Basic Health Technology. This research is a preliminary study using Fast-Track Diagnostics multiplex Real-time RT-PCR to detect 21 viruses. The viruses that have been detected are Human Metapneumovirus (21.2%), Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 (12.1%), Influenza B (6.1%), Human Coronavirus-OC43 (6.1%), Human CoronavirusNL63 (6.1%), Human Parainfluenza Virus 2 (3.0%), Human Rhinovirus (3.0%), and Human Adenovirus (3.0%). Of the 17 samples that tested positive for viruses, 14 of them were single cases of infection while the other three were cases of co-infection between Human Coronavirus-NL63 and Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human Metapneumovirus with Human Coronavirus-OC43, and Human Adenovirus with Human Rhinovirus. The most detected virus from ARI hospitalized cases are the Human Metapneumovirus. Abstrak Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA) merupakan penyakit menular yang menjadi penyebab utama 1 morbiditas dan mortalitas di dunia dan Indonesia. Informasi virus penyebab ISPA masih terbatas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeteksi virus penyebab kasus ISPA rawat inap di tiga rumah sakit sentinel surveilans ISPA berat. Pemeriksaan pada 30 spesimen swab hidung dan tenggorok dari kasus ISPA rawat inap di RSUD Deli Serdang, RSUD Wonosari, dan RS Kanudjoso Djati selama bulan Agustus–September 2016. Pemeriksaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Virologi Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan menggunakan FastTrack Diagnostics multiplex Real-time RT-PCR untuk mendeteksi 21 virus. Virus-virus yang berhasil dideteksi adalah Human Metapneumovirus (21,2%). Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 (12,1%), Influenza B (6,1%), Human Coronavirus-OC43 (6,1%), Human Coronavirus-NL63 (6,1%), Human Parainfluenza Virus 2 (3,0%), Human Rhinovirus (3,0%), dan Human Adenovirus (3,0%). Dari 17 sampel yang dinyatakan positif mengandung virus, 14 diantaranya merupakan kasus infeksi tunggal sedangkan tiga lainnya merupakan kas us koinfeksi antara Human Coronavirus-NL63 dengan Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human Metapneumovirus dengan Human Coronavirus-OC43, dan Human Adenovirus dengan Human Rhinovirus. Virus yang paling banyak terdeteksi dari spesimen kasus ISPA rawat inap adalah Human Metapneumovirus.

Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tubotympanic Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Patients in Purwokerto, Indonesia Daniel Joko Wahyono; Anton Budhi Darmawan; Leader Alfason; Reinhard Simbolon; Siwi Pramatama Mars Wijayanti; Wisiva Tofriska Paramaiswari; Korrie Salsabila; Dodi Safari
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 12, No 4 (2020)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v12i4.1218

BACKGROUND: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) causes hearing impairment and frequently occurred in low-income country where medical care and personal hygiene are poor. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most common cause of CSOM. We investigated prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa from tubotympanic CSOM patients in tertiary hospital, Purwokerto, Indonesia in 2016-2017.METHODS: Ear swab specimens were collected from patients with tubotympanic CSOM. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were isolated and identified by culture, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and molecular tools. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method.RESULTS: Out of ear swabs from 34 patients with tubotympanic CSOM, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were identified in 35%patients. No Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain was found from the ear swabs of the patients with tubotympanic CSOM. Bacterial identification using the MALDI-TOF MS was concordantly with culture and molecular tools. All S. aureus isolates showed full susceptibility to cefoxitin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Resistance to tetracycline was common with only 64% of S. aureus strains being susceptible. Meanwhile, all P. aeruginosa strains were susceptible to cefepime, cetazidime, meropenem, gentamicin, and tobramycin.CONCLUSION: S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are found in patients with tubotympanic CSOM and still susceptible to different antibiotic agents. MALDI-TOF MS demonstrate rapid, accurate and robust to detect S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.KEYWORDS: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, chronic tubotympanic suppurative otitis media

Ekspresi gen litik virus Epstein-Barr: manfaatnya untuk penegakan diagnosis karsinoma nasofaring Daniel Joko Wahyono; Bambang Hermani; Purnomo Soeharso
Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana Vol 40, No 2 (2010): Volume 40, No. 2 July - December 2010
Publisher : PERHATI-KL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32637/orli.v40i2.9

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic in certain geographic regions, such asSoutheast Asia, and is associated with several environmental and genetic factors. Undifferentiated NPCis consistent with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. NPC is the most common ENT tumor in Indonesiawith high prevalence among native populations and yearly overall incidence estimated 6.2 per 100.000 population. Purpose: To explain the advantage of EBV immediate-early gene expression analysis indetermining of NPC diagnosis and management of NPC.Review: Replication of EBV implies to twocellular reactions, i.e. latentcy and lytic cycle expression of EBV lytic genes which consists of three lyticphases, i.e. immediate-early, early and late phase. Expression of immediate-early genes BZLF1 andBRLF1 are needed to induct of early and late genes, so both genes are known as transactivator genes.BALF1, an early lytic gene, expresses some protein regulating EBV replication in NPC. Expression of BCLF1, a late lytic gene, is essential for EBV replication, particularly in the forming of virion structure inNPC. Switching from latent to lytic cycle in tumor cells can happened spontaneously, particularly whenthe viral immediate early genes are induced via signal transduction after initial activation by anti-IgG,TGF-ß and CD4+. In NPC, the induction of EBV lytic cycle by cisplatin and irradiation gamma leads tothe increasing expression of BRLF1 and BZLF1 which have a correlation with the increasing of tumorprogression. RT-PCR technique is a very useful for detecting mRNA BRLF1 and BZLF1 gene expressionat the site of primary tumor, while real-time RT-PCR technique is used to measure the mRNA level ofthose genes.Conclusion: Expression of EBV immediate-early lytic gene in the biopsy of NPC primarytumour provides a basic clinical information for NPC diagnosis and therapy more accurately. Key words: expression EBV lytic gene, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC diagnosis. Abstrak : Latar belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) bersifat endemik secara geografis (di Asia Tenggara)dan berasosiasi dengan beragam faktor lingkungan dan genetik. KNF tidak berdiferensiasi konsistendengan adanya infeksi virus Epstein-Barr (VEB). Prevalensi KNF pada populasi Indonesia cukup tinggisebesar 6,2/100.000 penduduk per tahun. Tujuan:Menjelaskan kegunaan analisis ekspresi gen litikimmediate-early VEB untuk menegakkan diagnosis KNF dan meningkatkan efisiensi dalam penangananKNF. Tinjauan Pustaka: Replikasi VEB pada epitel nasofaring berimplikasi pada dua reaksi seluler,yaitu siklus laten dan litik VEB. Ekspresi gen litik VEB terdiri dari tiga fase, yaitu immediate-early,early dan late.Ekspresi gen immediate-early BZLF1 dan BRLF1 diperlukan untuk menginduksi genlitik fase early dan late, sehingga kedua gen tersebut dikenal sebagai gen transaktivator. Gen faseearlylitik BALF1 mengekspresikan protein replikasi pada KNF. Ekspresi gen fase late BCLF1 berperanpenting untuk replikasi VEB pada KNF, terutama untuk membentuk struktur virion. Perubahan sikluslaten menjadi siklus litik pada sel tumor dapat terjadi secara spontan, terutama melalui transduksi sinyalsetelah aktivasi oleh anti-IgG, TGF-ß dan CD4. Pada KNF, induksi siklus litik VEB dengan cisplatindan radiasi sinar γ menyebabkan peningkatan ekspresi gen BRLF1 dan BZLF1 yang berkorelasi denganpeningkatan progresivitas tumor. Teknik RT-PCR akan sangat berguna untuk mendeteksi ekspresi mRNAgen BRLF1 dan BZLF1 VEB pada lokasi tumor primer, sedangkan teknik real time RT-PCR digunakanuntuk mengukur kuantitas mRNA gen tersebut. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi gen litik immediate-early VEBpada biopsi tumor KNF memberikan informasi klinis dasar yang lebih akurat untuk diagnosis dan terapiKNF.+Kata kunci: ekspresi gen litik VEB, karsinoma nasofaring, diagnosis KNF.

DETEKSI MOLEKULER VIRUS DENGUE SEROTIPE 3 PADA NYAMUK Aedes aegypti DI WILAYAH PURWOKERTO TIMUR Priskila Agnesia Prayitno; Endang Srimurni Kusmintarsih; Daniel Joko Wahyono
BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed Vol 2 No 2 (2020): BioEksakta
Publisher : Fakultas Biologi Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus Dengue dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Nyamuk tersebut merupakan vektor utama dalam penularan virus Dengue (DENV) dengan ciri khas tubuh dan tungkainya ditutupi sisik dengan garis-garis putih keperakan. Persebarannya luas di daerah tropis dan subtropis, Purwokerto termasuk daerah endemis DBD dan sekaligus ditemukan nyamuk sebagai vektornya. Kecamatan Purwokerto Timur menempati urutan tertinggi dari banyaknya kejadian DBD di wilayah Banyumas, bahkan kejadian luar biasa (KLB) yang terjadi di Kelurahan Sokanegara pada tahun 2016 hingga menyebabkan kematian. Penelitian sebelumnya melaporkan bahwa virus Dengue yang paling banyak ditemukan di Purwokerto adalah serotipe 3. Oleh karena itu, deteksi molekuker nyamuk Ae. aegypti perlu dilakukan berkaitan dengan prediksi penularan Dengue untuk memperoleh informasi awal dalam pencegahan dan pengendalian DENV.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi virus Dengue serotipe 3 pada nyamuk dewasa Ae. aegypti sebagai vektornya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode survei dengan pendekatan secara cross sectional dan teknik pengambilan sampel purposiveAnalisis data survei dilakukan dengan melihat positivitas DENV serotipe 3 pada nyamuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan DENVserotipe 3 tidak terdeteksi pada nyamuk yang di sampling di Purwokerto Timur. Kata kunci : Aedes aegypti, Demam Berdarah Dengue, DENV

Identifikasi Serotipe dan Sensitivitas Antibiotik S. pneumoniae yang Dibawa Nasofaring Penderita Oma di Kabupaten Banyumas Miranti Oviani; Daniel Joko Wahyono; Dodi Safari
BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed Vol 2 No 1 (2020): BioEksakta
Publisher : Fakultas Biologi Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

The aims of this study are to detect S. pneumoniae carried by nasopharnyx of children in primary school (aged 6-12 years) that diagnosed with AOM, to identify sensitivity of S. pneumoniae to antibiotics. The design of this study is nonexperimental survey with the descriptive analysis. Sampling was conducted in September - December 2018 in Banyumas district primary schools. Detection of S. pneumoniae was performed with microbiology methods. Meanwhile, serotype was determined by multiplex PCR and sensitivity to antibiotics was deduced using disc diffusion. The result of this study showed that carriage rate of S. pneumoniae carried by nasopharynx in children aged over 5 years that diagnosed with AOM in the Banyumas district was 35%. Serotype of S. pneumoniae obtainend from this study were 6A/6B, 6C/6D, 17F, 3, 13, 14, 23B, and untypeable. In addition, isolates of S. pneumoniae were highly susceptible to clindamycin (100%), erythromycin (100%), sulphametaxazole/trimethoprim (100%), chloramphenicol (88%), oxacillin (77%), and tetracycline (66%).

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