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Nexus Biomedika
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Articles 292 Documents
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Pengaruh Ekstrak Wortel (Daucus carota L.) terhadap Waktu Kematian Cacing Ascaris suum, Gooze in Vitro Aryo Seno; Sri Haryati; Bambang Sukilarso Sakiman
Nexus Biomedika Vol 2, No 3 (2013): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background : Carrots contain quercetin that can be used as antihelmintik. Quercetin is a class of flavonoid glycosides. This study aimed to determine the effect of carrots extract (Daucus carota, L.) against the death time of Ascaris suum, Goeze in vitro. Methods :This study was a laboratory experimental research using post-test only controlled group design. Subjects were Ascaris suum, Goeze which were still in active movement. Sampling technique used in this study was convenience sampling. Subjects were arranged into 7 groups, each group consisted of 4 worms, replication was done 4 times. Pyrantel pamoate 5mg/ml and physiological saline were successively added to the test solution of positive control and negative control group, while carrots Extract (Daucus carota, Linn) of 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% and 90% were added to the test solution of treatment groups. Worms were soaked in 25 ml of test solution and incubated at 37C. Observations were done every hour until all the worms died. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results : There was a significant correlation between the concentration variables and time of death of the worms variable (p value of Pearson correlation was 0.000 (<0.050). The higher concentration of the carrot extract was the shorter time of death of worms (Correlation coefficient of concentration variable and time of death of the worms variable was - 0.960). The linear regression equation was Y = 53.775 - 0.609X. Conclusion : The Carrots extract (Daucus carota, Linn) had effects on accelerating the time of death of Ascaris suum, Gooze in vitro. Keywords : Daucus carota, Linn extract, Ascaris suum, Goeze
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Sukun (Artocarpus altilis F.) terhadap Perbaikan Jumlah Sel-? Pankreas pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Model Diabetes Melitus Achmad Syarif Hidayatulloh; . Suyatmi; Nur Hafidha Hikmayani
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 2 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by decrease of insulin production and/or sensitivity. The hyperglycemia state increases free radical production which can damage pancreatic ? cells through oxidative stress mechanism. Breadfruit leaves contain antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolics and tannins which can neutralize free radical activity. This study aims to examine the effect of breadfruit leaf extract on pancreatic ? cells in diabetic rats. Methods: This was an experimental study using posttest only group design. Subjects were 30 male white rats aged 2-3 months and weighed 160-200 g. Subjects were divided into 5 treatment groups. Normal group, treatment group I, II, and III were intraperitoneally induced by 65 mg/kgBW streptozotocine and 230 mg/kgBW nicotinamide. Negative control group and normal group were administered 2 ml/kgBW/day NaCMC, whereas treatment groups I, II, and III were administered breadfruit leaf extract at doses of 200 mg/kgBW/day, 400 mg/kgBW/day, and 800 mg/kgBW/day, respectively. Treatments were conducted for 14 days and rats were terminated at day 15th. The rats pancreases were made into preparations of glass slides with Gomori staining. Data on the numbers of normal pancreatic ? cells were compared by the Kruskal Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: There was a significant difference of the numbers of normal pancreatic ? cells among the groups (p<0.001). Results from Mann-Whitney U tests showed no significant differences, except comparisons between negative control group and treatment group I (p=0.548), and between treatment group III and normal group (p=0.548). Conclusion: Breadfruit leaf extract can improve the numbers of pancreatic ? cells in diabetic rats with an optimal dose of 800 mg/kgBW/day. Keywords: Breadfruit leaf extract, pancreatic ? cells, diabetes mellitus, STZ-NA.
The Correlation between Estimation of Cranial Capacity and Working Memory Capacity in Elementary Students in Surakarta Reza Yunita Sari; Nanang Wiyono; Andri Iryawan
Nexus Biomedika Vol 4, No 1 (2015): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: In children, the increasing of cranial capacity and the maturation of working memory capacity happen. The increasing of cranial capacity is driven by the growth of brain. The growth and the maturation of brain will influence someones intelligence. The working memory capacity is one of the most important domains of intelligence. This research aimed to determine the correlation between the estimation of cranial capacity and the working memory capacity. Methods: This research was a descriptive analytical study which used cross sectional approach. The subjects of this study were 5th grade students at Kristen Manahan Elementary School. This research was done in 36 males of students by measuring cranial capacity and doing Reading Span Test for measuring working memory capacity. The collected data were analyzed with the Saphiro Wilk Normality Test and the Pearson Correlation. Results: The result of analysis showed r = 0.367 and p = 0.027, which meant that there was weak-powered correlation between the estimation of cranial capacity and the working memory capacity in the elementary students in Surakarta and this correlation was statistically significant. Conclusions: From this research, it is concluded that there is statistically significant correlation between the estimation of cranial capacity and the working memory capacity in the elementary students in Surakarta (r = 0.367). Keywords: Estimation of cranial capacity; working memory capacity; elementary student
Antifungal Activity of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) Extract Against Candida albicans in vitro Oki Saraswati Utomo; Sutartinah Sri Handayani; Ruben Dharmawan
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 2 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Introduction: Fungal infections caused by Candida sp. called by candidiasis or candidosis. Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) is one of the plants that have a potential as an alternative antifungal treatment against Candida albicans because Citronella grass has saponin, flavonoids, tannins and essential oil which has a role as an antifungal. This study aims to determine the effect of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) extract as antifungal against the growth of Candida albicans in vitro. Methods: This research was a quasi experimental laboratory. The subjects in this study was subcultured of Candida albicans which was obtained from Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology of the Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The research used 10 treatment groups, there was PEG 2% as negative control, Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) extract which dissolved with PEG 400M so it was obtained 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% for each concentration also ketoconazole 25 g as positive control. The subjects were inoculated onto Saboraud Dextrose Agar which has 6 mm diameter well. The results was analyzed using One Way Anova and Post Hoc LSD. Results: All concentration levels of Citronella Grass extract showed activity against Candida albicans. The inhibition diameter increased with increasing concentrations. Extract with 100% concentration showed the highest antifungal activity even though the antfungal activity was lower than ketoconazole 25 g. The average of inhibition diameter zone formed with concentration of 100% is 23.83 mm, meanwhile inhibition diameter zone of ketoconazole 25 g is 27.50 mm. The results of statistical analysis using One Way Anova test showed that there are significant differences on ten treatment groups with the score p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). Negative control and positive control group also showed a significant difference in all groups. Conclusion: Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) extract showed antifungal effect against the growth of Candida albicans in vitro start from concentration of 30% up to 100%, but that antifungal effect still less than ketoconazole 25 g. Keywords: Antifungal, Citronella Extract, Candida albicans.
Efektivitas Desinfektan Karbol 4% di Ruang Isolasi Barat ICU RSUD Dr. Moewardi Brenda Ervistya Pertiwi; . Hudiyono; . Purwoko
Nexus Biomedika Vol 2, No 2 (2013): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Nosocomial infection still becomes a global health problem. An attempt to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections in the ICU (intensive care unit) room of RSUD Dr. Moewardi, 4% carbol has been used routinely in disinfection. This study was to know the effectiveness of 4% carbol disinfectant in West Isolation Room of ICU in RSUD Dr. Moewardi. This study was an analytical observational research with a cross sectional approach. The samples collected from ICU resulted from three groups. Each group was 15 samples, collected from swabbing the floor and the wall (grown on agar), and from the air (grown on blood agar). For each group, 5 samples were taken at 6 am (1 hour before disinfection), at 9 am (2 hours after disinfection) and at 12 pm (5 hours after disinfection). The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon experiment Based on the standard of germs limit on wall, floor (5-10 colony/cm2) and air (?200 cfu/m3) at intensive care unit, the result from swabbing the wall and air samples showed that the disinfection was 100% effective. Whereas, the result from swabbing the floor was only 13.33% effective. Between germs number from swabbing the wall collected at 6 am and 9 am represented a significant reduction (p = 0.042). On the other hand, there was no significant reduction of germ number between which were collected at 6 am and 12 pm (p = 0.068) as well as between 9 am and 12 pm (p = 1.000). In addition, there was also no significant reduction of germs number resulting from swabbing the floor between collected at 6 am and 9 am (p = 0.080); 6 am and 12 pm (p = 0.080); and 9 am and 12 pm (p = 0.068). Furthermore, the number of air germs between collected at 6 am and 9 am represented a significant reduction (p = 0.043). But, there was no significant reduction between collected at 6 am and 12 pm (p = 0.225), as well as at 9 am and 12 pm (p = 0.715). Disinfection with 4% carbol in west isolation room of ICU RSUD Dr. Moewardi showed effectively controlling germs number on the wall and the air, but it was not effectively controlling on the floor. Keyword: disinfectant, carbon 4%, germs number.
Hubungan antara Infeksi Protozoa Cryptosporidium Sp dengan Kejadian Diare Kronis pada Pasien HIV/AIDS di RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Surya Dewi Primawati; Paramasari Dirgahayu; Dani Redhono Haryoputro
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
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Abstract

Background: Cryptosporidium sp. is apicomplexan parasite that causes chronic diarrhea. This parasites infection can cause high mortality in immunocompromais individuals especially who are infected with HIV/AIDS. Although the HIV/AIDS infection is a concern in Indonesia, but there has been no study on the infection of chronic diarrhea in patients with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to know the correlation between the Protozoan Cryptosporidium sp. infection and chronic diarrhea incident in patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. Methods: This was an observational analytic study using cross sectional approach conducted on May September 2013. Thirty six patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. Moewardi Hospital that were appropriate with the criteria of restriction were taken for samples. The data about chronic diarrhea, age, gender, level of education were obtained from the questionnaire. Identification of Cryptosporidium sp. in stool was examined using modified acid fast stain techniques, while their consistency were obtained through macroscopic examination. Data about the status of patient's CD4 were obtained from the medical record. The correlation between chronic diarrhea, sex, level of education, consistency of the stool, CD4 status and Cryptosporidium sp. infection was analyzed by using Fisher Test (a=0.05). Results: Fisher test analysis showed there was no significant correlation between infection of Cryptosporidium sp. and incidence of chronic diarrhea (p = 1). Analysis of correlation between gender, level of education, consistency of the stool, CD4 status and Cryptosporidium sp. infection, the value of p > 0.05 was obtained. Conclusions: There was no significant correlation between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and chronic diarrhea incident in patients with HIV/AIDS at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. Keyword : Cryptosporidium sp, chronic diarrhea, HIV/AIDS
Efek Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) Terhadap Kerusakan Histologis Sel Hepar Mencit (Mus musculus) yang Diinduksi Parasetamol Riris Arizka Wahyu Kumala; . Suyatmi; Ratih Puspita Febrinasari
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 3 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
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Abstract

Background: Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) contains alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, triterpenoid, and steroid that are potent antioxidant to protect the liver from free radicals. The aim of this research was to know the hepatoprotective effect of soursop leaves extract toward liver histological damage of mice (Mus musculus) induced by paracetamol. Methods: This was an experimental laboratory research with the post test only controlled group design. Samples were 30 male Swiss Webster mice with 2-3 months old and 20g of weight taken by incidental sampling. They were divided randomly into 5 groups, namely kelompok kontrol negatif (KKn), kelompok kontrol (KK), kelompok perlakuan 1 (KP1), kelompok perlakuan 2 (KP2), and kelompok perlakuan 3 (KP3). KKn and KK were given aquadest for 14 days. Soursop leaves extract were given to KP1, KP2, KP3 in dose 5.6 mg, 11.2 mg, and 22.4 mg/20gbw of mice respectively for 14 days. Paracetamol in dose 5.07 g/20gbw were given to KK, KP1, KP2, and KP3 on the 12th, 13th, 14th day. On the 15th day, mice were sacrificed and their livers were taken for histological preparation with paraffin block method and HE staining. Liver histological features were assessed based on quantifying of pyknosis, karhyorhexis, and karyolysis of each 100 cells on the 3rd zone. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test (? = 0,05) and continued with Post Hoc (LSD) test (? = 0,05). Results: The results of One-Way ANOVA test showed a significant difference of liver damage score among groups, *p = 0.000. Results of LSD test showed significant difference between KKn-KK, KKn-KP1, KKn-KP2, KKn-KP3, KK-KP1, KK-KP2, KK-KP3, KP1-KP2, KP1-KP3, KP2-KP3 with *p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Soursop leaves extract (Annona muricata L.) can prevent liver histological damage of mice (Mus musculus) induced by paracetamol.Keywords: Soursop leaves extract, paracetamol, histological damage of liver cell
The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Sweet Leaves (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) to The Mortality of Anopheles aconitus L. Third Instar Larvae Adi Purnomo; Sri Haryati; FX Bambang Sukilarso Sakiman
Nexus Biomedika Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Introduction: Use of chemical insecticide to kill Anopheles aconitus L. mosquitoes can cause many side effects and resistances for the mosquitoes, thus natural larvicide is needed to kill Anopheles aconitus L. larvae. Sweet leaves contain substances that can be used as larvicide. Therefore, the aim of research is to investigate how ethanol extract of sweet leaves affects to the mortality of Anopheles aconitus L. third instar larvae. Methods: This research used laboratory experimental design with posttest only controlled group design. The subject of this research was Anopheles aconitus L. third instar larva which was divided into 7 groups. Each group contained 25 larvae and the research was repeated 4 times. The negative control group contained 100 ml of water only. The other six groups contained different number of ethanol extract of sweet leaves: 0.06%, 0.14%, 0.22%, 0.30%, 0.38%, and 0.46% (mg/100ml). Observation was done after 24 hours and the number of dead larvae was counted. Linear Regression and Probit Regression were used to analyze data. Results: Linear Regression test showed that increasing of the ethanol extract of sweet leaves affected to the increasing of Anopheles aconitus L mortality based on Y = 0.02 + 2.12X formula. The R correlation score was 0.98 and R2 score was 0.96 thus it meant that percentage of ethanol extract of sweet leaves (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) to kill larvae was 96% and the rest 4% was affected by other variables. Probit Regression test showed that LC50 was at 0.19% mg and LC99 was at 0.56%. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of sweet leaves (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) has effect to the mortality of Anopheles aconitus L. third instar larvae paralleled to the increasing of ethanol extract. The LC50 is at 0.19%, the LC99 is at 0.56% Keywords: sweet leaves (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.), Anopheles aconitus L. third instar larvae, mortality
Uji Sitotoksik Ekstrak Biji Pare (Momordica charantia L.) pada Kultur Sel Limfosit T Pasien LES In Vitro Galih Indra Permana; . Balgis; . Mujosemedi
Nexus Biomedika Vol 2, No 1 (2013): Nexus Biomedika
Publisher : Nexus Biomedika

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Abstract

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, mediated by lymphocytes. Wrong regulation in immune system causes autoreactivity of T lymphocytes and hyperactivity of B lymphocytes then causes inflammation in site organ. Extract of bitter melon seeds contains ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), momordin I, and momordin II which can induce apoptosis in the cells and have cytotoxic effects. This study is to examine the cytotoxic effects of bitter melon seeds extract on cultured T lymphocytes of SLE patient in vitro. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory research with posttest control group design. Sample was culture of T lymphocytes from SLE patient with the active phase. T lymphocytes culture was divided in four groups that were bitter melon seeds extract, cyclophosphamide, control media, and control cells. Cytotoxic effects were measured with MTT assay then the data were analyzed with statistical regression analysis to determine the IC50. Results: IC50 of bitter melon seeds extract on culture of T lymphocytes cell of SLE patient was 1704.07 g/ml and normal sample was 19.20 g/ml. While IC50 of cyclophosphamide for treatment of SLE sample was 16.80 g/ml and for normal sample was 39.24 g/ml. Extract of bitter melon seeds had weak cytotoxic effect on T lymphocyte cell culture of SLE patient and moderately active cytotoxic effect on T lymphocyte cell culture of normal sample. Conclusion: Extract of bitter melon seeds had weak cytotoxic effects on T lymphocyte cell culture of SLE patient with IC50 was 1704.07 g/ml. Keywords: SLE, bitter melon seed extract, cytotoxic, lymphocytes T
Pengaruh Elektroakupunktur Titik Zusanli (ST 36) dan Zhongwan (CV 12) terhadap Perbaikan Gambaran Histologis Duodenum Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang Terpapar Bising Intermitten Nur Dwi Fajarini; . Balgis; Selfi Handayani
Nexus Biomedika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Nexus Biomedika
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Abstract

Background: Intermittent noise can induce stress that stimulates HPA axis to cause damage of duodenum. Acupuncture has already indicated to treat duodenal ulcer. This research studied the effect of electroacupuncture of Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12) acupoints to repair histological structure of white rat (Rattus norvegicus) duodenum exposed by intermittent noise. Methods: This was laboratory experimental research with the post test only controlled group design. Subjects were 28 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), wistar strain, divided into 4 groups randomly. They were control group (K) which was not treated, experimental group 1 (P1) exposed by noise, experimental group 2 (P2) exposed by noise and allowed to have physiologic recovery for 30 days, and experimental group 3 (P3) exposed by noise and treated with electroacupuncture for 30 days. Noise exposure was conducted for 2 weeks with intensity of 95 dB intermittently, 1 hour on, 1 hour off, for 12 hours daily. Electroacupuncture was done by pricking acupuncture needle perpendicularly at Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12) acupoints, then, connected to 2 mA electrostimulation at 10 Hz continuous wave for 15 minutes, 10 times for therapy. At the end of experiment their duodenums were taken and prepared for histological study by paraffin block method and stained with Hematoxillin Eosin (HE). The histological structure of duodenal mucosa was observed and assessed for the damage with Barthel Manja mucosal integrity score. The data were analized by One-Way ANOVA test (?=0.05) and continued by Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons using Least Significant Differences (LSD) test (?=0.05). Results: One Way Anova test showed significant differences of duodenal mucosa damage among the four groups p=0.000. LSD test showed significant differences between K-P1 (p=0.000), K-P2 (p=0.000), K-P3 (p=0.000), P1-P2 (p=0.007), P2-P3 (p=0.000), but not between P1-P3 (p=0.235). Conclusions: Electroacupuncture of Zusanli (ST 36) and Zhongwan (CV 12) acupoints repaired histological structure of white rat (Rattus norvegicus) duodenum exposed by intermittent noise. Keywords: Intermittent noise, Electroacupuncture, Zusanli and Zhongwan acupoints, Duodenum

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