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Kartika Maulida Hindrayani
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur
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Indonesian Cyberbullying Detection Using IndoBERTweet-BiGRU Model on Class-Imbalanced X (Twitter) Data Fajria Ulumin Nafiah; Aviolla Terza Damaliana; Kartika Maulida Hindrayani
Journal of Applied Informatics and Computing Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): August 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30871/jaic.v10i4.13686

Abstract

Cyberbullying on social media platforms, particularly X (formerly Twitter), has become a serious issue that negatively affects users' mental health and well-being. Automatic cyberbullying detection in Indonesian remains challenging due to the widespread use of informal language, slang, abbreviations, and highly imbalanced class distributions. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning model that integrates IndoBERTweet with a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) to improve cyberbullying detection performance on Indonesian tweets. A dataset of Indonesian tweets was collected from X and annotated using a multi-stage dual large language model (LLM) labeling strategy to reduce the time and effort required for manual annotation while maintaining label consistency. To address class imbalance, this study investigates the effectiveness of Focal Loss and label distribution modification through multiple experimental scenarios. The proposed approach was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The best performance was achieved by combining Focal Loss with a modified four-class label configuration consisting of Rude and Vulgar Words, Sexual Harassment, Body Shaming and Hate Speech, and Non-Cyberbullying. This configuration obtained an accuracy of 0.93, precision of 0.90, recall of 0.90, and F1-score of 0.90. These findings demonstrate that integrating contextual language representations with sequential modeling, supported by an efficient LLM-assisted labeling strategy and class imbalance handling, provides an effective approach for Indonesian cyberbullying detection and offers a practical solution for large-scale social media content moderation.
Co-Authors Aang Kisnu Darmawan Abdul Mukti Achmad Dzulfiqar Alfiansyah Adhigiadany, Chelsea Ayu Afidria, Zulfa Febi Ahmad, Davin Anezta Aisyah Kirana Putri Isyanto Aji R, Prismahardi Altetiko, Faizal Johan Alya Mirza Safira Alzam, Muhammad Arsyad Amanda Aulia Amelia, Meisya Vira Amri Muhaimin Ardia Eva Ardiani Arkananta Handoyo Aulia Nur Fitriani Aviolla Terza Damaliana Azizah Zalfa Assyadida Azizah, Alisa Jihan Betty Dewi Puspasari Bhalqis, Anissa Andiar Brescia Ayundina Yuniarossy Budi, Aditya Septa Burhan Syarif Acarya Chelsea Ayu Adhigiadany Christina Halim Christina, Enzelica Vica Damaliana, Aviolla Terza Diyasa, I Gede Susrama Mas Dwi Arman Prasetya Dwi Arman Prasetya Dwi Arman Prasetya Dwi Arman Prasetya Edelin Fortuna Elmaliyasari, Shifa Endang Tri Wahyurini Fahrudin, Tresna Maulana Fajar Ramadhani Fajria Ulumin Nafiah Fernando, Moch. Firman Hilya Zada Mardhatilla Al Haadiy Holly Patrycia I Gede Susrama Mas Diayasa idhom, Mohammad Imam Imanta Ginting Imelda Widya Ningrum Indira Zein Rizqin Isyanto, Aisyah Kirana Putri Kartini Kartini Kartini Kartini Khairunisa, Adenda Kristananda, Raja Valentino Lidya Musaffak, Awal Made Hanindia Prami Swari Maudi Adella Maulana F, Tresna Meisya Vira Amelia Meisya Vira Amelia Milla Akbarany Baktiar Putri Mohammad Idhom Mohammad Idhom Mohammad Idhom Muhammad Rafli Muhimmatul Arofah Nanda Kurnia Wardati Ni Luh Ayu Nariswari Dewi Ningrum, Imelda Widya Ningrum, Lisya Septyo Nur Aini Rakhmawati Pakpahan, Vera Febrianti Pratiwi, Nanda Aulia Prismahardi Aji Riyantoko Purwadwika, Reza Sadiya Putro, R. Kokoh H. rachmanto, Nugroho Fajar Radya Ardi Renaldy Al Ikhsan Reza Sadiya Purwadwika Rhomaningtias, Lina Riskiyah, Ameliyah Risnaldy Novendra Irawan Rizky Fatkhur Rohman Safira, Alya Mirza Safitri, Eristya Maya Saputra, Wahyu S. J. Selena Nurmanina Afandy Selly Rizkiyah Shindi Shella May Wara Shindi Shella May Wara Shindi Shella May Wara Sinthya Putri, Diana Steffany Marcellia Witanto Thoriqulhaq, Muhammad Tresna Maulana F Tresna Maulana Fahruddin Tresna Maulana Fahrudin Tresna Maulana Fahrudin Trimono Trimono Trimono Trimono Trimono Trimono Trimono Trimono Trimono, Trimono Wahyu Syaifullah Jauharis Saputra Wahyu Syaifullah JS Wibowo, Muhammad Bagas Satrio Yosua Satria Bara Harmoni