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Memahami Motif Melakukan Binge-Watching pada Mahasiswa Perempuan Ummah, Izzatul; Charnita, Shafira Putri; Riyani, Silvi Rahma Putri; Fadhila, Nisrina; Khansa, Siti Athaya; Riamanda, Irin
Syiah Kuala Psychology Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/skpj.v2i2.30672

Abstract

Binge-watching is the activity of watching multiple episodes of a TV series or drama consecutively without breaks. This activity leads individuals to spend long periods in front of screens, and research has shown that women tend to engage in it more frequently. This study aims to understand the main motives behind binge-watching behavior among female university students. A qualitative research approach using qualitative descriptive methods was employed through interviews with five respondents aged 18-22, who are female students at a university in Aceh. The results revealed several primary motives for binge-watching among female students. While each subject had different motives, stress relief and seeking entertainment were the main reasons for binge-watching. These findings provide a deeper understanding of binge-watching behavior among female students and highlight the need for further research on the impact of binge-watching on other aspects such as mental health and interpersonalrelationships.Binge-watching merupakan aktivitas menonton beberapa episode serial TV atau drama berturut-turut tanpa jeda. Aktivitas ini membuat seseorang berada di depan layar dalam waktu yang lama, dan penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa perempuan lebih sering melakukannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami motif utama di balik perilaku binge-watching pada mahasiswa perempuan. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif melalui proses wawancara kepada lima responden berusia 18-22 tahun yang merupakan mahasiswa perempuan di sebuah universitas di Aceh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa motif utama mahasiswa perempuan melakukan binge-watching. Setiap subjek memiliki perbedaan motif, namun meredakan stres dan mencari hiburan menjadi motif utama mahasiswa perempuan melakukan binge-watching. Temuan ini dapat memperdalam pemahaman tentang perilaku binge-watching pada mahasiswa perempuan dan perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai dampak binge-watching pada aspek lain, seperti kondisi kesehatan mental dan hubungan interpersonal.
Job Embeddedness dan Turnover Intention Pada Guru Honorer Salvina, Desi; Rachmatan, Risana; Aprilia, Eka Dian; Riamanda, Irin
Syiah Kuala Psychology Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/skpj.v2i2.30560

Abstract

The problems of honorary teachers are quite complex, including income problems, low trust in the organization and dissatisfaction at work. These problems can make honorary teachers have the desire to leave their jobs. The desire to leave a person's job is called turnover intention. One of the factors that can inhibit turnover intention is job embeddedness (work engagement). This study aims to examine the relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intention in honorary teachers. The subjects in this study were honorary teachers. The sampling technique in this study was accidental sampling with the number of participants being 270 honorary teachers. Data was collected using the Global Job Embeddedness Scale (GJES) and Turnover Intention Scale (TIS). The results of the analysis showed a significance value (p) = 0.000 (p0.05) with a correlation value (r) = -0.718 and a determination value of 51.5%. This shows that there is a negative relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intention in honorary teachers. Most subjects are in the category of high job embeddedness and low turnover intention. The benefits of this research can provide insights into the various factors that may encourage honorary teachers to remain in their jobs. By understanding the factors that make them feel connected to their work, educational institutions can develop more effective strategies in the future.Permasalahan guru honorer cukup kompleks di antaranya masalah penghasilan, rendahnya kepercayaan terhadap organisasi dan ketidakpuasan dalam bekerja yang dapat menyebabkan guru honorer memiliki keinginan untuk keluar dari pekerjaannya. Keinginan keluar seseorang dari pekerjaannya disebut turnover intention. Salah satu faktor yang dapat menghambat turnover intention adalah job embeddedness (keterikatan kerja). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara job embeddedness dengan turnover intention pada guru honorer. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah guru honorer. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah accidental sampling dengan jumlah partisipan sebanyak 270 guru honorer. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan Global Job Embeddedness Scale (GJES) dan Turnover Intention Scale (TIS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai signifikansi (p) = 0,000 (p0,05) dengan nilai korelasi (r) = -0,718 dan nilai determinasi sebesar 51,5%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang negatif antara job embeddedness dengan turnover intention pada guru honorer. Mayoritas subjek berada pada kategori job embeddedness tinggi dan turnover intention rendah. Manfaat dari penelitian ini dapat memberikan wawasan mengenai berbagai faktor yang dapat membuat guru honorer bertahan di pekerjaannya, dengan memahami faktor yang dapat membuat mereka merasa terikat dengan pekerjaannya, sehingga nantinya institusi pendidikan dapat mengembangkan strategi yang lebih efektif.
Resistance To Change: A Study On Sharia Bank Post-Merger And Its Correlation With Perceived Organizational Support Mualif, Dhawy Ammar; Aprilia, Eka Dian; Mirza, Mirza; Riamanda, Irin
Seurune : Jurnal Psikologi Unsyiah Vol 8, No 1: Januari 2025
Publisher : Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/s-jpu.v8i1.41826

Abstract

X Bank is the largest sharia bank in Indonesia that was established as a merger between three state-owned sharia banks. This merger presents its own challenges with different characteristics of each bank and causing employees to adapt with the changes that occur in X Bank. These changes also play a role in the emergence of resistance to change. During organizational change, organizational support is one of the important parts that can help employees undergoing changes that occur within the organization.This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived organizational support and resistance to change on sharia bank employees post-merger.This research involved 194 samples using non-probability accidental sampling techniques. Data collection in this research is conducted using the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS) and Resistance to Change Scale (RTCS) instruments and analyzed using Jeffreys Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results show that there is a negative relationship between perceived organizational support and resistance to change among X Bank employees in Banda Aceh. Results also found that perceived organizational support level for X Bank employees were averaging in the high category with resistance to change level for X Bank employees were averaging in the low category.
Hubungan Ketangguhan Mental dengan Prokrastinasi Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Aktif Berorganisasi Fadhilah, Rizqan; Riamanda, Irin; Mirza, Mirza; Sulistyani, Arum
Syiah Kuala Psychology Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/skpj.v3i1.31589

Abstract

Students must be able to harmonize academic and non-academic processes, one of which is organizational activities. It is not uncommon for some students to experience the inability to coordinate academic obligations with active organizational activities, causing the adverse effects of academic procrastination. Therefore, students are expected to be able to foster mental toughness to maintain performance in conditions and circumstances. The study was conducted with the aim of knowing the relationship between mental toughness and academic procrastination in active organizational students. Using a correlational quantitative method using accidental sampling method and as many as 327 active organizational students of class 2020-2022 Syiah Kuala University became research samples by filling out the mental toughness questionnaire 18 (MTQ-18) and Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS) research instruments. The study showed a significant value (p) = 0.001 with a correlation coefficient of (r) = - 0.242 which means there is a negative relationship between mental toughness and academic procrastination, the lower the mental toughness, the higher the procrastination and vice versa the higher the mental toughness, the lower the academic procrastination. This study also provides implications in the form of suggestions that students can do to be able to balance college goals with organizational activities, one of which is by increasing enthusiasm for learning to reduce pressure and anxiety during the academic process so that it can also increase mental toughness in themselvesMahasiswa harus dapat menyelaraskan proses akademik maupun non-akademik salah satunya kegiatan organisasi. Tidak jarang bagi beberapa mahasiswa mengalami ketidakmampuan mengoordinasikan kewajiban akademik dengan kegiatan aktif organisasi sehingga menimbulkan dampak buruk prokrastinasi akademik. Oleh karena itu, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan ketangguhan mental untuk mempertahankan kinerja dalam kondisi dan keadaan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan ketangguhan mental dengan prokrastinasi akademik pada mahasiswa aktif berorganisasi. Menggunakan metode kuantitatif korelasional dengan menggunakan metode sampling accidental dan sebanyak 327 mahasiswa aktif berorganisasi angkatan 2020-2022 Universitas Syiah Kuala menjadi sampel penelitian dengan mengisi instrumen penelitian Mental Toughness Questionnaire 18 dan Tuckman Procrastination Scale. Penelitian menunjukkan nilai signifikansi (p)=0.001 dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar (r)=-0.242 yang berarti terdapat hubungan negatif antara ketangguhan mental dengan prokrastinasi akademik, semakin rendah ketangguhan mental maka semakin tinggi prokrastinasi dan sebaliknya semakin tinggi ketangguhan mental maka semakin rendah prokrastinasi akademik. Penelitian ini juga memberikan implikasi berupa saran yang dapat dilakukan mahasiswa agar mampu menyeimbangkan tujuan berkuliah dengan kegiatan organisasi salah satunya dengan meningkatkan antusiasme belajar agar mengurangi tekanan dan kecemasan selama proses akademik berlangsung sehingga juga dapat meningkatkan ketangguhan mental pada diri sendiri.
Hubungan Antara Flexible Working Arrangement Terhadap Beban Kerja Subjektif Pada Dosen Universitas X Afifa, Safratul Ghina Dilla; Riamanda, Irin; Rachmatan, Risana; Julita, Santi
Syiah Kuala Psychology Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/skpj.v3i1.32136

Abstract

Lecturers are educators who have the main responsibility for disseminating knowledge through educational activities, research and community service. Lecture workload is defined as the average frequency of activities carried out within a certain period, in accordance with academic and professional responsibilities. Flexible Working Arrangement (FWA) was introduced as a flexible work scheme that allows adjustments to work time and location in a structured and sustainable manner. This research aims to determine the relationship between flexible working arrangements and subjective workload on lecturers at X University. This research uses a quantitative approach with a correlation type. The sampling technique uses quota sampling with a total sample size of 286 lecturers. The research data collectors involved lecturers who had a minimum position of Assistant Expert, did not hold a structural position, and were not on study assignments. The results of the research analysis showed that there was a negative relationship between flexible working arrangements and subjective workload for lecturers at X University, with a significant value (p)=0.006 and correlation coefficient value (r)=-0.163. This can be interpreted that the higher the flexible working arrangement, the lower the subjective workload. The results of the study also showed that the implementation of flexible working arrangements provides flexibility for workers to arrange work schedules according to personal preferences, thereby reducing the perception of workload. These results indicate that universities, including X University, can implement flexible working arrangements as a strategic policy to improve lecturer welfare, reduce perceived work pressure, and maintain productivity that the relationship between the flexible working arrangement variable is low on subjective workload in lecturers at X University.Dosen merupakan tenaga pendidik yang memiliki tanggung jawab utama dalam penyebarluasan ilmu pengetahuan melalui kegiatan pendidikan, penelitian, dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Beban kerja dosen didefinisikan sebagai frekuensi rata-rata aktivitas yang dijalankan dalam kurun waktu tertentu, sesuai dengan tanggung jawab akademik dan profesional. Flexible working arrangement diperkenalkan sebagai salah satu skema kerja fleksibel yang memungkinkan penyesuaian waktu dan lokasi kerja secara terstruktur dan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan flexible working arrangement dengan beban kerja subjektif pada dosen Universitas X. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis korelasi. Teknik penentuan sampel menggunakan quota sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 286 dosen. Pengumpulan data penelitian melibatkan dosen yang memiliki jabatan minimal asisten ahli tidak menduduki jabatan struktural, dan tidak sedang tugas belajar. Hasil analisis penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang negative antara flexible working arrangement dengan beban kerja subjektif pada dosen Universitas X, dengan nilai signifikansi (p)=0,006 dan nilai koefisien korelasi (r)=-0,163. Hal ini dapat diartikan bahwa semakin tinggi flexible working arrangement maka semakin rendah beban kerja subjektif. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa penerapan flexible working arrangement memberikan keleluasaan bagi pekerja untuk mengatur jadwal kerja sesuai preferensi pribadi, sehingga mengurangi persepsi beban kerja. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa perguruan tinggi, termasuk Universitas X, dapat menerapkan flexible working arrangement sebagai kebijakan strategis untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan dosen, mengurangi tekanan kerja yang dirasakan, dan tetap menjaga produktivitas bahwa hubungan variabel flexible working arrangement rendah terhadap beban kerja subjektif pada dosen Universitas X.
Perbedaan Motivasi Kerja Generasi X dan Y di Kantor Pusat PTPN I Langsa Khatib, Muhammad Al Jabbir; Riamanda, Irin; Mirza, Mirza; Khatijatusshalihah, Khatijatusshalihah
Seurune : Jurnal Psikologi Unsyiah Vol 7, No 1: Januari 2024
Publisher : Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/s-jpu.v7i1.33916

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan motivasi kerja generasi X dan generasi Y di Kantor Pusat PTPN I Langsa. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian komparatif (independent sample t-test) yang diteliti pada 97 sampel karyawan Kantor Pusat PTPN I Langsa. Sampel penelitian dipilih menggunakan metode simple random sampling. Data penelitian dikumpulkan menggunakan skala multidimensional work motivation scale yang disusun oleh Gagne dan Deci. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa hipotesis ditolak, dengan nilai sig 0,657 0,05, yang artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan motivasi kerja generasi X dan generasi Y. Berdasarkan hasil juga diketahui bahwa baik generasi X dan generasi Y memiliki motivasi kerja dengan kategori rendah. Selain itu, hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa generasi X tidak termotivasi terhadap aspek intrinsic motivation dan generasi Y mempunyai nilai kategori sedang cukup tinggi terhadap aspek introjected regulation. Hal ini menggambarkan generasi X tidak bekerja untuk dirinya sendiri serta merasa pekerjaan tidak menarik serta memperoleh kepuasan kepada dirinya. Di sisi lain generasi Y merasa biasa saja apabila berhasil menyelesaikan pekerjaannya serta tidak merasa bersalah apabila gagal menyelesaikan pekerjaan tersebut. Penting bagi perusahaan dan peneliti selanjutnya untuk menggali faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi kerja karyawan (khususnya Gen X dan gen Y) yang bekerja dengan situasi dan tuntutan kerja yang jauh dari perkotaan.Further study was required to determine how Generation X and Generation Y differ in their motivation for their jobs at the PTPN I Langsa Head Office. Employers at the PTPN I Langsa Head Office include a sample of 97 people who was the subject of this comparative study (independent sample t-test). The research sample was chosen using a straightforward random sampling method. Research data was collected using the multidimensional work motivation scale compiled by Gagne and Deci. The hypothesis of this study was rejected: the value of sig (p) is 0.657 0.05, indicating that there was no significant difference in work motivation between Generation X and Generation Y. Based on the results, it was also known that both generation X and generation Y have low category work motivation. Apart from that, the research results found that generation This illustrates that generation On the other hand, generation Y feels normal if they successfully complete their work and do not feel guilty if they fail to complete the work. It is important for companies and future researchers to explore the factors that influence the work motivation of employees (especially Gen X and Gen Y) who work in work situations and demands that are far from urban areas.
The Relationship between Job Characteristics and the Quality of Work Life of the Gampong Government Faisal; Irin Riamanda; Risana Rachmatan; Eka Dian Aprilia
IJIP : Indonesian Journal of Islamic Psychology Vol. 4 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Da'wa Faculty of Islamic State University Salatiga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18326/ijip.v4i2.35

Abstract

A gampong, generally known as a village, is a legal community unit with territorial boundaries and is led by a keuchik or other name who has the right to carry out their household affairs. In its implementation, there are obstacles felt by the village government while working, such as the condition of the work environment that results in low quality of work life. In contrast, the quality of work life must be conditioned by the organization so that the welfare and productivity of employees go well, one way to improve the quality of work life is to apply job characteristics model. Job characteristics are job attributes that have a motivational function for employees. Therefore, research is needed to determine the relationship between job characteristics and the quality of work life of the village government. This study used a quantitative approach with purposive sampling data collection techniques. The research sample comprised 297 village governments in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar. Data was collected using the Job Diagnostic Survey scale and the quality of work-life scale. The results of this study explained that the hypothesis is accepted where the significance value is p = 0.000, which meant that there was a relationship between job characteristics and the quality of working life of the village government. That is, the higher the job characteristics, the higher the quality of work life of the village governments. This study found that the job characteristics and quality of work life were in the medium category. The results also found that the quality of work life in the Banda Aceh village government was higher than that of the Aceh Besar village government. This is due to clear working hours and higher salaries, in addition to weekly supervision from the sub-district on the performance of the Banda Aceh village government.
Relationship Between Parent Career Behavior with Career Maturity among Syiah Kuala University Students Pratiwi, Ayu Utami; Riamanda, Irin; Aprilia, Eka Dian; Rachmatan, Risana
IJIP : Indonesian Journal of Islamic Psychology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Da'wa Faculty of Islamic State University Salatiga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18326/ijip.v5i1.165

Abstract

Career maturity is one of the developmental tasks that students must fulfill as early adults or late adolescents. Good career maturity will affect the selection of a student career life in the future. One of the factors that influence student career maturity is parent career behavior. Parent career behavior is a parent's behavior or parenting style related to a child's career. This research uses quantitative research methods with a correlation approach. The purpose of this study was to see a relationship between parent career behavior and career maturity in Syiah Kuala University students. Sampling using a nonprobability sampling technique of quota sampling type with a total of 332 research respondents. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between parent career behavior and career maturity in Syiah Kuala University students. The hypothesis test was carried out using the Spearman Correlation technique and obtained a significance value (p)=0.000 (p<0.05) and a correlation coefficient value (r)=0.428. In addition, the results of the study also showed that most respondents were in the category of career maturity and moderate parent career behavior.
The Relationship between Resilience and Work-Study Conflict in Working Students Najwa, Najwa; Aprilia, Eka Dian; Riamanda, Irin; Puri, Marty Mawar
IJIP : Indonesian Journal of Islamic Psychology Vol. 5 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Da'wa Faculty of Islamic State University Salatiga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18326/ijip.v5i2.176

Abstract

In addition to having a busy course in college, some students also have activities outside of college; have a job. Dense lecture activities and busy work carried out can cause work-study conflicts in students. Work-study conflict is a work activity that interferes with student learning activities to meet demands and obligations related to school or campus. One of the factors that can reduce work-study conflict is resilience. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between resilience and work-study conflict. This study used quantitative methods with a correlation approach. The data collection procedure uses a nonprobability sampling technique of accidental sampling type with a sample of 170 people collected using google research form. The research measurement tool used the Work Study Conflict Scale (WSCS) with Alpha Croanbach (α) 0.777 and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with Alpha Croanbach (α) 0.930. The hypothesis test was carried out using the Spearman Correlation technique, obtaining a significance value (p) = 0.471 (p<0.05). The results showed there is no negative relationship between resilience and work-study conflict in working students. In addition, the results also showed that the majority of research subjects were in the high work-study conflict category and the high resilience category.
EVALUATING JOB CHARACTERISTICS, PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES, AND OUTCOMES OF HOSPITAL NURSES USING JOB DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY: DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE Nabila, Zahratul; Riamanda, Irin
Journal of Community Mental Health and Public Policy Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): OCTOBER
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Terapan untuk Kesehatan Jiwa (Lenterakaji)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51602/cmhp.v8i1.248

Abstract

Background: Nurses often face thevarious problems such as high workload, medical errors, lack of autonomy, and limited psychological support, which affect motivation, satisfaction, and quality of care. Purpose: To diagnose nurses' performance using the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) developed by Hackman and Oldham (1975). Methods: Used a quantitative method with a descriptive design and involved 160 nurses at X Hospital who had worked for at least the last six months. The research instrument has gone through a try-out test on 62 respondents with reliability results ranging from 0.772-0.910 and item differentiability index between 0.333-0.857. Results: Most of the dimensions of work, psychological conditions, and affective responses of nurses were below the JDS category standards. The mean values for Skill Variety (4.62), Task Identity (4.82), Task Significance (4.62), Autonomy (4.54), and Feedback (4.42). Psychological dimensions such as Experienced Meaningfulness (4.42), Experienced Responsibility (5.10), and Knowledge of Results (4.56), and affective dimensions such as General Satisfaction (4.56) and Internal Work Motivation (4.96) were below the standard. Only Specific Satisfaction (5.34) was above the category’s standard. Conclusion: Nurses' job satisfaction and motivation are low due to lack of task variety, autonomy, and feedback. Abstrak Latar Belakang: Perawat yang sering menghadapi berbagai masalah seperti beban kerja tinggi, kesalahan medis, kurangnya otonomi, dan dukungan psikologis terbatas, yang memengaruhi motivasi, kepuasan, dan kualitas pelayanan. Tujuan: Untuk mendiagnosa kinerja perawat menggunakan Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) yang dikembangkan oleh Hackman dan Oldham (1975). Metode: Menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan jenis deskriptif dan melibatkan 160 perawat di Rumah Sakit X yang telah bekerja minimal enam bulan terakhir. Instrumen penelitian telah melalui uji try out pada 62 responden dengan hasil reliabilitas berkisar antara 0,772–0,910 dan indeks daya pembeda item antara 0,333–0,857. Hasil: Sebagian besar dimensi pekerjaan, kondisi psikologis, dan respons afektif perawat berada di bawah standar kategori JDS. Nilai mean untuk Skill Variety (4,62), Task Identity (4,82), Task Significance (4,62), Autonomy (4,54), dan Feedback (4,42). Dimensi psikologis seperti Experienced Meaningfulness (4,42), Experienced Responsibility (5,10), dan Knowledge of Results (4,56), dan dimensi afektif seperti General Satisfaction (4,56) dan Internal Work Motivation (4,96) berada di bawah standar. Hanya Specific Satisfaction (5,34) berada di atas standar kategori. Kesimpulan: Kepuasan kerja dan motivasi perawat rendah karena kurangnya variasi tugas, otonomi, dan umpan balik.