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Journal : Indonesian Journal of Chemistry and Environment

Chemistry and Biology of Cyanides: A Literature Review I Wayan Muderawan; I Wayan Karyasa; I Nyoman Tika; Gede Agus Beni Widana
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry and Environment Vol 6, No 2 (2023): DECEMBER 2023
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21831/ijoce.v6i2.67030

Abstract

The term cyanide is used to describe compounds that contain the cyano, -C≡N, group. The cyanides exist in nature as inorganic as well as organic compounds in the forms of gas or liquid such as HCN, CNCl and acetonitrile, or solids such as NaCN, KCN, and Ca(CN)2. Cyanide compounds are also found in addible plants as cyanogenic glycosides. Compounds that can release cyanide are known as cyanogenic compounds. HCN has a low boiling point (25.63 oC) and is as weakly acidic with a pKa 9.2. It partially ionizes in water to give the cyanide anion, -CN. Cyanide ion from salt reacts with acid to give HCN, but at high pH (8-10), it remains as cyanide ion even if the temperature of the water is 80.0-100.0 °C. Cyanide is one of the deadliest poisons, LC50 is 1.1 and 5.0 mg/kg for HCN and NaCN, which can cause death to those who come into contact within a few minutes or hours of exposure, depending on the level and route of exposure. It is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen. Due to its toxicity, cyanide has many roles in industry such as pesticides and medicines as nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals. Organic compounds that have a −C≡N functional group are called nitriles. Over 30 nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals are currently marketed for a diverse variety of medicinal indications with more than 20 additional nitrile-containing leads in clinical development. In addition, over 120 naturally occurring nitriles have been isolated from terrestrial and marine sources.  In plants, cyanides are usually bound to sugar molecules in the form of cyanogenic glycosides. Hydrogen cyanide can be released from hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides which are commonly present in edible plants. Because it is a relatively common toxin in the environment, the body can detoxify a small amount of cyanide. The major route of metabolism for cyanides is detoxification in the liver by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese, which catalyzes the transfer of the sulfane sulfur of thiosulfate to the cyanide ion to form thiocyanate. Ingested cyanide may be countered by administering antidotes, such as natural vitamin B12 and sodium thiosulfate, that detoxify cyanide or bind to it.
Co-Authors Abidah, Firry Admyana, Putu Budi AGUNG MADHI PRAYOGA . Agus Wijaksono Agustiana, I. G. A. T. agustina dewi Agustina Dewi Ahzan, Sukainil Ajito, Timoteus Ananta Wikrama Tungga Atmaja Ananta Wikrama Tungga Atmaja Anantawikrama Tungga Atmadja Andriyani, Luh Putu Yeni Armayanti, I G. A. A. Dyah Arwan Arwan Atmaja, Anantawikrama Tungga Ayu Sri Wahyuni Devia Diantari, Rai Putri Dr. Ni Made Pujani,M.Si . Drs. I Wayan Darsana,M.Ed . Dwipa, Ida Bagus Made Asmara Eky, Vicky Enggy Clovidea Indra Erawati Ni Ketut Fifi Fitriana Sari Firry Abidah Frieda Nurlita Gede Agus Beni Widana Handayani, Baiq Vina Heron Holyness Nurdin Singadimedja I D Raka Rasana I DEWA GEDE ANOM . I Gede Astra Wesnawa I Gusti Agung Komang Diafari Djuni Hartawan I Gusti Ayu Tri Agustiana I Gusti Ayu Triagusiana I Kadek Sukarsa . I Ketut Supir I Komang Wisnu Budi Wijaya I Made Citra Wibawa I Made Sudarsa I Made Sutajaya I Nyoman Suardana I Putu Parwata I Putu Wisna Ariawan I W. Karyasa I W. Muderawan I Wayan Jaya Antara . I Wayan Karyasa I Wayan Muderawan I Wayan Redhana I Wayan Sadia I Wayan Suastra I Wayan Subagia I Wayan Suja IB. Siwa . Ibrahim, Musimin Ida Bagus Jelantik Swasta Ida Bagus Made Asmara Dwipa Ida Bagus Putu Arnyana Indi Syifa Maulidati IVANA NITA MONDOLU ., IVANA NITA MONDOLU Jayadiningrat, Made Gautama KADEK AYU SRI WAHYUNI . Kadek Wimardiyanti Kusumaningsih, Ni Ketut Heri laxmi zahara LINA SURAYYA . Luh Gede Sutaryani Luh Putu Desy Puspaningrat Made Intan Pradnyamita Minanti, Ni Nengah Astri Musimin Ibrahim N. M. Y. Anita N. Ramadiyanti Ni Luh Gede Karang Widiastuti NI LUH SUDEWI . Ni Made Ary Suparwati Ni Made Raningsih NI MADE SUPATNI ., NI MADE SUPATNI Ni Made Wiratini Ni Nengah Astri Minanti Ni Putu Dwi Sucita Dartini Ni Putu Giyan Adnya Antari . NI PUTU MARHENI . NI PUTU MERRY YUNITHASARI . Ni Putu Wahyu Dewi Arningsih Ni Putu Wulan Romianingsih Ni Putu Yuliani Ni Wayan Martiningsih NI WAYAN NITA ULANTARI . NI WAYAN SUNARTHI ., NI WAYAN SUNARTHI NI WAYAN YULITA AMANDA . Nikmatur Rohmaya NUR RAMADIYANTI . Nurfidianty Annafi, Nurfidianty Nurlita, Frieda Nyoman Dantes Paramita, Shanti Pradnyamita, Made Intan PROF. I WAYAN SUBAGIA, M.App.Sc.,Ph.D . Putu Agus Putra Dwipayana PUTU ARIMBAWA S. . Putu Artawan Putu Budi Adnyana PUTU PREMA SWARI . Ramadiyanti, N. Rasana, I D Raka Romianingsih, Ni Putu Wulan Rosmita, I Gusti Ayu Agung Mas Rudiana Agustini Siti Maryam Sukroyanti, Baiq Azmi Tjokorda Gde Putra Wirama Triagusiana, I Gusti Ayu Tungga Atmaja, Ananta Wikrama Vicky Enggy Clovidea Indra Eky Wayan Karyasa Wayan Suastra Wayan Suastra Wibawa, Made Citra Widiartini, Kadek Leni Yuliani, Ni Putu Yundari, Yundari