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Wiwin Retnowati
Department Of Medical Microbiology, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EUCALYPTUS (Melaleuca leucadendra) OIL AGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Constantia Lidwina Targanski; Wiwin Retnowati; Mohammad Fathul Qorib; Manik Retno Wahyunitisari; Wilda Mahdani
Majalah Biomorfologi Vol. 33 No. 2 (2023): MAJALAH BIOMORFOLOGI
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mbiom.v33i2.2023.59-67

Abstract

Highlights The use of eucalyptus oil is natural and risk-free. It has a lengthy history of use as a traditional medicine in Asia, including Indonesia. It has been demonstrated that eucalyptus oil possesses antibacterial activity against MRSA, and this activity was controlled by the oil's concentration. Abstract Background: Eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) oil is used by Indonesians as an herbal medicine. Eucalyptus containing 1,8-cineol at 72.30% is expected to be used as an antibacterial.  Objective: The study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of eucalyptus oil against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria in vitro. Material and Method: The materials used were eucalyptus oil (M. leucadendra) in various concentrations with ethyl acetate as solvent. The research method used was the agar-well diffusion assay. The MRSA was suspended to 0.5 McFarland turbidity. The MRSA suspension was thoroughly swabbed onto the surface of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate. The wells were made with a diameter of 0.6 mm on Muller-Hinton agar aseptically and 100 µl of eucalyptus oil was put into the well using a micropipette and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured with a caliper. Statistical analysis using the SPSS software edition 23. Result: Eucalyptus oil solution starting from a concentration of 10% to 100% had an antibacterial response, which could be seen by the formation of a bacterial inhibition zone around the eucalyptus oil (M. leucadendra) wells. The inhibition ability of eucalyptus oil against MRSA bacteria was greatest at a concentration of 90% with an inhibition zone of 31.26 mm. It was found that the concentration of eucalyptus oil affected the diameter of the bacterial inhibition area. Conclusion: Eucalyptus oil has been shown to have antibacterial activity against MRSA and was influenced by the concentration of the oil.
Antibiotic-Producing Streptomyces sp. Isolated from the Soil of a Mangrove Ecosystem Wiwin Retnowati; Ni Made Mertaniasih; Marijam Purwanta; Nurul Wiqoyah; Atika; Sekar Maharani; Wilda Mahdani
Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 59 No. 3 (2023): September
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/fmi.v59i3.45806

Abstract

Highlights: 1. The unexplored soil of mangrove ecosystems in Surabaya, Indonesia, has the potential to be home to biodiversity,including Streptomyces sp. that can produce antibiotics.2. Streptomyces sp. has antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the duration ofincubation plays a critical role in regulating the antibacterial activity.   Abstract A mangrove ecosystem in Surabaya, Indonesia, has a high salinity, pH, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrate contents. This ecosystem comprises a mixture of sand, dust, mud, and clay, which has the potential to be a conducive environment for the isolation of Streptomyces. The importance of Streptomyces in biotechnology lies in its ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which represent a valuable reservoir of antibiotics. This research aimed to assess the antibiotic activity exhibited by Streptomyces sp. isolated from the soil of a mangrove ecosystem in Wonorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia. The analysis focused on the potential of Streptomyces sp. to produce antibiotics that work against Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Salmonella Typhimurium). The antibacterial activity test was conducted using the modified agar diffusion method. Observations were performed to identify any clear zone formation around the Streptomyces sp. agar colonies with a diameter of 0.8 cm and a height of 3 mm. The clear zone diameter was measured every 24 hours during the 10-day incubation period to assess the diversity of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial profile of Streptomyces sp. exhibited varying levels of activity against different bacterial strains in the tests conducted. The inhibition zone diameters demonstrated the highest levels of activity in Bacillus subtilis (15.9 mm) on day 7, Staphylococcus aureus (27.6 mm) on day 2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.3 mm) on day 7, Escherichia coli (29.2 mm) on day 5, and Salmonella Typhimurium (27.5 mm) on day 7. The results indicated that Streptomyces sp. had inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria as well as Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, Streptomyces sp. is a source of biodiversity found in the soil of mangrove ecosystems and has the ability to produce antibiotics.
Identification of Streptomyces sp-MWS1 Producing Antibacterial Compounds retnowati, Wiwin
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 1 No. 2 (2010)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (510.611 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v1i2.2171

Abstract

An actinomycete, designated Streptomyces sp-MWS1, was isolated from mangrove ecosystem soil in the eastern coast of Surabaya.  This organism was capable of producing a series of antibiotics that strongly inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, culture morphological and physiological characteristics of the isolated strain, Streptomyces sp-MWS1 were compared to other reference strains belong to Streptomyces species. The analysis of nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA indicated similarity binary 98% with Streptomyces species.
Antibacterial Effect of Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 ON Klebsiella pneumoniae Producting Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Setiawati, Yuani; Retnowati, Wiwin; Basori, Achmad
Jurnal Medis Islam Internasional Vol 1 No 1 (2019): December
Publisher : UNUSA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33086/iimj.v1i1.1326

Abstract

Klebsiella pneumoniae as an opportunistic pathogen can cause nosocomial infection. The main concern on this bacterium is directed on the extended-spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. The therapy of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections is very limited because of its multidrug resistance. It had been found new local isolates Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 in mangrove East Coast of Surabaya. These isolates have potential to produce antibiotics (Retnowati, 2008). This study was aimed to prove these isolates may inhibit the growth of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumonia. The test of antibacterial activity of Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 using the modification Agar print method against clinical isolates of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. The diameter of inhibition zone (mm) formed shows activity of these isolates. The profiles of antibacterial activity of Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 were different in terms of periode required to reach peak activity, duration of activity and inhibition zone diameter produced during 10 days of observation. Streptomyces sp-MWS3 reached the peak activity most rapidly on day 3 with the largest inhibition zone diameter of 9 mm in ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. There were significant differences in inhibition zone diameter between Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Cavendish Banana Peel Extract's Antibacterial Activities Potential as Disinfectant Ramadhan, Erlangga Lazuardi; Retnowati, Wiwin; Dewanti, Linda; Wahyunitisari, Manik Retno
JUXTA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga Vol. 14 No. 2 (2023): Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/juxta.V14I22023.100-104

Abstract

Highlights:1. The COVID-19 pandemic makes personal hygiene more important than ever, and antibacterial substances such as disinfectants are crucial in maintaining said hygiene.2. The MBC of cavendish banana peel extract against the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 25%, with no activity against Bacillus subtilis.3. Musa acuminata peel extract has the potential to be used as a disinfectant. AbstractIntroduction: The COVID-19 pandemic makes personal hygiene more important than ever, and antibacterial substances such as disinfectants are crucial in maintaining said hygiene. This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cavendish banana peel extract (Musa acuminata) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis.    Methods: The design of this study was a laboratory experiment that used the broth dilution method with test tubes using methanol as the extract's solvent. Sterile aquadest was used as the solvent, and Mueller-Hinton broth was used as the growth medium in tubes. All samples of the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis) were provided by the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga.Results: MBC was the only parameter found due to the color and particulates, which hindered the turbidity assessment of MIC. From the dilution test, the MBC of cavendish banana peel extract against the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 25%, with no activity against Bacillus subtilis.Conclusion: There were antibacterial activities of Musa acuminata peel extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, it has the potential to be used as a disinfectant.
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Test of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Rhizome Extract against Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Jieputra, Alden; Purwanta, Marijam; Mustika, Arifa; Retnowati, Wiwin
JUXTA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga Vol. 15 No. 1 (2024): Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/juxta.V15I12024.57-63

Abstract

Highlights: Staphylococcus aureus, particularly MRSA, had developed rapid resistance against antibiotics like beta-lactams. Red ginger is believed to be antibacterial against MSSA and MRSA in vitro. Red ginger rhizome extracts displayed weak activity against MSSA and MRSA.   Abstract Introduction: Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is a traditional herb that is believed to possess antibacterial properties. Throughout the years, Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to a broad range of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, particularly in the form of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As treatment options dwindle, it is urgent to formulate novel antibiotics. This study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of the ginger rhizome ethanol extract against Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA. Methods: This study was performed according to the post-test-only control group design. Through a good diffusion assay, the anti-MSSA and anti-MRSA activity of the red ginger extract concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%) was observed by measuring the diameter of the clear inhibition zones. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an antibiotic disc were added as control groups. Results: The red ginger extracts produced inhibition zones on both MSSA and MRSA. However, the antibacterial activity was considered weak (<12 mm). The concentration of the extract appeared to linearly affect its antibacterial activity against MSSA and MRSA. On MSSA, the 12.5% extract results differed significantly from those of the 100% and 50% extracts. Meanwhile, on MRSA, the extracts seemed to yield significantly different outcomes when compared to each other, except for the comparisons between 50%-25% and 12.5%-6.25%. Conclusion:Zingiber officinale var. rubrum rhizome extracts showed weak antibacterial activity against MSSA and MRSA.
Knowledge of Teenagers in Surabaya about COVID-19 and Prevention Behavior Armyne, Amara Destania; Febriyana, Nining; Retnowati, Wiwin; Karimah, Azimatul
JUXTA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga Vol. 16 No. 1 (2025): Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/juxta.V16I12025.76-82

Abstract

Highlights: Most respondents had good knowledge and prevention behavior. No significant relationship was found between knowledge and behavior to prevent COVID-19.   Abstract Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly discovered infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can affect individuals of all ages. The high positive number of COVID-19 cases in Surabaya and the proportion of teenagers in society is quite large. This study examined the knowledge of teenagers in Surabaya about COVID-19 and prevention behavior. Methods: This descriptive study used a cross-sectional design and an online questionnaire (Google Forms). The target sample was teenagers aged 10-19 years old who live in Surabaya. A total of 122 respondents were involved (n=122). Sampling was performed using the consecutive sampling method, and the data was processed using the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0 using univariate and bivariate analysis (p=0.367). Results: The results showed that most respondents had good knowledge (72.1%) and good behavior (89.3%) regarding COVID-19. No significant relationship was found between knowledge and behavior to prevent COVID-19 among adolescents who live in Surabaya (p=0.367). Conclusion: This study revealed that most respondents had good knowledge and prevention behavior. Due to a limited number of samples, a larger sample would have provided a more thorough representation of the population and resulted in more accurate outcomes.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Eco Enzyme of Eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) against Escherichia coli Muhammad Aafi Baharuddin Attamimi; Wiwin Retnowati; Ummi Maimunah; Eko Budi Koendhori
Majalah Biomorfologi Vol. 35 No. 1 (2025): MAJALAH BIOMORFOLOGI
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mbiom.v35i1.2025.40-47

Abstract

Highlights It has been proven that the eucalyptus eco-enzyme from Lamongan does not exhibit strong enough antibacterial activity against E. coli at any concentration. The eucalyptus eco-enzyme method is less effective at extracting active compounds compared to distillation processing.   Abstract Background: Eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) is known to have antimicrobial potential due to its bioactive terpenoid compounds, including 1,8-cineole. This compound has the potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, a bacterium responsible for various infectious diseases. The eco-enzyme method, which utilizes fermentation, is simple to perform and does not require complex materials. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of eucalyptus eco-enzyme against Escherichia coli. Material and Method: The M. leucadendra used in this study was sourced from Candisari Village, Lamongan, Indonesia and E. coli was obtained from laboratory isolates. Antibacterial activity was measured by observing the zone of inhibition in the well diffusion test on Muller-Hinton agar, with chloramphenicol as the positive control and distilled water as the negative control. The incubation period was 24 hours at 36°C. Result: The inhibition zone around the positive control was 25.94±1.1 mm. No inhibition zone (0 mm) was observed around the negative control or the eucalyptus eco-enzyme solution at concentrations ranging from 10% to 100%. However, a clearer zone was observed around the eco-enzyme well. The inability of the eco-enzyme to inhibit the growth of E. coli may be attributed to several factors, including the ingredients, processing method, acidity level, and bacterial resistance. Conclusion: The eucalyptus eco-enzyme did not exhibit sufficient antibacterial activity against E. coli at any of the tested concentrations.
Potensi Ekoenzim Daun Kayu Putih (Melaleuca leucadendra) Produksi UMKM Lamongan sebagai Antifungal terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Aspergillus flavus Rahma, Rachel Sabila; Retnowati, Wiwin; Rosyid, Alfian Nur
Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
Publisher : Syntax Corporation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i3.55368

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus adalah jamur patogen yang menyebabkan aspergillosis, terutama pada individu dengan sistem imun lemah. Resistensi terhadap antijamur sintetis mendorong pencarian alternatif alami yang lebih aman. Daun kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendra) diketahui memiliki aktivitas antimikroba karena kandungan terpenoid seperti 1,8-cineol. Kabupaten Lamongan, sebagai penghasil daun kayu putih berkualitas, memanfaatkannya dalam produksi ekoenzim melalui fermentasi sederhana oleh UMKM setempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi antijamur ekoenzim daun kayu putih produksi UMKM Lamongan terhadap Aspergillus flavus menggunakan metode difusi. Ekoenzim difermentasi selama enam bulan, lalu diuji pada berbagai konsentrasi dengan ketokonazol sebagai kontrol positif dan air suling sebagai kontrol negatif. Setelah inkubasi 48 jam, hasil menunjukkan tidak adanya zona hambat pada semua konsentrasi ekoenzim. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa ekoenzim tidak memiliki efek antijamur signifikan terhadap Aspergillus flavus, yang mungkin disebabkan oleh rendahnya konsentrasi terpenoid, pH ekoenzim yang relatif tinggi (4,95), serta kemungkinan interaksi antagonistik antar senyawa bioaktif. Faktor lain mencakup kualitas bahan baku, metode fermentasi, dan kondisi lingkungan selama produksi. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan optimalisasi proses fermentasi dan pengujian terhadap patogen lain untuk mengeksplorasi potensi antimikroba ekoenzim kayu putih.
Antifungal Ability as an Antimicrobial of Eucalyptus Oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) in Inhibiting the Growth of Candida albicans Retnowati, Wiwin; Abdillah, Ichsan; Bayu Nugroho , Ardiansah
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY Vol. 31 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Indonesian Association of Clinical Pathologist and Medical laboratory

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24293/ijcpml.v31i3.2485

Abstract

The Indonesian community recognizes eucalyptus oil as one of the traditional medicines. Eucalyptus oil is known for its antimicrobial properties, which are antibacterial, antivirus, and antifungal. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effect as an antimicrobial of eucalyptus oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) produced by MSME Sendang Arum Lamongan in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. The research used a true experimental post-test-only control group design with the antifungal diffusion test method. Sampling was done by simple random sampling with eucalyptus oil concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 90%. The data obtained was inhibition zone diameter, which was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 26 software. In this study, the diameter of the inhibition zone of positive control, negative control, 40% concentration, 60% concentration, 80% concentration, and 90% concentration was 19.63 mm, 0.00 mm, 26.36 mm, 41.15 mm, 49.69 mm, 56.09 mm, 61.36 mm, respectively. Non-parametric statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test obtained p<0.05, indicating an effect between eucalyptus oil (M.leucadendra) on the ability to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. The Post-Hoc test with Dunnet  T3 found that the concentration of eucalyptus oil 40%, 60%, 80%, and 90% had significant differences from the positive control (Nystatin 100 IU). Eucalyptus oil can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Therefore, eucalyptus oil has great potential as an alternative or adjunctive therapy for treating candidiasis caused by Candida albicans.
Co-Authors Abdillah, Ichsan Achmad Basori, Achmad Almira Aurellia Amalia Ristanti Arifa Mustika Armyne, Amara Destania Atika Baitul Fatimah Bambang Sumaryono Bayu Nugroho , Ardiansah Chaq El Chaq Zamzam Multazam Constantia Lidwina Targanski Devi Listiani Dewangga Sakti Satria Kinasih Dwi Lestari Ega Putri Novitasari Eko Budi Koendhori, Eko Budi Fansurina Erdayanti Febriyana, Nining Gandul Atik Yuliani Indiastuti, Danti Nur Jieputra, Alden Karimah, Azimatul Khaerunnisa, Siti Khaerunnisa Laeli Amelia Melani Lia Lusanti Linda Dewanti M. Aji Saputro M. Wildan Sulthon Al Fikri Maharani, Sekar Mahrus A Rahman, Mahrus A ManikRetno Wahyunitisari Mochammad Yusuf M. Mohammad Fathul Qorib Muhammad Aafi Baharuddin Attamimi Muhammad Sururi Ni Made Mertaniasih Nida&#039;an Khafiya Nidia Syafira Nurul Wiqoyah, Nurul Pambayun Faqih, Dhiajeng Pricilia Yuniar Sianggi Purwanta, Marijam R. Moh. Qudsi Fauzi Rahma, Rachel Sabila Ramadhan, Erlangga Lazuardi Rize Budi Amalia Roby Atul Nazila Adawiyah Rosyid, Alfian Nur Sekar Maharani Trisnawati Trisnawati Ummi Maimunah Vida Brilian Vivi Permata Sari Wahyu Perdana Wahyunitisari, Manik Retno Wilda Mahdani Wilda Mahdani Yuani Setiawati