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All Journal Jurnal Dunia Farmasi Jurnal Indah Sains dan Klinis Mejuajua Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Tjut Nyak Dhien Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences. Journal of Innovative and Creativity
Ika Julianti Tambunan
Program Studi Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Tjut Nyak Dhien, Medan, Indonesia.
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Education Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Antibacterial Activity of n-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Ethanol Extracts of Kepundung Seeds (Baccaurea racemosa Mull.Arg.) Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus: A Comparative Study with Phytochemical Profiling Nilsya Febrika Zebua; Syarifah Nadia; Ika Julianti Tambunan; Marcella Maran Gabean; Imanuel Damanik
Journal of Innovative and Creativity Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

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Abstract

Background: Bacterial infections remain a major global health burden, with antibiotic resistance increasingly limiting treatment options. Natural plant-based compounds represent a promising alternative source of antimicrobial agents. Baccaurea racemosa Mull.Arg. (kepundung), a tropical fruit plant native to Southeast Asia, is traditionally used in folk medicine; however, its seed fractions have not been comprehensively evaluated for antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens in a single systematic study. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the secondary metabolite profile and evaluate the comparative antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of B. racemosa seeds against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Methods: Seeds were subjected to successive maceration using solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol). Phytochemical screening was performed using standard colorimetric assays. Antibacterial activity was assessed by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL, with chloramphenicol as positive control and 1% DMSO as negative control. Results: Phytochemical screening detected alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and steroids in all extracts. Against E. coli, the ethanol extract exhibited the largest inhibition zone (44.5 ± 1.7 mm at 200 mg/mL), classified as very strong (>20 mm), compared to ethyl acetate (8.25 ± 3.4 mm) and n-hexane (6.36 ± 1.9 mm). Against S. aureus, the ethanol extract produced an inhibition zone of 13.68 ± 0.33 mm, followed by ethyl acetate (7.46 ± 4.7 mm) and n-hexane (5.08 ± 0.78 mm). The ethanol extract demonstrated significantly higher activity against E. coli than S. aureus (p < 0.05), while n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions showed comparable moderate activity against both bacteria. Conclusion: Baccaurea racemosa seed ethanol extract demonstrates significant antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-negative E. coli, attributed to its polar phenolic compounds including flavonoids and tannins. These findings support the potential of B. racemosa seeds as a source of natural antibacterial agents for further pharmaceutical development.
Co-Authors Ali Ramadhan Anna Juniar Ari Usman Ayuning Putri Julian Dea Anggraini Dessy Natalia Siahaan Ernawati Ginting Ernawaty Ginting Eva Sartika Dasopang Fahma Shufyani Hendri Faisal Imanuel Damanik Kanne Dachi Karina Mia Berutu Linda Margatha M. Fariz Fadillah Marcella Maran Gabean Meutia Indriana Muflihah Fujiko Muhammad Amin Nasution Muhammad Andry Nerdy, Nerdy Nilsya Febrika Zebua, Nilsya Febrika Nurul Aulia Oppie Meisya Tanjung Pravil Mistriyanto Qalbiah Nurmilad B Rahma Yulia Samran, Samran Saputri, Muharni Siti Muliani Julianty Siti Muliani Julianty siti muliani julianty Siti Rahmi Ningrum Sulasmi Sulasmi Sumardi Syarifah Nadia Vriezka Mierza Winata, Hanafis Sastra