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Karakteristik Penderita Polineuropati Akibat Penggunaan Fenitoin di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Handayani, Sri; Veny, Veny; Haddani, Hasnawi; Marisdina, Selly; Bahar, Erial
Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine Vol. 2 No. 1 (2019): Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya

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Abstract

Fenitoin merupakan antikonvulsi yang sering digunakan untuk mengobati kejang umum tonik-klonik, kejang parsial, dan status epileptikus. Salah satu efek samping dari penggunaan fenitoin adalah polineuropati. Di Indonesia sendiri, belum ada data mengenai kejadian polineuropati akibat penggunaan fenitoin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik penderita polineuropati secara klinis maupun elektrofisiologi pada pengguna fenitoin yang berobat ke Poliklinik Saraf RSMH Palembang periode Januari 2017 sampai Maret 2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode cross sectional pada 23 sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dari bulan Januari 2017 – Maret 2017. Dilakukan analisis univariat untuk melihat distribusi sampel penelitian, analisis bivariat chi-squareuntuk menilai hubungan antara polineuropati dengan variabel independen, dan untuk melihat faktor–faktor yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya polineuropati secara terintegrasi dilakukan analisis logistik regresi. Proporsi kejadian polineuropati secara klinis pada pengguna fenitoin di Poliklinik RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang sebesar 26,1%, sedangkan proporsi kejadian polineuropati secara elektrofisiologi sebesar 30,4%. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa banyaknya antikonvulsi yang digunakan dan durasi penggunaan fenitoin berhubungan dengan kejadian polineuropati.
RELATIONSHIP OF BIORHYTHMS CYCLE WITH COMPUTER BASED TEST (CBT) VALUES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE, SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY Dita, Nurul Salmah Alia; bahar, Erial; Roflin, Eddy
Biomedical Journal of Indonesia Vol 5, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32539/bji.v5i2.7985

Abstract

  The human body has many rhythms, one of which is biorhythms. Biorhythms consist of three cycles namely physical, emotional and intellectual cycles. Each cycle has positive, negative and critical phases. When taking an exam, a person needs good physical, mental, and intellectual condition. By using the biorhythms cycle, one can see these conditions in order to prepare for the exam. This research is an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. The sample consisted of 386 students of the Medical Education Study Program of Sriwijaya University in 2014 and 2015 in total sampling that met the inclusion criteria. Data taken in the form of secondary data consisting of CBT scores, exam dates, and entry points obtained from the academic section of the Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, while data on birth dates, BMI and IQ scores were taken from the questionnaire. Biorhythm cycle data is retrieved using biorhythm software. Data processing was performed using Kruskal Wallis test analysis and Linear Regression. From the results of bivariate analysis with the Kruskall Wallis test it is found that IQ scores have a relationship with CBT values (p = 0.010), university entrance has a relationship with CBT values (p = 0,000), and the physical cycle of biorhythms is related to CBT values (p = 0.011), However, in multivariate analysis (Linear Regression) the physical cycle of biorhythms has no relationship with the value of CBT. There is no correlation between biorhythms cycles and CBT scores in the Medical Education Study Program students at the Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University.
FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KECEPATAN TERJADINYA KATARAK SENILIS DI RS. KHUSUS MATA PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN Kesuma, Imaniar; Triwibowo, Anang; Bahar, Erial
Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine Vol. 3 No. 2 (2020): Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32539/SJM.V3I2.119

Abstract

Cataracts are any condition of opacity in the lens that can occur due to the hydration (fluid addition) of the lens, the lens protein denaturation or the consequences of both. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) data, cataracts can cause blindness in more than 17 million people in the world. Factors that can affect the development rate of opacity of the lens such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, certain medications, the B ultra violet rays from sunlight, toxic effects of smoking, alcohol, less vitamin E, and chronic inflammation in the eyeball. The type of research used is observational analytical research with cross sectional design. This study was held in August to December in 2019 in RS. Special Eye of South Sumatera province with sampling as many as 234 patients from medical record. Data is processed using SPSS. The Chi-square test is conducted to determine the relationship of factors that affect the rate of senile cataract in RS. Khusus Mata Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. From 234 patients, as many as 177 patients (75.6%) with mature cataract and 57 patients (24.4%) with immature cataract. There is no meaningful relation between senile cataract and hypertension (p = 0,068; OR = 1,084; 95% CI = 0,589-1,995). There is no meaningful relation between senile cataract and diabetes mellitus (p = 1.808; OR = 1,876; 95% CI = 0,741-4,747). There is no meaningful relation between senile cataract and gender (p = 0.51; OR = 0,933; 95% CI = 0,514-1,696). There is no meaningful relation between the senile cataract and age (p = 0,784; OR = 1,319; 95% CI; 0,714-2,437). There is no meaningful relation between senile cataract and hypertension. There is no meaningful relation between senile cataract and diabetes mellitus. There is no meaningful relation between senile cataract and gender. There is no meaningful relation between the senile cataract and age.
Correlation between Parathyroid Hormone Serum Levels andAbdominal Aortic Calcification in Chronic Hemodialysis Patientsat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Center General Hospital Palembang Akbar, M Yusuf Arief; Ali, Zulkhair; Indrajaya, Taufik; Suhaimi, Novadian; Devi, SNA Ratnasari; Bahar, Erial
Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia Vol. 8, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Introduction. Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is evidenced by the finding of vascular calcification in CKD patients. The process of vascular calcification that occurs is often associated with secondary hyperparathyroid conditions that are complications of CKD patients. The aim of this study was to asses the relationship between serum PTH levels and the abdominal aorta calcification (AAC) in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) Methods. This observational analytic study with cross-sectional correlation test was conducted in the internal medicine ward of dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang from July to December 2019. Subjects were patients who had undergone HD >3 months with age >18 years. All subjects were examined for serum PTH levels and measured the carotid artery wall using doppler ultrasonography and the degree of calcification of the abdominal aorta using a lateral lumbar X-ray which was calculated using the Kauppila score. Results. There were 86 of HD patients studied, 65 subjects (75.6%) had high serum PTH levels and 46 subjects (53.5%) who had AAC. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum PTH levels had a relationship with Kauppila score (p=0.014, r=0.264). Multivariate linear regression analysis obtained age (p<0.001, r=0.510), duration of HD (p=0.020, r=0.256), history of hypertension (p=0.031, r=0.239) and serum phosphate levels (p=0.011, r=0.281) had a relationship to the Kauppila score. Conclusions. There is a significant relationship between serum PTH levels and AAC in chronic HD patients. The presence of factors including age, duration of HD, hypertension, and serum phosphate levels also affect the incidence of AAC
Prevalence and risk factors of depression in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus Puspitanza, Ika Dian; Alia, Myrna; Kesuma, Yudianita; Rismarini, Rismarini; Novery, Edy; Bahar, Erial
Paediatrica Indonesiana Vol. 64 No. 4 (2024): July 2024
Publisher : Indonesian Pediatric Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14238/pi64.4.2024.293-9

Abstract

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system. Depression is one of the neuropsychiatric manifestations of juvenile SLE . Objective To estimate the prevalence of depressive disorders in juvenile SLE and identify its potential risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in juvenile SLE patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang. Sociodemographic data and medications were recorded. Disease activity of SLE was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Physical activity was measured using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). All subjects were screened for depression using the Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI) questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine risk factors for depressive disorders. Results We included 72 patients, of whom 67 (93.1%) were female. Mean age of the patients was 12 years 4 months (SD 2 years 6 months); most (67; 93.1%) were 10-18 years of age. Depression was found in 24 patients (33.3%). SLEDAI scores of ?3 (flare) were found in 54 patients (75%) and low physical activity was found in 62 (86.1%) patients. The prevalence of depression based on the Children's Depression Inventory was 33.3%. A SLEDAI score of ?3 and low physical activity were significantly associated with depression (P=0.009 and P=0.025, respectively). On multiple linear regression analysis, only SLEDAI score of ?3 remained significantly associated with depression (P= 0.017; OR 12.6; 95%CI 1.6–101.7). Gender, age, family economic status, father's education, mother's education, family history of depression, and duration of illness were not associated with depression. Conclusion A SLEDAI score indicating flare (?3) and low physical activity are significantly associated with an increased risk of depression. A SLEDAI score is an independent risk factor for depression when all other significant risk factors are considered.
Factors associated with the length of stay of deep neck abscess patients Yanti, Lisa Apri; Lubis, Friska Meutia; Bahar, Erial; Ghanie, Abla
Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana Vol. 52 No. 1 (2022): VOLUME 52, NO. 1 JANUARY - JUNE 2022
Publisher : PERHATI-KL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32637/orli.v52i1.473

Abstract

ABSTRACTBackground: Deep neck abscess is an accumulation of pus in one or more potential spaces of the deep neck fascia. Complications of deep neck abscesses are considered as an emergency in the Ear Nose Throat–Head and Neck field. One determining factor of prognosis in deep neck abscess patients is the length of stay in the hospital.  Objective: To find out the factors associated with the hospital length of stay of deep neck abscess patients. Method: Observational research using a cross sectional design. Data collection was carried out using medical record data on 91 subjects diagnosed with deep neck abscess at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang from July 2018 to May 2021. Result: From the 91 samples studied, the average hospital length of stay for deep neck abscess patients was 11.26 days. The study found factors related to the length of stay in the hospital, namely comorbidities (p=0.005), location of the abscess (p=0.004), pus culture (p=0.003), and the number of deep-neck spaces involved (p=0.005). Linear regression found that the most significant factors on the hospital length of stay were the involvement of abscess in 2 or more deep neck spaces (p = 0.002) and the presence of comorbidities (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Abscess involvement in 2 deep neck spaces or more and the presence of comorbidities were the most influential factors associated with the hospital length of stay in deep-neck abscess patients.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Abses leher dalam adalah akumulasi pus pada satu atau lebih ruang potensial fasia leher dalam sebagai akibat penjalaran infeksi. Komplikasi abses leher dalam masih merupakan keadaan darurat di bidang THT-KL. Salah satu faktor penentu prognosis adalah lama rawat di rumah sakit. Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi lama rawat pasien abses leher dalam di rumah sakit. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan lama rawat pasien abses leher dalam di RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Metode: Penelitian observasional yang menggunakan rancangan potong lintang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan data rekam medis pada 91 subjek dengan diagnosis abses leher dalam di RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang periode Juli 2018 sampai dengan Mei 2021. Hasil: Dari 91 sampel yang dilakukan penelitian, rerata lama rawat di rumah sakit pada pasien abses leher dalam adalah 11,26 hari. Penelitian mendapatkan faktor yang berhubungan dengan lama rawat di rumah sakit yaitu komorbid (p=0,005), lokasi abses (p=0,004), kultur pus (p=0,003), dan jumlah ruang leher dalam yang terlibat (p=0,005). Dari uji regresi linier didapatkan faktor yang paling memengaruhi lama rawat di rumah sakit adalah keterlibatan abses ³ 2 ruang leher dalam (p=0,002) dan terdapat komorbid (p=0,005). Kesimpulan: Keterlibatan abses pada 2 ruang leher dalam atau lebih, dan terdapatnya komorbid adalah faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap lama rawat pasien abses leher dalam.
Comparison of fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing findings between neurogenic and non-neurogenic dysphagia patients Zuleika, Puspa; Jalili, Melania; Bahar, Erial; Ghanie, Abla
Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana Vol. 52 No. 1 (2022): VOLUME 52, NO. 1 JANUARY - JUNE 2022
Publisher : PERHATI-KL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32637/orli.v52i1.475

Abstract

ABSTRACTBackground: Dysphagia is the difficulty or discomfort on swallowing which can affects a person’s quality of life. Based on pathophysiology, dysphagia can be classified as neurogenic and non-neurogenic. One method of diagnosis is to use a flexible endoscope called the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Examination of Swallowing (FEES). The basic findings obtained from the FEES examination were standing secretion, silent aspiration, hypopharyngeal sensitivity, leakage, residue, penetration and aspiration. Objective: To compare the findings of the FEES examination between patients with neurogenic and non-neurogenic dysphagia. Method: Observational research using cross sectional design. Data collection was carried out using medical record data on 94 subjects with dysphagia who underwent FEES examination at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang from January 2019 to January 2021. Result: The most common FEES finding in neurogenic dysphagia were filtered purée residue, milk residue, and biscuit residue. In the non-neurogenic dysphagia group, the most common FEES finding was filtered purée residue. There were significant differences in FEES findings between neurogenic dysphagia and non-neurogenic dysphagia in filtered purée residue (p=0.014), rice purée residue (p=0.017), flour purée residue (p=0.007), and biscuit puree penetration (p=0.017). Conclusion: There were significant differences in FEES findings between neurogenic dysphagia and non-neurogenic dysphagia concerning residue of filtered purée, residue of rice purée, residue of flour purée, and biscuit penetration. From regression analysis, the dominant factors found in neurogenic dysphagia were filtered purée penetration, flour purée residue, biscuit penetration, and found in non-neurogenic dysphagia were flour purée penetration and biscuit puree leakage.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Disfagia adalah kesulitan atau gangguan proses menelan, yang dapat memengaruhi kualitas hidup seseorang. Berdasarkan patofisiologinya, disfagia dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi neurogenik dan non-neurogenik. Salah satu metode diagnosis adalah dengan menggunakan Fiberoptic Endoscopic Examination of Swallowing (FEES). Temuan dasar yang diperoleh dari pemeriksaan FEES adalah standing secretion, silent aspiration, sensitivitas hipofaring, leakage, residu, penetrasi dan aspirasi. Tujuan: Membandingkan hasil pemeriksaan FEES antara pasien disfagia neurogenik dan non-neurogenik. Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan data rekam medis pada 94 subjek disfagia yang menjalani pemeriksaan FEES di Rumah Sakit Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang dari Januari 2019 hingga Januari 2021. Hasil: Temuan FEES yang paling umum pada disfagia neurogenik adalah residu bubur saring, residu susu, dan residu biskuit. Pada kelompok disfagia non-neurogenik, temuan FEES yang paling umum adalah residu bubur saring. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam temuan FEES antara disfagia neurogenik dan disfagia non-neurogenik pada residu bubur saring (p=0,014), residu bubur nasi (p=0,017), residu bubur tepung (p=0,007), dan penetrasi bubur biskuit (p=0,017). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam temuan FEES antara disfagia neurogenik dan disfagia non-neurogenik pada residu bubur saring, residu bubur beras, residu bubur tepung, serta penetrasi bubur biskuit.  Dari analisis regresi ditemukan faktor dominan di disfagia neurogenik adalah penetrasi bubur saring, residu bubur tepung, penetrasi bubur biskuit, dan di disfagia non-neurogenik adalah penetrasi bubur tepung dan kebocoran bubur biskuit.
Comparing Voice Related Quality of Life scores between fenestrated and speaking valve cannula users Yanti, Lisa Apri; Dewi, Veni Rosita; Bahar, Erial
Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana Vol. 53 No. 2 (2023): VOLUME 53, NO. 2 JULY - DECEMBER 2023
Publisher : PERHATI-KL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32637/orli.v53i2.616

Abstract

Background: Tracheostomy is a procedure that aims to maintain the airway so that air can enter the lungs and bypass the upper airway. Tracheostomy causes physiological changes, especially in terms of communication, which leads to reduced voice-related quality of life. Fenestrated tracheal cannula and speaking valve can assist patients in generating voice. Objective: To compare the V-RQOL scores of the fenestrated tracheal cannula and speaking valve users. Methods: Analytic observational study using a cross-sectional design. Data collection was done through interviews with the V-RQOL questionnaire guide. The study was conducted in September-December 2022 at the THTBKL Polyclinic of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS 26. Results: 42 patients were using tracheal cannula, with 21 patients each with a fenestrated and speaking valve tracheal cannula. Patients with fenestrated tracheal cannula had lower quality of life in the physical, social, and total domains than those in the speaking valve group (poor QoL in the physical domain: 66.67% vs. 9.52%; social domain: 85.71% vs. 57.14%; total domain: 76.19% vs. 4.76%; p<0.001). From the multivariate analysis, the tracheal cannula type influenced the patient's quality of life was (p<0.001). The probability of someone with a fenestrated tracheal cannula will experience a poor QoL is 76.2%, while speaking valve is 4.7%. Conclusion: The quality of life of patients with a fenestrated type of tracheal cannula is significantly lower than that of speaking valve tracheal cannula users in both the physical, social, and total domains as measured by the V-RQOL.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ADHERENCE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL (ARV) MEDICATION AND CD4 COUNT IN THE OCCURRENCE OF VIROLOGICAL FAILURE AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV/AIDS Purwoko, Muhammad Izazi Hari; Santoso, Ritchie; Fitriani, Fitriani; Bahar, Erial; Chandra, Riza; Diba, Sarah; Budiamal, Susanti
PREPOTIF : JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT Vol. 8 No. 3 (2024): DESEMBER 2024
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/prepotif.v8i3.36873

Abstract

Kegagalan virologi merupakan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh pasien human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) setelah memulai pengobatan, dan dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Modalitas terapi pada pasien HIV dilakukan dengan antiretroviral (ARV), dengan jumlah sel CD4 memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan waktu untuk memulai ARV. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara kepatuhan terhadap ARV dan jumlah sel CD4 yang terkait dengan kegagalan virologi pada pasien HIV/AIDS yang telah diobati selama minimal 12 bulan dengan rejimen ARV. Penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang dilakukan menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling pada 74 pasien berusia 17 tahun dan menjalani pengobatan ARV selama minimal 12 bulan di Departemen Rawat Jalan Konseling dan Pengujian Sukarela (VCT) dan Penyakit Menular Seksual (STD) Dermatologi, Venereologi, dan Estetika RSMH/FK UNSRI Palembang, serta Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat Sukarami dan Dempo dari Juni hingga Agustus 2023. Dari total sampel penelitian sebanyak 74 pasien, 26 di antaranya (35,1%) mengalami kegagalan virologi. Kepatuhan terhadap antiretroviral (ARV) (p<0,001) dan jumlah sel CD4 (p<0,001) secara signifikan terkait dengan kegagalan virologi. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan terhadap ARV (p<0,001) dan jumlah sel CD4 (p<0,001) sangat terkait dengan kegagalan virologi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan terhadap ARV yang buruk dan jumlah sel CD4 yang rendah terkait dengan kegagalan virologi. Penguatan konseling kepatuhan ARV diperlukan untuk memperbaiki kondisi imunologis dan meningkatkan penekanan virus pada pasien HIV/AIDS.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTI-EPILEPSY DRUGS WITH THE C OGNITIVE FUNCTION OF EPILEPSY PATIENTS Handayani, Sri; Partan, Radiyati Umi; Hafy, Zen; Octaviana, Fitri; Harun, Yusril; Bahar, Erial; Lestari, Nova
MNJ (Malang Neurology Journal) Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025): July
Publisher : PERDOSSI (Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia Cabang Malang) - Indonesian Neurological Association Branch of Malang cooperated with Neurology Residency Program, Faculty of Medicine Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.mnj.2025.011.02.02

Abstract

Background: One of the side effects of the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is cognitive disorder. Several studies show a relationship between the type of AEDs and cognitive disturbance in people with epilepsy. Dose-dependent side effects of AEDs have also been reported in prior research. However, there are results from different studies on different populations. Objective: This research aims to evaluate the relationship between AEDs characteristics and the cognitive function of epilepsy patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Neurology Department of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital Palembang, from 1 November 2021 to 31 March 2022. Researchers used the MoCA-Ina questionnaire to collect medical record data and conduct interviews. Results: In this research, the number of research subjects obtained was 70 people with epilepsy. Characteristics of sociodemographic sufferer Epilepsy in this study was mostly (44.3%) aged 26 – 45 years with type sex most were women (71.4%), and the majority subjects (52.9%) had level high school education. Characteristics of antiepileptic drugs consumed by people living with epilepsy: most of them, i.e., amounting to 57.1%, have consumed antiepileptic drugs for > 12 months. Most of the research subjects (64.3%) had function-impaired cognitive range MoCA-Ina scores of 8 – 30. The function most cognitively disturbed, namely in the memory domain, cancels that am, counting to 82.9%. Education level is the only variable from characteristics of sociodemographic and clinical features connected significantly to cognitive function in general (p-value 0.013). The number, duration, and type of antiepileptic drugs do not determine a significant relationship with cognitive function in general. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between valproic acid and the number of AEDs with the naming domain, as well as between valproic acid and the duration of AEDs with the abstraction domain.