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Lithological Controls on Acid Mine Drainage Formation: An Integrated Rock Characterization of AMD Sources in the Sungai Seluang Area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Jamaluddin; Muhammad Syifaul Qulub; Nijusiho Manik; Emi Prasetyawati Umar; Hamriani Ryka; Efrina Chandra Agusti Putri
International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): International Journal of Hydrological and Environmental for Sustainability
Publisher : CV FOUNDAE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58524/ijhes.v5i1.1061

Abstract

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) represents a critical environmental challenge in coal-mining regions, particularly due to its long-term impacts on surface water quality and surrounding ecosystems. This study investigates the lithological controls on AMD formation in the Sungai Seluang area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, through an integrated rock characterization approach. The novelty of this research lies in linking detailed lithological attributes and pyrite micro-morphology with AMD generation potential and its implications for riverine water systems. Macroscopic lithological observations were combined with standardized pH testing (SNI 6989.11:2019) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the acid-generation characteristics of representative rock units. The results indicate that 92% of the analyzed samples are classified as Potentially Acid Forming (PAF), while only 8% are Non-Acid Forming (NAF). The study area is lithologically dominated by claystone (42%), sandstone (31%), and shale (27%), all of which commonly exhibit intense oxidative staining, pervasive fracturing, and weathering features that significantly enhance sulfide exposure to oxygen and water. SEM analyses reveal the presence of both euhedral and framboidal pyrite, with framboidal pyrite identified as particularly reactive and influential in accelerating acid production. Measured pH values are predominantly acidic (<6), indicating a high AMD potential that poses a serious threat to the Sungai Seluang system through acidification and metal mobilization. These findings demonstrate that lithology and micro-scale mineralogical characteristics play a decisive role in controlling AMD formation and its environmental consequences. The integrated approach adopted in this study provides a robust framework for early AMD source identification and supports the development of more effective geochemical management strategies aimed at protecting water quality and minimizing long-term environmental degradation in coal-mining areas.
Co-Authors Abdul Gafar Karim Abiyyu Caesar Bimoseno Agus Wiramsya Oscar Ain Sahara Amiruddin Amiruddin Ananda, Dea Ananda, Muhammad Rafly Andi Jumardi Aprilino Alfa Kurmasela Ariyani, Debora Asmara, Daffa Amelia Caesar, Abiyyu Deny Fatrianto Edyzoh Eko Widodo Derbika, Rangga Efrina Chandra Agusti Putri Eltimeyansi Crisye Randanan Engeline Marlin Esterina Natalia Paindan Fathur Rozi, Fathur Fatma Fatma Fatma Fatma Feliksta Agatha Mambela Firdaus Firdaus Firdaus Fitri Oktafiani Hamriani Ryka Handayani Handayani Hartono Hartono Hutabarat, Romauli Tiurma Ifrad Dany Iin Darmiyati Jamaluddin Jamaluddin Jamaluddin Jamaluddin Jamaluddin Jan Friadi Sinaga Kurmasela, Apriliano Alfa Laby, Dharma Arung Lalu, Lalu Artila Igha Anggara M. Ardian Pratama M. Lukman M. Rizal Faahrun Maharani, Salwa Febrina Malrin, Engeline Mamuaya, Arjuna Brifling Megawati, Eka Moh Fuzan Yasin Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Rizki Muhammad Syifaul Qulub Mukmin, Muhammad Nur N. Nurjanah Nabila Adhelia Maulidha NP, Esterina Nur Asmiani Nurjanah Painda, Esterina Natalia Paindan, Esterina Natalia Pradana, Michael A. Prasetyawati Umar, Emi Pratama, Gusti Arya Rachmasari Pramita Wardhani Rahman, Muhammad Rizqie Fathan Randanan, Eltimeyansi Crisye Reyhandri Anugrah Risna Risna, Risna Rivani, Mukhlis Farhan Rizky Kurniawan Rohima Sera Afifah Rombe, Ripal Rofima Sera Afifah Santung, Andrey Anastasie Sera, Rohima Siwi, Riedel Tryxie Sri Konsep Harum Wicaksono Suhartono, Yudi Sulardi . Suprayitno, Abdi Tryana, Aris Luqman Ulfah, Baiq Maulinda Ulfah, Rosi Vegatama, Meita Rezki Warto - WICAKSONO, BAMBANG Widodo, Deny Fatryanto Edyzoh Eko Wiyono, Joko Yanti, Dawi Yona Tirta Ranti Biu Yuniarti Yuniarti Zavta Rizki